Portugal 2
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Portugal relied heavily on sugarcane and gold production in Brazil during the colonial period. Sugarcane was the most important agricultural good shipped from Brazil to Europe by Portugal from the 1530s to 1700s, with the cultivation done by African slaves transported to Brazil. Gold became the main economic activity in Brazil in the early 1800s, with Portugal using the gold to purchase goods from other countries like England, though gold extraction was primarily done by slaves and tightly regulated by the Portuguese king.
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Britain expanded its global holdings after defeating Napoleon in 1815, enjoying over a century of unchallenged dominance across Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. However, by the late 19th century, Britain started to lose its economic lead to Germany and the United States. While Britain was victorious in World Wars I and II, the wars left it financially strained and no longer the sole global superpower, as it gave up territories like India and parts of southeast Asia were occupied by others in the aftermath.
Portugal 1
Portugal colonized Brazil in 1534 when King John III found the land and divided it into 15 sections to sell to Portuguese noblemen. Portugal then prospered by establishing sugarcane mills across Brazil in 1542 to produce the popular good for export to Europe. In 1549, King John III further established control over Brazil by creating the first central government to rule the colony from Portugal.
The Golden Age Of Spain
The Golden Age of Spain saw the country become extremely wealthy through silver mining in Mexico in the 1500s, with Spain controlling vast colonial territories across the world by the late 1500s. However, maintaining large armies and conflicts in Europe drained Spain's resources, forcing King Phillip to declare bankruptcy in the 1570s and sign a peace treaty with France in 1598 recognizing their king.
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell was a leader of the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War who defeated the royalists and King Charles I. He then became Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1649 until his death in 1658, turning England into a republican commonwealth. Cromwell was deeply religious and grounded his political views and speeches in biblical passages and imagery.
Spices And Other Things
The document discusses the history and global spread of several important trade goods including spices, drugs, Aztec goods, potatoes, sugar, tobacco, coffee, and chocolate. It describes how Asia initially dominated the spice trade with India and established trade blockades. It also discusses how drugs like cacao, sugar, opium, tea, tobacco, and coffee came to define modern cultures and how the Aztecs traded goods like rubber, chocolate, and obsidian.
The World In 1492
In 1492, several significant global events occurred:
1) Christopher Columbus received funding from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to sail west in search of Asia, leading to his accidental discovery of the Americas and the beginning of Spanish colonization there.
2) Most of the Eastern Hemisphere was under Muslim rule, stretching from Southern Europe and Northern Africa to South Asia, while South Asia was predominantly Buddhist.
3) The linking of the Eastern and Western hemispheres through Columbus' voyage merged the vastly different cultures and food staples of the two halves of the world.
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Portugal 2
- 2. Sugarcane • Brazil had many agricultural goods such as tobacco, cachaca, and cotton but the most important good was sugarcane which Portugal shipped to Europe. • The sugarcane cycle took place from 1530’s to the 1700’s. • The Portuguese shipped many slaves from Africa to do their cultivating for them in Brazil. • Portugal traded cachaca and shells for slaves in Africa.
- 3. Gold Cycle • Gold was first found in Brazil in the early 1800’s which became the main economic activity of colonial Brazil. • In Portugal gold was mainly used to buy goods such as textiles and weapons from counties like England. • Gold extraction was mostly done by slaves and because of this the King would melt all gold into bars and also sent over armies to overlook the process. • The gold production slowed down toward the end of the 18th century.