The document discusses the origins and evolution of the "pork barrel" system in the United States and the Philippines. It summarizes that the pork barrel originated in the US in the 1800s and referred to political spending that brought benefits to a legislator's district. This system was later transplanted to the Philippines during US colonial rule. The document then summarizes that while the Philippine system was initially similar, it has since evolved to include parameters for transparency, accountability, and oversight that prevent abuses and ensure funds are used for qualified priority projects.
This document contains 5 photos from Flickr shared under various Creative Commons licenses. The photos depict nature scenes and were uploaded by different users for non-commercial sharing and reuse, with some allowing adaptations as long as attribution is given.
This document lists Philippine laws related to elections, voting, and governance from 1963 to 2012. It includes the country's 1987 constitution, as well as laws that introduced reforms to the electoral system, established an autonomous region of Muslim Mindanao, allowed for initiatives and referendums, defined local government, synchronized national and local elections, regulated overseas absentee voting, and more. The laws are grouped by code, title, and approval date.
The Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) scam involved the misuse of PDAF funds by members of Congress from 2003-2013. It is estimated that ₱10 billion was defrauded from the government and diverted to Janet Lim-Napoles and participating politicians. The scam has provoked public outrage in the Philippines over the misuse of funds intended to help local communities. Reforms have been proposed to increase transparency and remove legislator discretion over projects in order to prevent future corruption.
This document provides an overview of various crimes committed by public officers under Philippine criminal law. It discusses the elements of malfeasance, bribery, fraud, malversation of public funds, and other offenses. Key points include:
1. To be considered a public officer under the law, one must take part in government functions or duties by direct provision of law, popular election, or appointment.
2. Malversation of public funds involves a public officer misappropriating funds or property for which they are accountable. It can be proven if the officer cannot account for missing funds.
3. Bribery involves a public officer receiving a gift or promise in exchange for performing or not performing an official act.
The document summarizes various guidelines and ethical standards for journalists as outlined by the National Union of Journalists (NUJ). It discusses principles like accuracy, truthfulness, fairness, privacy, and public interest. The NUJ expects journalists to uphold media freedom, avoid discrimination, correct inaccuracies, and get consent when interviewing children. Photographing people without permission or intruding on private grief would violate codes of ethics. Overall, the document outlines best practices for journalists to follow to produce credible, balanced and ethical reporting.
This document discusses media management in criminal investigations. It provides guidance on properly handling media during police work like investigations. It outlines policies on media relations and releasing information to the public. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the media and their role, as well as establishing proper protocols for sharing information, especially during crisis situations. The goal is to enhance cooperation between police and media while ensuring the integrity of investigations and protecting privacy.
This document contains 5 photos from Flickr shared under various Creative Commons licenses. The photos depict nature scenes and were uploaded by different users for non-commercial sharing and reuse, with some allowing adaptations as long as attribution is given.
This document lists Philippine laws related to elections, voting, and governance from 1963 to 2012. It includes the country's 1987 constitution, as well as laws that introduced reforms to the electoral system, established an autonomous region of Muslim Mindanao, allowed for initiatives and referendums, defined local government, synchronized national and local elections, regulated overseas absentee voting, and more. The laws are grouped by code, title, and approval date.
The Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) scam involved the misuse of PDAF funds by members of Congress from 2003-2013. It is estimated that ₱10 billion was defrauded from the government and diverted to Janet Lim-Napoles and participating politicians. The scam has provoked public outrage in the Philippines over the misuse of funds intended to help local communities. Reforms have been proposed to increase transparency and remove legislator discretion over projects in order to prevent future corruption.
This document provides an overview of various crimes committed by public officers under Philippine criminal law. It discusses the elements of malfeasance, bribery, fraud, malversation of public funds, and other offenses. Key points include:
1. To be considered a public officer under the law, one must take part in government functions or duties by direct provision of law, popular election, or appointment.
2. Malversation of public funds involves a public officer misappropriating funds or property for which they are accountable. It can be proven if the officer cannot account for missing funds.
3. Bribery involves a public officer receiving a gift or promise in exchange for performing or not performing an official act.
The document summarizes various guidelines and ethical standards for journalists as outlined by the National Union of Journalists (NUJ). It discusses principles like accuracy, truthfulness, fairness, privacy, and public interest. The NUJ expects journalists to uphold media freedom, avoid discrimination, correct inaccuracies, and get consent when interviewing children. Photographing people without permission or intruding on private grief would violate codes of ethics. Overall, the document outlines best practices for journalists to follow to produce credible, balanced and ethical reporting.
This document discusses media management in criminal investigations. It provides guidance on properly handling media during police work like investigations. It outlines policies on media relations and releasing information to the public. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the media and their role, as well as establishing proper protocols for sharing information, especially during crisis situations. The goal is to enhance cooperation between police and media while ensuring the integrity of investigations and protecting privacy.
There are several types of electoral systems for electing representatives. Plurality/first-past-the-post systems are used in the UK, where each constituency elects one member of parliament and the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they do not receive a majority. This system can result in overrepresentation of the largest parties and underrepresentation of others. Majority systems aim to elect candidates supported by over 50% of voters through methods like ranked voting and runoffs. Proportional systems allocate seats to parties based on their overall vote share through closed-list or open-list proportional representation. Hybrid systems combine elements of plurality and proportional systems.
Political science examines politics from several perspectives including as consensus and compromise between groups, as a struggle for power and resources, and as the art of governing a state or society. Key terms in political science include political process, political institutions, political situations, and political dynamics. Political science studies politics using various methodologies like historical, comparative, and scientific methods. The discipline has grown from studying the polis or city-state to examining larger states and now takes new approaches like political economy.
Lecture four on politics as public affairsDr. Afroz Alam
This lecture discusses the view of politics as public affairs. It defines politics as activities that take place in the public sphere rather than private life. The public sphere includes institutions of the state like government and courts that are responsible for collective community life. In contrast, private spheres include families, businesses, clubs, etc. that are set up by individuals. However, the boundaries between public and private are blurring as personal lives of politicians are now discussed publicly. Politics involves public participation and decision making that promotes personal development, but can also be seen as unwanted interference in private affairs.
Introduction to the ministerial form of governmentIAGorgph
Introduction to the Ministerial Form of Government presented by Ms. Cristita Marie Giangan, Konrad Adenauer Foundation program manager, to the Bangsamoro Transition, Cotabato City 12th August 2013
State and society interaction elections and political parties (part 2) finalsCharlesCabarles1
The document discusses different electoral systems used around the world. It describes the Philippines system which uses direct suffrage for citizens aged 18 and over. It then contrasts single-winner systems like plurality and ranked choice voting, which tend to result in two-party systems and lack of proportional representation, with multi-winner systems like list proportional voting which better reflect voter preferences but have larger districts. Common proportional systems include block voting and single transferable vote, while mixed systems combine single-winner and proportional elements.
The document outlines the Bangsamoro Basic Law roadmap to peace in the Philippines. It discusses the 2012 Framework Agreement between the government and Moro Islamic Liberation Front to create an autonomous Bangsamoro entity to replace the ARMM by 2016. The Bangsamoro refers to the original inhabitants of Mindanao and adjacent islands. It will be a secular government for all Filipino citizens in the region. A plebiscite will determine which areas join the new Bangsamoro territory based on the current ARMM provinces and certain municipalities. The Bangsamoro Basic Law further defines the territory, powers, and government of the new autonomous entity.
1) Pre-Spanish Philippines consisted of scattered barangay societies located along coastal and river areas for access to resources. 2) The Spaniards colonized the Philippines in the 16th century and organized it into provinces headed by appointed officials. 3) In the late 19th century, liberal ideas and economic growth fueled nationalist sentiment, culminating in the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896.
This document discusses and compares different types of accountability in public administration, including traditional, managerial, program, social, and process accountability. It outlines the key elements and focuses of each type. Traditional accountability focuses on compliance, while managerial accountability emphasizes efficiency and economy. Program accountability assesses whether programs achieve objectives effectively and efficiently. Social accountability examines whether activities inspire public confidence and achieve social goals. Process accountability emphasizes agreed-upon procedures and standards between providers and recipients.
The document discusses the party-list system of proportional representation in the Philippines. It is a mechanism that allows marginalized groups to gain representation in the House of Representatives. Only registered parties and organizations can participate, including sectoral, political, and sectoral organizations or coalitions. To be eligible as a nominee, one must be a natural-born citizen, registered voter, resident for at least one year, literate, and at least 25 years old. Twenty percent of House seats are reserved for party-list representatives. Voters cast two votes, one for a district representative and one for a party. Votes for each party are tallied nationwide and seats are allocated based on percentage of total party-list votes.
This document provides an overview of questioned document examination. It defines what constitutes a document and how a document can become questioned or disputed. There are two broad classes of questioned document examination: criminalistic examination to detect forgeries and alterations, and handwriting identification to determine authorship. The document outlines various processes used in the scientific examination of questioned documents, including analysis, comparison, and evaluation. It also describes different types of questioned documents that may be examined, such as documents with questioned signatures, documents with alleged alterations, and handwriting-questioned documents. Finally, it lists various instruments that are used in questioned document examination, such as magnifying lenses, microscopes, and cameras.
DNA can provide powerful evidence in criminal cases. It is found in cells and can be extracted from bodily fluids and tissues left at crime scenes. DNA profiling uses short tandem repeats found in DNA that are highly variable between individuals to create DNA fingerprints for identification. Law enforcement collects DNA samples from suspects, victims, and crime scenes which are then analyzed using PCR and capillary electrophoresis to develop DNA profiles. If profiles match, it can identify suspects or link them to crime scenes. The Sheena Bora case is an example where DNA evidence from skeletal remains was crucial to identifying the victim and solving the case.
The Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) scam in the Philippines involved members of Congress misusing funds allocated for development projects. PDAF, also known as "pork barrel" funds, are discretionary funds granted to each member of Congress to spend on local priority projects. In this scam, some politicians funneled PDAF funds through fake non-governmental organizations to fund "ghost projects" that did not actually exist or provide services. This misused taxpayer money meant for projects to develop the country for personal gain. There are calls to impeach involved officials and reform the system to prevent further corruption and misuse of public funds.
The Magna Carta of Women seeks to eliminate discrimination against women in the Philippines through recognizing, protecting, and promoting women's rights, especially those in marginalized sectors. It defines discrimination and outlines rights related to human rights, empowerment, marginalized sectors, and institutional mechanisms. Government agencies are responsible for implementing the law and ensuring women's equal rights and protections.
The document summarizes key sections of Article VI of the Philippine Constitution relating to fiscal policy and budgeting. It discusses restrictions on Congress's ability to increase appropriations recommended by the President, requirements for special appropriations bills, the budget process, tax exemptions, restrictions on spending public funds for religious purposes, and the power of initiative and referendum. The summary is as follows:
The document outlines the budget and appropriations process under the Philippine Constitution. It prohibits Congress from increasing appropriations recommended by the President and requires that special appropriations bills specify their purpose and be supported by available funds. It also discusses tax exemptions, restrictions on spending for religious purposes, and the powers of initiative and referendum for citizens.
This document discusses mass media and popular culture. It defines popular culture as the everyday objects, actions, and events that influence people's beliefs and behaviors through subtle messages about what is appropriate or desirable. Popular culture is communicated through various media channels, both old and new, and pervades daily life. It has persuasive power to shape beliefs and behaviors by empowering some groups and disempowering others, as well as to reinforce taken-for-granted beliefs. Examples discussed include the influence of underweight models on women's body perceptions and portrayals of gender roles in media. The document emphasizes developing critical thinking skills to discern underlying messages in popular culture.
This document discusses culture and ethics from a Filipino perspective. It begins by outlining objectives to teach students how culture shapes moral behavior and that there are both Filipino understandings of right and wrong as well as universal values. Students should understand culture from personal, subconscious, and universal perspectives and identify specific Filipino and Asian cultural characteristics. The document then defines culture and discusses core layers of culture including traditions, subcultures, and universal human traits. It also compares Asian and Western cultures and highlights strengths and weaknesses of Filipino character.
Article 1 to 18 - Civil Code of the PhilippinesEFREN ARCHIDE
This document is the preliminary title of the Civil Code of the Philippines which outlines general provisions regarding the effect and application of laws in the country. Some key points:
- It establishes how laws take effect after publication and that ignorance of the law is no excuse.
- Laws shall not have retroactive effect unless specified, and acts against mandatory laws are void unless authorized.
- Rights can be waived unless against law, order, policy or morality. Laws are repealed by subsequent laws.
- Judicial decisions interpreting laws form part of the legal system, and judges cannot decline cases due to insufficient laws.
- Laws aim for justice and customs against law/order shall not stand.
- Pen
This document summarizes the economic programs and policies of Philippine presidents from Manuel Roxas to Benigno Aquino III. It outlines the rehabilitation efforts under Roxas after WWII, the import substitution strategy under Quirino to develop local industries, the land reform acts under Magsaysay and Macapagal to assist farmers, and the various socioeconomic programs pursued by subsequent presidents like Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, and Aquino to promote development, generate revenues, and improve people's welfare. It also provides pointers for reviewing key economic concepts, thinkers, resources, and the history of the Philippine economy.
Ferdinand Marcos served as president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. During his first term, he outlined infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, and power plants. He also sought to strengthen the judiciary, national defense, and combat corruption. However, his regime became increasingly authoritarian and corrupt over time. Large sums of money were embezzled, and he declared martial law in 1972. Growing unrest and the assassination of Benigno Aquino led to the People Power Revolution in 1986 that ousted Marcos into exile.
Ramon Magsaysay was the third president of the Third Philippine Republic. He was popular with the masses and seen as an idol of the people. Magsaysay worked to improve the lives of farmers and labor groups and helped weaken the communist insurgency during his presidency from 1953 to 1957.
The document discusses FDR and the New Deal programs implemented during the Great Depression. It explains that FDR was elected in 1932 on a platform of implementing new programs called the New Deal to help America recover from the economic crisis. The New Deal included numerous programs and agencies that provided jobs and relief for unemployed Americans, such as the CCC, PWA, and TVA. These programs increased employment but were very costly. The New Deal significantly changed the role of the federal government and how different industries functioned, though the programs did not fully end the Depression.
The document discusses steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
There are several types of electoral systems for electing representatives. Plurality/first-past-the-post systems are used in the UK, where each constituency elects one member of parliament and the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they do not receive a majority. This system can result in overrepresentation of the largest parties and underrepresentation of others. Majority systems aim to elect candidates supported by over 50% of voters through methods like ranked voting and runoffs. Proportional systems allocate seats to parties based on their overall vote share through closed-list or open-list proportional representation. Hybrid systems combine elements of plurality and proportional systems.
Political science examines politics from several perspectives including as consensus and compromise between groups, as a struggle for power and resources, and as the art of governing a state or society. Key terms in political science include political process, political institutions, political situations, and political dynamics. Political science studies politics using various methodologies like historical, comparative, and scientific methods. The discipline has grown from studying the polis or city-state to examining larger states and now takes new approaches like political economy.
Lecture four on politics as public affairsDr. Afroz Alam
This lecture discusses the view of politics as public affairs. It defines politics as activities that take place in the public sphere rather than private life. The public sphere includes institutions of the state like government and courts that are responsible for collective community life. In contrast, private spheres include families, businesses, clubs, etc. that are set up by individuals. However, the boundaries between public and private are blurring as personal lives of politicians are now discussed publicly. Politics involves public participation and decision making that promotes personal development, but can also be seen as unwanted interference in private affairs.
Introduction to the ministerial form of governmentIAGorgph
Introduction to the Ministerial Form of Government presented by Ms. Cristita Marie Giangan, Konrad Adenauer Foundation program manager, to the Bangsamoro Transition, Cotabato City 12th August 2013
State and society interaction elections and political parties (part 2) finalsCharlesCabarles1
The document discusses different electoral systems used around the world. It describes the Philippines system which uses direct suffrage for citizens aged 18 and over. It then contrasts single-winner systems like plurality and ranked choice voting, which tend to result in two-party systems and lack of proportional representation, with multi-winner systems like list proportional voting which better reflect voter preferences but have larger districts. Common proportional systems include block voting and single transferable vote, while mixed systems combine single-winner and proportional elements.
The document outlines the Bangsamoro Basic Law roadmap to peace in the Philippines. It discusses the 2012 Framework Agreement between the government and Moro Islamic Liberation Front to create an autonomous Bangsamoro entity to replace the ARMM by 2016. The Bangsamoro refers to the original inhabitants of Mindanao and adjacent islands. It will be a secular government for all Filipino citizens in the region. A plebiscite will determine which areas join the new Bangsamoro territory based on the current ARMM provinces and certain municipalities. The Bangsamoro Basic Law further defines the territory, powers, and government of the new autonomous entity.
1) Pre-Spanish Philippines consisted of scattered barangay societies located along coastal and river areas for access to resources. 2) The Spaniards colonized the Philippines in the 16th century and organized it into provinces headed by appointed officials. 3) In the late 19th century, liberal ideas and economic growth fueled nationalist sentiment, culminating in the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896.
This document discusses and compares different types of accountability in public administration, including traditional, managerial, program, social, and process accountability. It outlines the key elements and focuses of each type. Traditional accountability focuses on compliance, while managerial accountability emphasizes efficiency and economy. Program accountability assesses whether programs achieve objectives effectively and efficiently. Social accountability examines whether activities inspire public confidence and achieve social goals. Process accountability emphasizes agreed-upon procedures and standards between providers and recipients.
The document discusses the party-list system of proportional representation in the Philippines. It is a mechanism that allows marginalized groups to gain representation in the House of Representatives. Only registered parties and organizations can participate, including sectoral, political, and sectoral organizations or coalitions. To be eligible as a nominee, one must be a natural-born citizen, registered voter, resident for at least one year, literate, and at least 25 years old. Twenty percent of House seats are reserved for party-list representatives. Voters cast two votes, one for a district representative and one for a party. Votes for each party are tallied nationwide and seats are allocated based on percentage of total party-list votes.
This document provides an overview of questioned document examination. It defines what constitutes a document and how a document can become questioned or disputed. There are two broad classes of questioned document examination: criminalistic examination to detect forgeries and alterations, and handwriting identification to determine authorship. The document outlines various processes used in the scientific examination of questioned documents, including analysis, comparison, and evaluation. It also describes different types of questioned documents that may be examined, such as documents with questioned signatures, documents with alleged alterations, and handwriting-questioned documents. Finally, it lists various instruments that are used in questioned document examination, such as magnifying lenses, microscopes, and cameras.
DNA can provide powerful evidence in criminal cases. It is found in cells and can be extracted from bodily fluids and tissues left at crime scenes. DNA profiling uses short tandem repeats found in DNA that are highly variable between individuals to create DNA fingerprints for identification. Law enforcement collects DNA samples from suspects, victims, and crime scenes which are then analyzed using PCR and capillary electrophoresis to develop DNA profiles. If profiles match, it can identify suspects or link them to crime scenes. The Sheena Bora case is an example where DNA evidence from skeletal remains was crucial to identifying the victim and solving the case.
The Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) scam in the Philippines involved members of Congress misusing funds allocated for development projects. PDAF, also known as "pork barrel" funds, are discretionary funds granted to each member of Congress to spend on local priority projects. In this scam, some politicians funneled PDAF funds through fake non-governmental organizations to fund "ghost projects" that did not actually exist or provide services. This misused taxpayer money meant for projects to develop the country for personal gain. There are calls to impeach involved officials and reform the system to prevent further corruption and misuse of public funds.
The Magna Carta of Women seeks to eliminate discrimination against women in the Philippines through recognizing, protecting, and promoting women's rights, especially those in marginalized sectors. It defines discrimination and outlines rights related to human rights, empowerment, marginalized sectors, and institutional mechanisms. Government agencies are responsible for implementing the law and ensuring women's equal rights and protections.
The document summarizes key sections of Article VI of the Philippine Constitution relating to fiscal policy and budgeting. It discusses restrictions on Congress's ability to increase appropriations recommended by the President, requirements for special appropriations bills, the budget process, tax exemptions, restrictions on spending public funds for religious purposes, and the power of initiative and referendum. The summary is as follows:
The document outlines the budget and appropriations process under the Philippine Constitution. It prohibits Congress from increasing appropriations recommended by the President and requires that special appropriations bills specify their purpose and be supported by available funds. It also discusses tax exemptions, restrictions on spending for religious purposes, and the powers of initiative and referendum for citizens.
This document discusses mass media and popular culture. It defines popular culture as the everyday objects, actions, and events that influence people's beliefs and behaviors through subtle messages about what is appropriate or desirable. Popular culture is communicated through various media channels, both old and new, and pervades daily life. It has persuasive power to shape beliefs and behaviors by empowering some groups and disempowering others, as well as to reinforce taken-for-granted beliefs. Examples discussed include the influence of underweight models on women's body perceptions and portrayals of gender roles in media. The document emphasizes developing critical thinking skills to discern underlying messages in popular culture.
This document discusses culture and ethics from a Filipino perspective. It begins by outlining objectives to teach students how culture shapes moral behavior and that there are both Filipino understandings of right and wrong as well as universal values. Students should understand culture from personal, subconscious, and universal perspectives and identify specific Filipino and Asian cultural characteristics. The document then defines culture and discusses core layers of culture including traditions, subcultures, and universal human traits. It also compares Asian and Western cultures and highlights strengths and weaknesses of Filipino character.
Article 1 to 18 - Civil Code of the PhilippinesEFREN ARCHIDE
This document is the preliminary title of the Civil Code of the Philippines which outlines general provisions regarding the effect and application of laws in the country. Some key points:
- It establishes how laws take effect after publication and that ignorance of the law is no excuse.
- Laws shall not have retroactive effect unless specified, and acts against mandatory laws are void unless authorized.
- Rights can be waived unless against law, order, policy or morality. Laws are repealed by subsequent laws.
- Judicial decisions interpreting laws form part of the legal system, and judges cannot decline cases due to insufficient laws.
- Laws aim for justice and customs against law/order shall not stand.
- Pen
This document summarizes the economic programs and policies of Philippine presidents from Manuel Roxas to Benigno Aquino III. It outlines the rehabilitation efforts under Roxas after WWII, the import substitution strategy under Quirino to develop local industries, the land reform acts under Magsaysay and Macapagal to assist farmers, and the various socioeconomic programs pursued by subsequent presidents like Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, and Aquino to promote development, generate revenues, and improve people's welfare. It also provides pointers for reviewing key economic concepts, thinkers, resources, and the history of the Philippine economy.
Ferdinand Marcos served as president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. During his first term, he outlined infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, and power plants. He also sought to strengthen the judiciary, national defense, and combat corruption. However, his regime became increasingly authoritarian and corrupt over time. Large sums of money were embezzled, and he declared martial law in 1972. Growing unrest and the assassination of Benigno Aquino led to the People Power Revolution in 1986 that ousted Marcos into exile.
Ramon Magsaysay was the third president of the Third Philippine Republic. He was popular with the masses and seen as an idol of the people. Magsaysay worked to improve the lives of farmers and labor groups and helped weaken the communist insurgency during his presidency from 1953 to 1957.
The document discusses FDR and the New Deal programs implemented during the Great Depression. It explains that FDR was elected in 1932 on a platform of implementing new programs called the New Deal to help America recover from the economic crisis. The New Deal included numerous programs and agencies that provided jobs and relief for unemployed Americans, such as the CCC, PWA, and TVA. These programs increased employment but were very costly. The New Deal significantly changed the role of the federal government and how different industries functioned, though the programs did not fully end the Depression.
The document discusses steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
Advice Essay How To Give Advice Essay ExamplesSarah Gordon
The document provides steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. Attach sample work if wanting style imitation.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications, history, and feedback, then pay a deposit to start.
4. Ensure the paper meets expectations and authorize full payment. Free revisions are offered. Multiple revisions can be requested to ensure satisfaction, and plagiarized work will be refunded.
This document discusses the history and concept of the "Pork Barrel System" in the Philippines. It outlines the key developments from 1922 onwards, including the earliest form under the 1922 Public Works Act, which gave legislators involvement in approving projects and reallocating funds. It describes how the system evolved over time to give legislators greater discretion over specific projects. The document also notes that while the pre-Martial Law congressional pork barrel stopped in the 1960s, a new funding stream for legislators began in 1982 during Martial Law. After democracy was restored in 1986, new development funds were created including the Countrywide Development Fund integrated into the national budget in 1990.
This document discusses the history and concept of the "Pork Barrel System" in the Philippines. It outlines the key events and forms the system has taken, from its origins in 1922 legislation allowing legislators to approve public works projects, to the development of lump sum discretionary funds for legislators under martial law and in the post-Marcos era, including the Countrywide Development Fund established in 1990. The document provides context on the system by defining the term "pork barrel" and explaining its conceptual origins and technical meaning regarding appropriations to bring money to legislators' districts.
The Indian Child Welfare Act aimed to prevent the breakup of Native American families and support Native American culture. However, its implementation has had unintended consequences. In South Dakota, some claim the law is still being violated as hundreds of Native American children continue to be removed from their families each year despite ICWA. This has devastated and frustrated many Native American families in South Dakota who feel the government is not upholding the protections of the law.
Slide 5 WestCal Political Science 5 Western Political Thought 2016WestCal Academy
Political Science 5 - Western Political Thought provides an overall perspective of major political movements of history from the rising of Egyptian, Greek and Roman Empires to Fascism and Communism as seen by great political thinkers from Plato, Aristotle, and St. Augustine, Machiavelli, Marx, and Lenin. Students will analyze the most important ideas and theories that have been developed from the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day. Students will learn that the American Founding Fathers designed a viable representative government by first dedicating themselves to careful study of the political philosophy of Europeans, with particular attention given to British political thinkers from the 16th and 17th century. The founding fathers focused primarily on the natural rights of man, which in turn varied according to the individual philosopher studied. Over the course of their study, the founding fathers openly discussed their opinions with one another so as to properly bring forth differing views in order to prudently construct a government that would protect individual liberty, as well as determine what was required of government to protect civil liberties. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals with knowledge of how classical and modern political continues to influence American government. Students will learn of multiple career options relating to the field of political science.
This document provides an overview of a paper analyzing the Bracero Program from 1942-1964 through primary sources. The paper examines the working and living conditions of Mexican migrant workers in the program, who were excluded from New Deal labor protections. It also explores how the workers exhibited agency and their impact on Mexican-American immigration patterns. The document discusses the strengths and limitations of oral histories and documents from the Bracero History Archive that will be analyzed to address these topics. It also reviews the existing historiography on how Braceros have been portrayed and how this paper aims to take a balanced approach.
Gay Lil Reptilian Creature 3 On Tumblr. Online assignment writing service.Jennifer Alexander
The document provides instructions for creating an account and requesting writing assistance from a website called HelpWriting.net. Users must register with an email and password, then complete a form with their paper requirements and deadline. Writers will bid on the request, and the user can choose a writer based on qualifications. The user pays a deposit to start the writing process and can request revisions until satisfied.
This document provides a summary of American Indian and African American colonization policies from 1800-1890. It discusses how Indian removal policies in the early 19th century sought to relocate tribes to reservations west of the Mississippi to open land for white settlement. Similarly, some proposed "colonizing" freed African Americans by sending them to places like Liberia. However, the Civil War disrupted these plans and prompted a shift towards recognizing black citizenship instead of removal. As the war progressed and blacks served as soldiers, it helped lead to the Emancipation Proclamation granting them freedom and raised questions about their rights in America.
NameHIST1302The Atlanta Compromise Speech.docxdohertyjoetta
Name
HIST1302
The Atlanta Compromise Speech
The Atlanta Compromise speech was given by Booker T. Washington in 1895. In this speech, which Washington gave at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia, Washington asks for blacks to be given equal opportunities in terms of gaining economic rights. Washington, however, does not ask for any civil rights for blacks, and does not push the audience to accept blacks as their equals. Instead, Washington says blacks and whites “can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.” Washington acknowledges that blacks had initially gotten rights after slavery but says that blacks did not know how to handle these rights. This speech is important because it shows Washington’s attitudes towards civil rights in the turn-of-the-century. It proves that Washington believed that economic progress was the best way for blacks to prove themselves to whites, and it also is important because it shows that Washington was concerned that the new immigrants, which we discussed in class, would be taking jobs away from blacks. This speech shows how bad conditions were for blacks during the Jim Crow era and how the black leadership was trying to make things better.
Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others
“Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others” was published as part of W.E.B. Du Bois’s 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk. In this essay, Du Bois comes out as extremely critical of Booker T. Washington, especially Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech. Instead of pushing only for economic rights, like Washington suggests, Du Bois argues that American blacks needed to have full citizenship. Du Bois suggests that Washington is no different than black leaders during the time of slavery and was willing to settle for less than what blacks deserved. Du Bois was against Washington’s program of industrial education and said “it startled the nation to hear a Negro advocating such a programme after many decades of bitter complaint; it startled and won the applause of the South, it interested and won the admiration of the North; and after a confused murmur of protest, it silenced if it did not convert the Negroes themselves.” This highlights a key difference between Washington and Du Bois because Du Bois did not believe blacks needed to be limited to industrial education. Throughout this document, Du Bois states why he thinks that Washington’s ideas were so dangerous for blacks. This document is important because it shows that not all blacks believed in Washington’s ideas, and that there were different methods put forth for helping blacks achieve their rights during the era of Jim Crow. Du Bois’s background and education led him to believe that blacks could- and should- do more than what Washington expected.
Word Count: 465
1/17/18, 12(37 PM"Share the Wealth": Huey Long Talks to the Nation
Page 1 of 2http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5.
The document provides instructions for creating an account on HelpWriting.net to request essay writing help. It describes a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The site promises original, high-quality content written by qualified writers.
The document discusses the Deseret Morning News and claims it promotes a globalist agenda rather than representing the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It notes the newspaper's editor is on the board of a UN organization and it receives funding from various globalist groups. It also claims the editor takes his marching orders from globalist organizations like the Council on Foreign Relations, which the document portrays as working to establish a one world government by secretive means such as controlling nations' monetary systems.
1) Healthy domestic economic conditions in Australia are likely to moderate the effects of volatility in the global environment and underpin stable bank performance in 2011.
2) Conservative loan growth and less potential for further reductions in impairment charges, given already good asset quality, are likely to limit significant upside in profitability.
3) Steps have been taken to strengthen liquidity, though wholesale funding remains prominent, making Australian banks vulnerable to global funding market disruptions.
1) Healthy domestic economic conditions in Australia are likely to moderate the effects of volatility in the global environment and underpin stable bank performance in 2011.
2) Conservative loan growth and less potential for further reductions in impairment charges, given already good asset quality, are likely to limit significant upside in profitability.
3) Steps have been taken to strengthen liquidity, though wholesale funding remains prominent, making Australian banks vulnerable to global funding market disruptions.
The document proposes developing a sea-based transportation fleet for Davao City, Philippines to alleviate traffic congestion. Davao City has poor road infrastructure and a growing population, making land transportation increasingly difficult. The proposal suggests implementing water taxis, shuttles, and buses to transport passengers between key areas more efficiently than over land. Developing this fleet would create new industries and reduce pressure on roads. Next steps include sourcing boats from Florida, partnering with a local operator, and integrating the sea services with existing land transportation.
Davao City is the largest city in the Philippines' second largest island of Mindanao. It has poor road infrastructure that is causing traffic issues. The document proposes establishing a sea-based transportation fleet for Davao City using water taxis, shuttles, and buses to reduce pressure on roads. This would pick up and drop off passengers in key northern, central, and southern areas to improve commerce. Next steps outlined are to export passenger boats from Florida to Davao City to operate as an alternative transport service integrated with land providers.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
1. Understanding the “Pork Barrel”
by
Hon. Prospero C. Nograles
Speaker
House of Representatives
and
Hon. Edcel C. Lagman
Chairman
Committee on Appropriations
The public cannot appreciate what it does not understand. This truism
aggravates the misconception of the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) and
allied congressional initiative allocations collectively labeled as “pork barrel” in the
derisive tradition of its American origin of unbridled patronage.
Many are obviously unaware or simply forget that no less than the Supreme
Court in Philippine Constitutional Association vs. Enriquez, et al. (235 SCRA 507 [1994])
has categorically declared that the appropriation of the Countrywide Development Fund
(CDF), the forerunner of the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), is a valid
and constitutional exercise of the congressional “power of the purse.”
Many more fail to see that the relatively small projects implemented under the
PDAF complement and link the national development goals to the countryside and
grassroots as well as to depressed areas which are overlooked by central agencies
which are preoccupied with mega-projects.
Even more fail to realize that since the advent of the CDF in 1990 and the
institution of the PDAF in 2000 up to the present, there has been no post-audit report
by the Commission on Audit (COA) directly associating any Member of Congress to a
serious abuse, misuse and/or infraction in the utilization and implementation of the
much-maligned congressional funds.
1
2. Almost everyone believes that the CDF or PDAF is a cash allocation personally
given to Congressmen and Senators for their unlimited discretionary disposition without
any constraint or accountability. This is a gross misconception because Members of
Congress neither handle the funds nor implement the projects. Their authority is limited
to the identification of projects and designation of beneficiaries, subject to a specific
menu. The implementation is undertaken by the appropriate government agency after
an open public bidding.
American ancestry of “pork barrel”
The expression “pork barrel” alludes to the fatness of pork and is equated with
political largesse in American politics since the mid-1800s (American Heritage Dictionary
of the English Language, 4th edition). Wikipedia reports that as an actual container for
storing pig meat in brine, the pork barrel has been with the Americans since the early
days of their Republic. The advent of refrigeration has made the actual pork barrel
obsolete. However, it persists in reference to political bills that bring home the bacon to
a legislator’s district and constituents.
“Even without ever having seen an actual pork barrel, Americans continue to use
the term today for its vivid negative implications. A pork barrel suggests fat and grease,
not only in its contents but also in those who reach for it.” (Barnhart, David K. and Allan
A. Metcalf, America in So Many Words. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997).
The phrase probably is derived from the pre-Civil War practice of periodically
distributing salt pork to plantation slaves from huge barrels. C. C. Maxey wrote in the
National Municipal Review in 1919:
Oftentimes the eagerness of the slaves would result in a rush upon the
pork barrel, in which each would strive to grab as much as possible for
himself. Members of Congress in the stampede to get their local appropriation
items into the omnibus river and harbor bills behaved so much like Negro
2
3. slaves rushing the pork barrel, that these bills were facetiously styled “pork
barrel” bills and the system has thus become known as the pork barrel
system.
By the 1870s, congressmen were regularly referring to “pork,” and the word
became part of the U.S. political lexicon. Time magazine, noted in 1948 that one Peter
J. McGuinness “fished in Tammany’s pork barrel for 28 years to bring improvement to
‘me people’.” In a Baltimore speech on inflation in 1952, Adlai Stevenson pledged “no
pork-barreling while our economy is in its present condition.”
Former Senator Paul H. Douglas, Democrat of Illinois, suggests that getting rid of
the practice appears impossible: “As groups win their battle for special expenditures,”
he said, “they lose the more important war for general economy… they are like
drunkards who shout for temperance in the intervals between cocktails.”
Jesse Burkhead in his treatise Government Budgeting wrote in the context of
American politics:
In the application of its local concerns to a national budget, the
Congress will necessarily engage in some reshaping and remolding. Very
often this process takes the form of increases in specific appropriations for
specific projects in a congressman’s district. Where individual congressmen
are powerful or strategically placed, as on appropriations committees, there
is a resultant dipping into the pork barrel. In the semantics of American
politics the ‘pork barrel’ is an extremely sinful kind of thing. But it should be
recognized as an inevitable, and, at times, a desirable, device for reshaping
national policy.
Washington journalist Brian Kelly criticized the practice of pork barrel in the
American federal government in his 1993 book, “Adventures in Porkland”. According to
Kelly, “many people think pork is the essence of at least one theory in politics – the one
that says all politics is local. This philosophy holds that an elected official’s job is to take
care of the folks back home, in a Washington that is a marketplace of competing
factions where the strong, swift and clever will usually prevail. Pork is the politics of
self-interest, and – let’s be realistic about this – it’s human nature. Pork is a free lunch.
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4. It’s spending other people’s money. It’s check without balances, school without
teachers, highways without traffic cops, law without prisons.”
Other countries call the practice patronage, but the process is not always
equated with corrupt or undesirable conduct. The use of the term pork barrel is also
present in the political lexicons of the UK, Australia and New Zealand. (House of
Representatives, New Zealand: Speakers' Rulings 1867-2005 inclusive, p. 187:4.
Retrieved April 12, 2007). A similar expression – "election pork" – is used in Denmark
(valgflæsk) and Sweden (valfläsk), where they stand for promises made before an
election. (Nationalencyklopedin, NE Nationalencyklopedin AB. Article Valfläsk).
Pork Barrel System Transplanted to the Philippines
The use of pork barrel funds in the Philippines dates back to the 1930s during
the U.S. colonial occupation. Wrote Patricio Diaz in a column for MindaNews:
The spoil system originated from American politics. Just like today,
appointive positions then were the preserve of the party in power. These
positions, like today, were used to pay political debts.
The pork barrel in Congress was part of this spoil system. In fact, in
the 1930s, pork barrel was like the personal discretionary fund of the
members of the Legislature who belonged to the ruling party.
The pork barrel system patterned after American precedents pervaded the pre-
martial law Congress. In fact, “legislators who served during the said period even
bragged that congressmen had greater access to pork and enjoyed uncontested latitude
in its use” and claimed that because of their pork barrel they were “more feared then
than now!” (Salvador Miranda, “The Politics of Pork”, November, 1996).
Miranda continues: “when former President Ferdinand Marcos governed through
martial rule, the problem earned a new name – cronyism – and reached its height. The
other difference is that at that time, the dispenser of pork was concentrated in one
4
5. person – Marcos himself – with absolutely no check on any abuse committed. The
national tragedy that followed was unprecedented in the country’s history.”
Congressional Initiatives After the EDSA Revolution
The long years of martial rule under Marcos obliterated the legislators’
“franchise” on pork barrel in the pejorative American tradition since one man controlled
the legislature. Moreover, the revulsion against the profligacy and corruption during the
martial law regime deterred the revival of the offensive pork barrel system. Hence, the
congressional allocations instituted in the 8th Congress after the EDSA revolution, which
were nonetheless dubbed, albeit inaccurately, as “pork barrel”, had definitive
parameters, equal apportionments, built-in accountability and clear transparency. Unlike
the American pork barrel, the allocation was not a “check without balances, school
without teachers, highways without traffic cops, law without prisons.”
In 1989, the Mindanao Development Fund and Visayas Development Fund were
created with lump sum appropriations of P480 million and P240 million, respectively.
Thus, Representatives from Visayas and Mindanao were authorized to identify
development projects worth P10 million per district. This prompted Senators and
Representatives from Luzon to assert that they similarly needed funds for their local
projects. Consequently, in 1990 the Countrywide Development Fund (CDF) was created
with an initial funding of P2.3 billion for projects in all congressional districts and the
national constituency of Senators.
The CDF aims to support small local infrastructure and other priority community
projects which are not included in the national infrastructure program involving massive
and costly projects. It has been regularly included in the annual General Appropriations
Acts since 1990.
In 2000, the CDF was transformed into the Priority Development Assistance Fund
(PDAF).
5
6. Legislative Supremacy in the Appropriation of Public Funds
The act of providing congressional allocations like the CDF and the PDAF is an
exercise in the appropriation of public funds.
The power of the purse is constitutionally vested in the House of
Representatives. This power traces its ancestry and finds its ascendancy from the very
inception of our republicanism in various constitutional drafts, statutes and
constitutions, namely:
• The Programa Consitucional de la Republica de Filipina, drafted by Mabini;
• The Malolos Constitution which was approved on January 20, 1899;
• The Negros Constitution when Negros became the first organized government
to collaborate with the Americans. This Constitution was approved in May
1899 and was recognized by the American Military Governor in June 1899;
• The “National Constitution of the Philippine Islands” which was drafted by
Cayetano Arellano, the First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, which was
submitted to the first Philippine Commission or the Schurman Commission;
• The Philippine Bill of 1902;
• The 1935 Constitution;
• The 1973 Marcos Constitution which vested the power in the Unicameral
Batasan Pambansa; and
• The 1987 Cory Constitution.
All of the foregoing drafts and constitutions invariably provided for the
supremacy of Congress, more particularly the House of Representatives or its earlier
counterparts, over the appropriation of public funds.
The rationale for locating the power over the expenditure of public funds in the
House of Representatives is more than obvious. It is the more popularly representative
6
7. chamber. It has a more direct affinity with the people whose very own money is to be
spent.
The observation of James Madison in the Federalist Papers is instructive:
The members of the legislative department are distributed and dwell
among the people at large. Their connections of blood, of friendship, and
of acquaintance embrace a great proportion of the most influential part of
society. The nature of their public trust implies a personal influence among
the people, and that they are more immediately the confidential guardians
of the rights and liberties of the people…
Verily, the power to appropriate encompasses the authority to identify projects
which require funding under the General Appropriations Act or other appropriation
measures. This is the essence and rationale of the CDF and the PDAF.
Supreme Court Sustains the Constitutionality of CDF (and PDAF)
Four years after the adoption of the CDF, the Philippine Constitution Association,
among other petitioners, asked the Supreme Court to declare as unconstitutional and
void the Countrywide Development Fund (CDF) as provided for in the General
Appropriations Act of 1994. In the precedent-setting case of Philconsa vs.Enriquez, et
al., the High Court declared in no uncertain terms that the CDF is valid and
constitutional. It was ruled that:
Under the Constitution, the spending power called by James
Madison as “the power of the purse,” belongs to Congress, subject only to
the veto power of the President. The President may propose the budget,
but still the final say on the matter of appropriations is lodged in the
Congress.
The power of appropriation carries with it the power to specify
the project or activity to be funded under the appropriation law. It can
be as detailed and as broad as Congress wants it to be. (Emphasis
supplied).
7
8. The Countrywide Development Fund is explicit that it shall be used
“for infrastructure, purchase of ambulances and computers and other
priority projects and activities and credit facilities to qualified beneficiaries
xxx.” It was Congress itself that determined the purposes for the
appropriation.
The Supreme Court further held that:
The Constitution is a framework of a workable government and its
interpretation must take into account the complexities, realities and politics
attendant to the operation of the political branches of government. Prior to
the GAA of 1991, there was an uneven allocation of appropriations for the
constituents of the members of Congress, with the members close to the
Congressional leadership or who hold cards for "horse-trading," getting
more than their less favored colleagues. The members of Congress also
had to reckon with an unsympathetic President, who could exercise his
veto power to cancel from the appropriation bill a pet project of a
Representative or Senator.
The Countrywide Development Fund attempts to make equal
the unequal. It is also a recognition that individual members of
Congress, far more than the President and their congressional
colleagues, are likely to be knowledgeable about the needs of their
respective constituents and the priority to be given each project.
(Emphasis supplied).
Seven years after Philconsa vs. Enriquez, the Supreme Court in Sarmiento et al.
vs. The Treasurer of the Philippines, et al. (G.R. No. 125680 & 126313, September 4,
2001) reaffirmed in toto its previous ruling on the constitutionality of the CDF.
“Soft” and “Hard” Projects
All congressional districts are entitled to “soft” and “hard” (infrastructure)
projects in equal amounts per district to be identified by the district Representative
concerned. Sectoral constituencies have the same entitlements through their party-list
Representatives. Likewise, the national constituency of Senators has allocations to be
identified by the respective Senators.
8
9. The “soft” projects are identified and implemented under the PDAF following a
shortlist or menu of projects as presently provided for in the General Appropriations
Act. These are basically non-infrastructure projects like scholarship programs, medical
assistance to indigent patients in government hospitals, livelihood support programs,
the purchase of IT equipment and financial assistance to local governments (LGUs) for
the latter’s priority projects and programs. However, the PDAF can also be used to fund
small infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, footbridges, pathways, multipurpose
buildings, school buildings, potable water systems, flood control, drainage systems,
irrigation facilities and electrification projects.
The “hard” projects cover relatively small infrastructure projects similar to those
funded under the PDAF. These projects are reflected in the General Appropriations Act
under individual district allocations and under the DPWH locally funded nationwide lump
sum appropriations.
Parameters of Transparency, Accountability, Utility and Relevance
The congressional “soft” and “hard” projects are definitely far departures from
the original American pork barrel system and from the practice of the old Congress
before it was abolished by Marcos. Now, the utilization of the CDF or PDAF is strictly
circumscribed by a shortlist or menu of qualified projects, requirement of utility and
relevance, stringent procurement and public bidding procedures, accountable
implementing agencies and mandatory post-audit review by the Commission on Audit
(COA), among other safeguards.
In particular, Special Provision No. 1 under XLVI on Priority Development
Assistance Fund (p. 950 of the General Appropriations Act for 2008) provides in full:
1. Use and Release of the Fund. The amount appropriated herein
shall be used to fund priority programs and projects under the Ten-Point
Legacy Agenda of the national government, and shall be released directly to
the implementing agencies as indicated hereunder, to wit:
9
10. Particulars Program/Project Implementing Agency
A. Education Purchase of IT Equipment DepEd/TESDA/CHED/SUCs/LGUs
Scholarship TESDA/CHED/SUCs/LGUs
B. Health Assistance to Indigent Patients Either DOH/Specialty Hospitals/
Confined or Out-Patients, in Hospitals UPS-PGH, WVSU Hospital
Under DOH Including Specialty
Hospitals
Professional Fees Shall be Covered
for Payment on a Case to Case Basis
Upon the Recommendation of the
Members of Congress Concerned
Purchase of Medical Equipment DOH/Specialty Hospitals/
UPS-PGH, WVSU Hospital
Assistance to Indigent Patients at the LGU
Hospitals Devolved to LGUs and
RHUs
Insurance Premium PhilHealth
C. Livelihood/ Small and Medium Enterprise/ DTI/DA/LIVECOR/CDA/OMA
CIDSS Livelihood
Comprehensive Integrated Delivery DSWD
of Social Services
D. Rural Barangay/Rural Electrification DOE/NEA/LGUs
Electrification
E. Water Construction of Water System DPWH
Supply Installation of Pipes, Pumps, Tanks LGUs
Water Supply Development for Local LWUA
Water Districts
F. Financial Specific Programs and Projects to LGUs
Assistance Address the Pro-Poor Programs of
Government
G. Public Construction/Repair/Rehabilitation of
Works the following:
Roads/Bridges/Flood Control/School DPWH
Buildings/Hospitals/Health
Facilities/Public Markets/Multi-
Purpose Buildings/Multi-Purpose
10
11. Pavements
Construction/Repair/Rehabilitation of SUCs
Academic Buildings
H. Irrigation Construction/Repair/Rehabilitation of DA-NIA
Irrigation Facilities
I. Peace and Purchase of Vehicles, Firetrucks and DILG-PNP/BFP/BJMP
Order Firefighting Equipment
Construction/Repair of Police, Jail and DILG-PNP/BFP/BJMP
Fire Stations
J. Housing Construction of Housing Units for NHA/LGUs
Eligible Beneficiaries
K. Forest Establishment/Rehabilitation/Mainte- DENR
Management nance and Protection of Forest,
Mangroves and Watersheds
Upland Agro-Forestry Development NRDC-PFC
Program specifically for the Planting
of Jatropha Curcas L
L. Historical/ Historical Sites/Heritage NHI
Arts/Culture
PROVIDED, That in the procurement of common-use supplies, the
implementing agencies shall adhere to the price list and the rules and
regulations to be issued by the Government Procurement Policy Board: x x x
PROVIDED, FURTHERMORE, That the appropriation herein authorized shall
have validity of two (2) years as provided under Section 66 of the General
Provisions of this Act.
Innovative Additional Safeguards
The new leadership of the House of Representatives has directed, for further
transparency and accountability, the publication in a congressional website all of the
projects and programs identified by House Members under their respective lists of “soft”
and “hard” projects. The website will also include the progress status and
accomplishment of the projects.
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12. This innovation will afford the public the opportunity to assess the importance of
and the need for the congressional projects and enhance the people’s right to make
reasonable protests and complaints.
Constituents Need the New Brand of “Pork Barrel”
The CDF or PDAF funds are small but significant projects and programs in the
congressional districts which do not qualify under the mega concerns of the national
agencies or are ignored by them for being miniscule. These minor projects bring the
government closer to the people and complement the national government’s agenda on
the speedy and adequate delivery of basic social services as well as the promotion of
infrastructure development.
In fine, the demands for the abolition of the CDF or PDAF are uncalled for.
Scrapping these allocations would mean more indigent patients not getting free medical
assistance, more students deprived of scholarships, more rural folk denied of livelihood
support, more people without potable water and electricity, more farmers without
irrigation facilities and more unemployed because of fewer infrastructure projects.
Indeed, understanding the PDAF is appreciating its necessity and import. It is not
by any measure akin to the sinful “pork barrel” of the original American mold.
12