The polygraph, also known as a lie detector test, measures physiological indicators such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity to determine whether a person is lying. It was developed in the early 20th century based on the theory that physiological responses differ when a person is being deceptive versus telling the truth. The test involves attaching sensors to the subject and asking them a series of questions while recording their physiological signals. An examiner then interprets the signals to assess whether the subject's responses are consistent with lying. However, the reliability of polygraph tests remains controversial.
The document provides information on forensic hypnosis including:
- Forensic hypnosis is an investigative technique used to enhance witness recall in legal cases.
- Guidelines for forensic hypnosis include that it should only be used for major crimes after other procedures, and that sessions should be conducted and recorded by an experienced hypnotist.
- Challenges to the technique include potential confabulation, faking of responses, and memory hardening from suggestions during hypnosis. Few courts allow hypnotically induced memories as evidence.
This document provides an overview of polygraphy or lie detection. It discusses the history and development of the polygraph machine. The key components measure things like blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response. It works by recording physiological changes that occur when a person is lying or experiencing fear. The test involves different types of questions and analyzing the charts to detect deception. While it is used in criminal investigations and businesses, polygraph results are not admissible in court and accuracy can vary. Legal protocols require consent and presence of a lawyer. A Supreme Court of India case from 2010 is also referenced.
This document provides an overview of polygraph tests, also known as lie detection tests. It discusses the history and development of polygraph testing from the 19th century to modern use. The key principles are that polygraph tests measure physiological responses like blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity when a subject is asked questions. The objectives are to determine the truthfulness of statements by suspects, witnesses, and complainants in criminal cases. However, polygraph results are not admissible in Indian courts due to legal privileges against self-incrimination. The document also outlines the equipment, examination process, analysis techniques, and limitations of polygraph testing.
a machine designed to detect and record changes in physiological characteristics, such as a person's pulse and breathing rates, used especially as a lie detector.
Layered Voice Analysis - lie detector or moreGuy Van Damme
This document discusses psychophysiology and layered voice analysis (LVA) as a tool for detecting deception. It provides background on psychophysiology, which studies the physiological bases of psychological processes. When threatened or lying, the sympathetic nervous system activates the fight or flight response, producing physiological changes. LVA analyzes the entire vocal spectrum and correlates vocal parameters with emotions like stress. It can process live or recorded conversations to generate an emotional profile and detect emotional deviations that indicate risk. The document outlines how LVA compares to polygraph and other voice stress analysis tools, and provides examples of its use in investigations, call centers, and research validating its effectiveness.
This document provides information about Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling (BEOS) and polygraph techniques. BEOS is a non-invasive technique that detects a suspect's involvement in a crime by eliciting electrophysiological responses in the brain. It involves attaching an EEG cap to measure electrical activity in response to probes. Polygraph measures physiological indicators like respiration, sweating and heart rate that change when a person is lying or experiencing stress. Both techniques aim to detect deception by analyzing involuntary physiological responses, but have also faced criticism regarding their accuracy and infringement on rights.
The polygraph test is used to test the truthfulness of a subject and gives its results on the basis of several physiological indices when the subject is asked a series of questions. The reports of this test can be used as a corroborative evidence in courts.
The document discusses the history and development of the polygraph, or lie detector test. It notes that Cesare Lombroso invented the first device to measure changes in blood pressure in 1895. John Larson invented the modern polygraph in 1921. The document outlines the key principles behind how polygraphs work to detect deception based on physiological responses. It also discusses the development of polygraphs in India, the testing process, types of questions asked, accuracy rates, and legal issues regarding their use.
The document provides information on forensic hypnosis including:
- Forensic hypnosis is an investigative technique used to enhance witness recall in legal cases.
- Guidelines for forensic hypnosis include that it should only be used for major crimes after other procedures, and that sessions should be conducted and recorded by an experienced hypnotist.
- Challenges to the technique include potential confabulation, faking of responses, and memory hardening from suggestions during hypnosis. Few courts allow hypnotically induced memories as evidence.
This document provides an overview of polygraphy or lie detection. It discusses the history and development of the polygraph machine. The key components measure things like blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response. It works by recording physiological changes that occur when a person is lying or experiencing fear. The test involves different types of questions and analyzing the charts to detect deception. While it is used in criminal investigations and businesses, polygraph results are not admissible in court and accuracy can vary. Legal protocols require consent and presence of a lawyer. A Supreme Court of India case from 2010 is also referenced.
This document provides an overview of polygraph tests, also known as lie detection tests. It discusses the history and development of polygraph testing from the 19th century to modern use. The key principles are that polygraph tests measure physiological responses like blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity when a subject is asked questions. The objectives are to determine the truthfulness of statements by suspects, witnesses, and complainants in criminal cases. However, polygraph results are not admissible in Indian courts due to legal privileges against self-incrimination. The document also outlines the equipment, examination process, analysis techniques, and limitations of polygraph testing.
a machine designed to detect and record changes in physiological characteristics, such as a person's pulse and breathing rates, used especially as a lie detector.
Layered Voice Analysis - lie detector or moreGuy Van Damme
This document discusses psychophysiology and layered voice analysis (LVA) as a tool for detecting deception. It provides background on psychophysiology, which studies the physiological bases of psychological processes. When threatened or lying, the sympathetic nervous system activates the fight or flight response, producing physiological changes. LVA analyzes the entire vocal spectrum and correlates vocal parameters with emotions like stress. It can process live or recorded conversations to generate an emotional profile and detect emotional deviations that indicate risk. The document outlines how LVA compares to polygraph and other voice stress analysis tools, and provides examples of its use in investigations, call centers, and research validating its effectiveness.
This document provides information about Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling (BEOS) and polygraph techniques. BEOS is a non-invasive technique that detects a suspect's involvement in a crime by eliciting electrophysiological responses in the brain. It involves attaching an EEG cap to measure electrical activity in response to probes. Polygraph measures physiological indicators like respiration, sweating and heart rate that change when a person is lying or experiencing stress. Both techniques aim to detect deception by analyzing involuntary physiological responses, but have also faced criticism regarding their accuracy and infringement on rights.
The polygraph test is used to test the truthfulness of a subject and gives its results on the basis of several physiological indices when the subject is asked a series of questions. The reports of this test can be used as a corroborative evidence in courts.
The document discusses the history and development of the polygraph, or lie detector test. It notes that Cesare Lombroso invented the first device to measure changes in blood pressure in 1895. John Larson invented the modern polygraph in 1921. The document outlines the key principles behind how polygraphs work to detect deception based on physiological responses. It also discusses the development of polygraphs in India, the testing process, types of questions asked, accuracy rates, and legal issues regarding their use.
Forensic psychology is closely aligned with the criminal justice system and is used to evaluate the competency of accused or convicted individuals. A forensic psychologist will administer tests and interviews to evaluate a defendant's understanding of their crime and ability to stand trial. They must be able to quickly establish rapport with subjects to interpret key questions and evaluate mental state. A prime candidate has an innate ability to evaluate human psyche from verbal and non-verbal cues to determine the truth. Forensic psychologists deal with criminal behavior but may also evaluate children involved in legal cases.
The document discusses lying and how it is detected. It covers:
1. When someone lies, the frontal lobe is activated to suppress the truth and the limbic system is activated due to increased anxiety from deception. Fewer brain areas are active when telling the truth.
2. Studies show compulsive liars have more white matter in the prefrontal cortex, allowing them to make connections between unrelated thoughts. Lie detectors measure limbic system activity but can be fooled if a subject is unusually calm or anxious.
3. Eye movements can indicate if someone is constructing or remembering information, but reliability depends on the individual. Up and left usually indicates visual construction while right usually indicates remembering.
Presumptive tests are used at crime scenes to determine if a sample could be evidence such as blood, semen, or drugs. They are quick, cheap, and easy but not confirmatory. Confirmatory tests are used in a lab to confirm that a sample is a specific type of evidence and are more expensive and time-consuming. Investigators may use lights or chemical reagents like luminol or phenolphthalein to detect blood evidence not visible to the naked eye at a crime scene.
Forensic examination of stamp, seal and other mechanical impressionskiran malik
Document examiners must analyze all physical evidence on documents, including seals, stamps, and other impressions. Impressions can provide important clues, as paper retains impressions well over time. Seals, stamps, and other tools have long been used to authenticate documents by leaving unique impressions in wax, ink, or directly in paper. Characteristics like defects, wear patterns, and individual styles can help determine if a questioned impression originated from a particular physical source like a specific seal or stamp.
1. The document discusses techniques for restoring obliterated marks on items like vehicles and firearms for identification purposes. 2. It describes different types of marks like cast, engraved, and punched marks and principles of restoration using chemical reagents that dissolve strained metal at different rates. 3. The techniques discussed involve cleaning surfaces, taking photographs, applying etchants like acids selectively to restore serial numbers, and preserving restored marks.
The document discusses different types of glass and forensic analysis of glass evidence. It provides information on the physical, optical, and chemical properties of glass that can be analyzed forensically. Specific techniques mentioned include refractive index testing, density determination, microscopic analysis of fractures, and elemental analysis. The document also discusses how analysis of glass evidence can help reconstruct crime scenes and connect suspects to crimes by matching glass fragments.
Securing the crime scene involves locking down the area, establishing perimeters, and controlling access. It is important to protect the life of victims and secure the scene and evidence. This involves stopping any activity, removing unauthorized people, and installing physical barriers to define the scene perimeter and isolate the area. A pathway of contamination is established and documented to control how evidence is affected. Crime scene security then guards the area, only allowing authorized forensic specialists, investigators, or coroners to enter after logging their presence and purpose.
This document discusses the polygraph examination process. It begins with an introduction and overview of the history and development of the polygraph. It then describes the objective, equipment, requirements, and preparation involved in polygraph examinations. The document outlines the examination procedure, including administering questions, analyzing physiological responses, and interpreting results. It notes limitations and cautions of polygraph examinations and concludes by listing references for further information.
The document discusses various methods used for lie detection, including psycho-physiological detection of deception (PDD) using polygraph tests, psychological stress evaluator (PSE), hypnosis, truth serums, and brain printing. It provides details on the scientific basis and procedures for PDD and notes some limitations, such as the potential for bias and subjectivity. Rights of subjects and guidelines from the National Human Rights Commission are also summarized.
forensic questioned document examinationkiran malik
Power point presentation basically related to document examination in forensic science laboratories, related various facilities and was related to expert evidences.
A digital imaging instrument manufactured by Foster + Freeman that employs combinations of light sources and filters to examine document evidence under various wavelengths of radiation ranging from ultraviolet to the infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
VSC is a preferred tool as it supports non destructive examination of documents. VSC uses multiple parameters like IR, UV, and White light providing accurate results.
Criminal profiling combines elements of psychology and law enforcement to analyze criminal behavior and draw conclusions about the characteristics of unknown offenders. There are two main types of criminal profiling: inductive profiling compares current crimes to past offenders with similar backgrounds, while deductive profiling focuses on the specifics of each individual crime. The FBI uses a five-stage process for criminal profiling that includes compiling case data, assessing the crime, creating an offender profile, guiding the investigation, and ultimately apprehending the offender. Profiling techniques can provide insights to help narrow investigations and determine if multiple crimes were committed by one or more offenders.
Narco analysis, also known as truth serum, is a technique where drugs like sodium pentothal are administered intravenously to induce a hypnotic or semi-conscious state in subjects. It was developed in the early 20th century as a psychotherapy tool and diagnostic technique. While it aims to lower inhibitions and reveal information, there are concerns about reliability, risks to health, and violation of constitutional rights against self-incrimination. Its legal status in India remains ambiguous due to various court rulings on its admissibility as evidence.
Currency notes and passports security featuresDon Caeiro
This document examines the security features of Indian currency notes and passports. It outlines 9 key security features of currency notes: 1) security thread, 2) watermark, 3) micro-lettering, 4) latent image, 5) identification mark, 6) intaglio printing, 7) optically variable ink, 8) see through register, and 9) fluorescence. These features make the notes difficult to counterfeit and help the visually impaired verify notes.
The Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) is a digital imaging instrument that uses different light sources and filters to examine documents under various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. It allows examiners to non-destructively analyze security features, inks, and detect alterations by comparing a document's response to different light. The VSC is useful for authenticating items and identifying counterfeits through close examination and revealing of latent images. While indicative, the VSC has limitations as results are only comparative and identification cannot be made without a known specimen for comparison.
FORGERY (QUESTIONED DOCUMENT) WITH CASE STUDYAlok Yadav
Forgery is a white-collar crime that generally refers to the false making or material alteration of a legal instrument with the specific intent to defraud anyone.
The most common example of forgery is when a person copies (forges) a person's signature and uses it without their consent. Forgery is typically classified as a white collar crime and can often involve state or federal charges.
Modus operandi refers to a criminal's pattern of behavior or method of operation when committing crimes. It describes the specific actions and behaviors a criminal uses to successfully carry out offenses. A criminal's modus operandi can evolve over time as they discover which actions are most effective and refine their skills. While useful evidence for law enforcement, a criminal's modus operandi may change due to outside influences like substance abuse.
The document discusses the external morphology of the human ear by examining its structure, how pressure affects it, and the procedure used to compare ears.
Actus rea refers to the guilty act, while mens rea refers to the guilty mind or intent. So the correct answer is C - Guilty act and guilty mind. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea means "the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty". This is a fundamental principle of criminal law that for an act to result in criminal liability, it must involve both a guilty act (actus rea) and a guilty mind (mens rea).
This document provides information about polygraph machines and polygraph tests. It discusses the history and development of the polygraph machine. It explains that a polygraph measures physiological responses like blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity when a person answers questions. The objectives of polygraph tests are to verify statements in criminal cases and for pre-employment screening. The document also outlines who should not take polygraph tests and provides examples of how polygraph tests are used, such as for infidelity, criminal investigations, and determining if someone was wrongly accused. It describes the components and principles of how polygraph machines work by measuring cardiovascular activity, respiratory activity, and electrodermal activity.
A polygraph, commonly known as a lie detector, measures a person's physiological responses like breathing, pulse, blood pressure, and perspiration when answering questions. It was developed in the early 20th century and works by detecting changes in the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary body functions. However, polygraph results are not completely reliable and accuracy depends on the quality of the test being administered. Error rates have been estimated to be as high as 40% depending on the study. Some individuals may be wrongly identified as lying or certain trained persons can pass the test despite being deceptive.
Forensic psychology is closely aligned with the criminal justice system and is used to evaluate the competency of accused or convicted individuals. A forensic psychologist will administer tests and interviews to evaluate a defendant's understanding of their crime and ability to stand trial. They must be able to quickly establish rapport with subjects to interpret key questions and evaluate mental state. A prime candidate has an innate ability to evaluate human psyche from verbal and non-verbal cues to determine the truth. Forensic psychologists deal with criminal behavior but may also evaluate children involved in legal cases.
The document discusses lying and how it is detected. It covers:
1. When someone lies, the frontal lobe is activated to suppress the truth and the limbic system is activated due to increased anxiety from deception. Fewer brain areas are active when telling the truth.
2. Studies show compulsive liars have more white matter in the prefrontal cortex, allowing them to make connections between unrelated thoughts. Lie detectors measure limbic system activity but can be fooled if a subject is unusually calm or anxious.
3. Eye movements can indicate if someone is constructing or remembering information, but reliability depends on the individual. Up and left usually indicates visual construction while right usually indicates remembering.
Presumptive tests are used at crime scenes to determine if a sample could be evidence such as blood, semen, or drugs. They are quick, cheap, and easy but not confirmatory. Confirmatory tests are used in a lab to confirm that a sample is a specific type of evidence and are more expensive and time-consuming. Investigators may use lights or chemical reagents like luminol or phenolphthalein to detect blood evidence not visible to the naked eye at a crime scene.
Forensic examination of stamp, seal and other mechanical impressionskiran malik
Document examiners must analyze all physical evidence on documents, including seals, stamps, and other impressions. Impressions can provide important clues, as paper retains impressions well over time. Seals, stamps, and other tools have long been used to authenticate documents by leaving unique impressions in wax, ink, or directly in paper. Characteristics like defects, wear patterns, and individual styles can help determine if a questioned impression originated from a particular physical source like a specific seal or stamp.
1. The document discusses techniques for restoring obliterated marks on items like vehicles and firearms for identification purposes. 2. It describes different types of marks like cast, engraved, and punched marks and principles of restoration using chemical reagents that dissolve strained metal at different rates. 3. The techniques discussed involve cleaning surfaces, taking photographs, applying etchants like acids selectively to restore serial numbers, and preserving restored marks.
The document discusses different types of glass and forensic analysis of glass evidence. It provides information on the physical, optical, and chemical properties of glass that can be analyzed forensically. Specific techniques mentioned include refractive index testing, density determination, microscopic analysis of fractures, and elemental analysis. The document also discusses how analysis of glass evidence can help reconstruct crime scenes and connect suspects to crimes by matching glass fragments.
Securing the crime scene involves locking down the area, establishing perimeters, and controlling access. It is important to protect the life of victims and secure the scene and evidence. This involves stopping any activity, removing unauthorized people, and installing physical barriers to define the scene perimeter and isolate the area. A pathway of contamination is established and documented to control how evidence is affected. Crime scene security then guards the area, only allowing authorized forensic specialists, investigators, or coroners to enter after logging their presence and purpose.
This document discusses the polygraph examination process. It begins with an introduction and overview of the history and development of the polygraph. It then describes the objective, equipment, requirements, and preparation involved in polygraph examinations. The document outlines the examination procedure, including administering questions, analyzing physiological responses, and interpreting results. It notes limitations and cautions of polygraph examinations and concludes by listing references for further information.
The document discusses various methods used for lie detection, including psycho-physiological detection of deception (PDD) using polygraph tests, psychological stress evaluator (PSE), hypnosis, truth serums, and brain printing. It provides details on the scientific basis and procedures for PDD and notes some limitations, such as the potential for bias and subjectivity. Rights of subjects and guidelines from the National Human Rights Commission are also summarized.
forensic questioned document examinationkiran malik
Power point presentation basically related to document examination in forensic science laboratories, related various facilities and was related to expert evidences.
A digital imaging instrument manufactured by Foster + Freeman that employs combinations of light sources and filters to examine document evidence under various wavelengths of radiation ranging from ultraviolet to the infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
VSC is a preferred tool as it supports non destructive examination of documents. VSC uses multiple parameters like IR, UV, and White light providing accurate results.
Criminal profiling combines elements of psychology and law enforcement to analyze criminal behavior and draw conclusions about the characteristics of unknown offenders. There are two main types of criminal profiling: inductive profiling compares current crimes to past offenders with similar backgrounds, while deductive profiling focuses on the specifics of each individual crime. The FBI uses a five-stage process for criminal profiling that includes compiling case data, assessing the crime, creating an offender profile, guiding the investigation, and ultimately apprehending the offender. Profiling techniques can provide insights to help narrow investigations and determine if multiple crimes were committed by one or more offenders.
Narco analysis, also known as truth serum, is a technique where drugs like sodium pentothal are administered intravenously to induce a hypnotic or semi-conscious state in subjects. It was developed in the early 20th century as a psychotherapy tool and diagnostic technique. While it aims to lower inhibitions and reveal information, there are concerns about reliability, risks to health, and violation of constitutional rights against self-incrimination. Its legal status in India remains ambiguous due to various court rulings on its admissibility as evidence.
Currency notes and passports security featuresDon Caeiro
This document examines the security features of Indian currency notes and passports. It outlines 9 key security features of currency notes: 1) security thread, 2) watermark, 3) micro-lettering, 4) latent image, 5) identification mark, 6) intaglio printing, 7) optically variable ink, 8) see through register, and 9) fluorescence. These features make the notes difficult to counterfeit and help the visually impaired verify notes.
The Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) is a digital imaging instrument that uses different light sources and filters to examine documents under various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. It allows examiners to non-destructively analyze security features, inks, and detect alterations by comparing a document's response to different light. The VSC is useful for authenticating items and identifying counterfeits through close examination and revealing of latent images. While indicative, the VSC has limitations as results are only comparative and identification cannot be made without a known specimen for comparison.
FORGERY (QUESTIONED DOCUMENT) WITH CASE STUDYAlok Yadav
Forgery is a white-collar crime that generally refers to the false making or material alteration of a legal instrument with the specific intent to defraud anyone.
The most common example of forgery is when a person copies (forges) a person's signature and uses it without their consent. Forgery is typically classified as a white collar crime and can often involve state or federal charges.
Modus operandi refers to a criminal's pattern of behavior or method of operation when committing crimes. It describes the specific actions and behaviors a criminal uses to successfully carry out offenses. A criminal's modus operandi can evolve over time as they discover which actions are most effective and refine their skills. While useful evidence for law enforcement, a criminal's modus operandi may change due to outside influences like substance abuse.
The document discusses the external morphology of the human ear by examining its structure, how pressure affects it, and the procedure used to compare ears.
Actus rea refers to the guilty act, while mens rea refers to the guilty mind or intent. So the correct answer is C - Guilty act and guilty mind. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea means "the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty". This is a fundamental principle of criminal law that for an act to result in criminal liability, it must involve both a guilty act (actus rea) and a guilty mind (mens rea).
This document provides information about polygraph machines and polygraph tests. It discusses the history and development of the polygraph machine. It explains that a polygraph measures physiological responses like blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity when a person answers questions. The objectives of polygraph tests are to verify statements in criminal cases and for pre-employment screening. The document also outlines who should not take polygraph tests and provides examples of how polygraph tests are used, such as for infidelity, criminal investigations, and determining if someone was wrongly accused. It describes the components and principles of how polygraph machines work by measuring cardiovascular activity, respiratory activity, and electrodermal activity.
A polygraph, commonly known as a lie detector, measures a person's physiological responses like breathing, pulse, blood pressure, and perspiration when answering questions. It was developed in the early 20th century and works by detecting changes in the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary body functions. However, polygraph results are not completely reliable and accuracy depends on the quality of the test being administered. Error rates have been estimated to be as high as 40% depending on the study. Some individuals may be wrongly identified as lying or certain trained persons can pass the test despite being deceptive.
Polygraph Testing Management Plan through Psychotherapy CBT, Behavior Therapy...research gate
Polygraph Testing Management Plan through Psychotherapy CBT, Behavior Therapy, REBT
Polygraph testing involves the use of an instrument which detects and measures some of the physiological changes that take place in the human body when a person lies. These tests are particularly prevalent in the retail industry.Polygraph tests are used frequently in many fields, such as law enforcement, national security, and private investigations. The exam is typically broken down into four phases: the initial interrogation and pre-test phase, the in-test (polygraph exam), and the post-test phase.The primary purpose of the polygraph test in security screening is to identify individuals who present serious threats to national security. To put this in the language of diagnostic testing, the goal is to reduce to a minimum the number of false negative cases (serious security risks who pass the diagnostic screen).
I am Clinical psychologist & I have great experience in this feild.I having many other skills .As a writer, I would consider myself to be a very strong writer. When it comes to writing or having different writing assignments, I have to write everything down on a piece of paper to get my thoughts out and just let my pen flow. I tend to write essays only when I am assigned, but for the most part, I write everyday. I personally like to write about me in particular but mainly I enjoy writing about overcoming different obstacles people face in life .
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The PowerPoint presentation seamlessly guides through the scientific lie detector, flowing from its overview and historical roots to discussions on validity, reliability, purpose of use, target users, procedural steps, necessary setup, limitations, and adherence to regulations.
This document summarizes research on using physiological signals to detect stress and deception. It discusses how voice pitch variation and heart rate variability can be used as features in artificial neural networks to identify high stress situations and lying with up to 82% and 71% accuracy, respectively. The document also reviews other research on using microexpressions, speech analysis, and polygraphs for lie detection and their limitations. Future work proposed includes improving accuracy by collecting additional physiological data like EEG and using higher resolution cameras.
The document discusses the polygraph test, also known as a lie detector test. It explains that a polygraph machine measures physiological responses like blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and sweat gland activity to questions. It works on the principle that telling a lie increases nervous system arousal. The document outlines the history of the polygraph, how it works, the components used, and the administration process. It notes that research shows polygraph tests have error rates ranging from 15-40% and things like medical conditions or fear can impact accuracy.
The document discusses polygraph testing and the services offered by a risk management company. A polygraph measures physiological responses like respiration, sweat gland activity, and blood pressure to detect deception. A typical polygraph exam involves three phases: a pre-test interview, question testing while recording charts, and analysis of the charts. The company offers various polygraph services for pre-employment screening, investigations, and other risk assessment and analysis. The polygraph examiner has a degree in criminology and polygraph certification from American and South African institutions.
This document provides guidance on conducting a neurological examination for diving accidents. It describes an initial assessment involving gathering a dive history and asking questions to determine symptoms and their progression. It then outlines how to perform sections of the neurological exam, including testing mental status, coordination, motor skills, cranial nerves, and sensory functions. Forms are provided to record results of the exam.
Human experimentation has a long history dating back to ancient times. Notable events include the unethical human experiments conducted by Nazi Germany during World War II which led to the development of the Nuremberg Code in 1946. The code established standards for human experimentation including requiring voluntary consent. There are ongoing debates around the ethics of experimentation and whether the potential benefits to society through medical advances justify exposing human subjects to risks. Different types of experiments, such as those involving placebos, fetuses, children, prisoners and blind/double-blind designs, each raise additional complex issues around informed consent and protecting vulnerable populations.
Philosophical Reflection Free Essay ExampleAndrea Jones
The document provides instructions for requesting and receiving help with an assignment from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes that original, high-quality content is guaranteed, with refunds offered for plagiarized work.
Ethical principles for conducting research with human participantsRaghad Abutair
This document discusses ethical principles for conducting research with human participants. It defines ethics, experiments on humans, and unethical human experimentation. It outlines controls and requirements for research, including obtaining consent from participants and oversight of the research process. Examples are given of some of the worst medical experiments in history, including those conducted by Nazi doctors and Unit 731 in Japan during World War II. The document stresses the importance of considering risks and benefits, protecting human dignity, and having proper scientific justification and oversight for any research with human subjects.
Physical Diagnosis Presentation prepared by AAMBC StudentNomenMea
The document discusses physical examination techniques for assessing different body systems. It provides details on preparing for and conducting abdominal examinations, evaluating patients presenting with chronic cough or extremity weakness, and techniques for palpating the spleen. Key points covered include ensuring patient privacy and comfort, using the appropriate examination methods like auscultation and palpation to thoroughly evaluate organs and body systems, and obtaining relevant medical history to aid diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of the history taking and physical examination process. It discusses the components of a comprehensive history, including the chief complaint, present illness, past medical history, family history, social history and review of systems. It also outlines the equipment, sequence and techniques involved in performing a thorough physical exam, including inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. The document emphasizes that most of the important information to make a diagnosis comes from the patient's history, not physical exam or tests.
This document provides an overview of lie detectors, how they work, and their accuracy. It discusses that lie detectors monitor physiological reactions like heart rate, breathing, and sweat to determine if a person is lying. However, they are only about 85-90% accurate as results can depend on the person's character, openness, and the examiner. While sometimes used by law enforcement, polygraph results are rarely admissible in court due to their imperfect nature.
This document provides an overview of the basics of radiograph interpretation. It discusses the four densities seen on radiographs: gas, fat, water, and mineral. Gas appears black, fat is a dark gray, water is a lighter gray, and mineral is white. An example abdominal radiograph is shown and labeled to identify the different densities. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing normal patterns and outlines several reference materials and techniques to aid in radiograph interpretation, such as using rulers, comparing views over time, and ensuring all necessary information is obtained.
ETHICS IN BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH CHP. 3LEARNING OBJECTIVES· Sum.docxSANSKAR20
ETHICS IN BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH CHP. 3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Summarize Milgram's obedience experiment.
· Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
· Define deception and discuss the ethical issues surrounding its use in research.
· List the information contained in an informed consent form.
· Discuss potential problems in obtaining informed consent.
· Describe the purpose of debriefing research participants.
· Describe the function of an Institutional Review Board.
· Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.
· Summarize the ethical principles in the APA Ethics Code concerning research with human participants.
· Summarize the ethical issues concerning research with nonhuman animals.
· Discuss how potential risks and benefits of research are evaluated.
· Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.
· Define plagiarism and describe how to avoid plagiarism.
Page 44ETHICAL PRACTICE IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE CONCEPTUALIZATION, PLANNING, EXECUTION, AND EVALUATION OF RESEARCH. Researchers who do not consider the ethical implications of their projects risk harming individuals, communities, and behavioral science. This chapter provides an historical overview of ethics in behavioral research, reviews core ethical principles for researchers, describes relevant institutional structures that protect research participants, and concludes with a discussion of what it means to be an ethical researcher.
MILGRAM'S OBEDIENCE EXPERIMENT
Stanley Milgram conducted a series of studies (1963, 1964, 1965) to study obedience to authority. He placed an ad in the local newspaper in New Haven, Connecticut, offering a small stipend to men to participate in a “scientific study of memory and learning” being conducted at Yale University. The volunteers reported to Milgram's laboratory at Yale, where they met a scientist dressed in a white lab coat and another volunteer in the study, a middle-aged man named “Mr. Wallace.” Mr. Wallace was actually a confederate (i.e., accomplice) of the experimenter, but the participants did not know this. The scientist explained that the study would examine the effects of punishment on learning. One person would be a “teacher” who would administer the punishment, and the other would be the “learner.” Mr. Wallace and the volunteer participant then drew slips of paper to determine who would be the teacher and who would be the learner. The drawing was rigged, however—Mr. Wallace was always the learner and the volunteer was always the teacher.
The scientist attached electrodes to Mr. Wallace and placed the teacher in front of an impressive-looking shock machine. The shock machine had a series of levers that, the individual was told, when pressed would deliver shocks to Mr. Wallace. The first lever was labeled 15 volts, the second 30 volts, the third 45 volts, and so on up to 450 volts ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
3. Introductio
n
• Polygraph is derived from the two Greek terms. "Poly" means "several" and "graphos" means "write".
Thus, the term polygraph is used to create graphs using many physiological parameters such as blood
pressure, respiration, pulse rate, skin conductance, etc. means to ask.
• Physiological deception detection is the cornerstone of lie detector testing. It is believed that people
have different physiological responses to lying than to telling the truth. For example, lying down can
increase your heart rate and make your palms sweaty. By measuring these physiological responses,
polygraph examiners can determine whether a person is being honest. However, it is crucial to note that
the reliability of polygraph testing remains a much debated and controversial topic.
5. CESARE LOMBROSO
A device known as “Hydro-sphygmograph” (which is an
obsolete kind of sphygmograph) built by Cesare Lombroso in
1895 to record changes in blood pressure during interrogation
ushered in the invention of the polygraph. This ideology was
not that effective, but it gave an idea of how one could utilize
the mechanics other than engaging in such inhumane acts.
5
6. Vittorio Benussi
• 1902 - Medical student Vittorio Benussi developed a
device that measures the changes in a person's blood
pressure and breathing and thought to be used to
deceptively detect those changes. However, it was not
considered for use.
7. WilliamMarston
1915 - William Marston, an American psychologist at
Harvard University, develops a prototype of the modern
polygraph. The device can measure changes in blood
pressure, pulse rate, respiration, etc., providing an
opportunity to see changes in the event of a false
statement. He called himself the "father of the polygraph".
In 1938 he authored a book entitled "THE LIE
DETECTOR TEST" which explained the theory and use
of this device. Gillette Company Pvt. applied in 1938. The
corporation claimed that a "polygraph" showed its razor
blades to be superior to others on the market.
8. • 1921 - Ph.D. John Augustus Larson was a
physiology graduate student of the University of
California in 1920. He was also the first American
police officer to receive a doctorate. He worked as
a police inspector in Berkeley, California, USA. He
is best known for discovering the modern
polygraph used in forensic psychological deception
detection in 1921, known as "Berkeley’s
Psychograph". His device was equipped with
mechanisms to record both blood pressure as well
as galvanic skin response. Invented in 1939 to be
portable, it became even more convenient as it
could be carried anywhere in case of emergency
interrogation.
John Augustus Larson
9. The instrument was then purchased by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation and served as a prototype for the latest in
polygraph measurement technology.
10. Darrow Behaviour Research Photo-Polygraph B. Keeler polygraph Berkeley polygraph
A variety of similar devices have been designed, including: B. Keeler polygraph developed in
1936.
The Lee’s was a version of the original Berkeley polygraph that incorporated his psychograph
device, blood pressure and respiratory recorder. The other was the Darrow Behaviour
Research Photo-Polygraph, designed by John E. Reed in 1945, which claimed that the device
could record changes in muscle activity, such as changes in blood pressure. Although the
device was for research purposes only, it claimed to be more accurate in detecting deception
because it used standardized recordings of pressure, pulse, and respiration and made these
recordings continuously.
11. Principle:
A polygraph is based on the principle of changes in physiological responses that
indicate whether a person is telling the truth or deceiving. A polygraph machine
measures and documents various physiological parameters such as blood
pressure (BP), pulse, respiration and skin conductivity while asking a series of
questions to the patient. The main operating principle is based on the assumption
that people are lying about the level of stress they experience leading to changes
in physiological responses. These changes are detected by a polygraph and
interpreted by an expert to determine the level of deception. However, it is
important to note that the accuracy and reliability of this test has been the
subject of reasonable controversy and debate in the scientific community and
courts. In some studies, the device gave false positives to people who were
nervous during interrogation, and to experienced and latent liars who could
easily fool the test and its basic mechanics. It has been shown to give false
negatives. As such, polygraph results are still not very well received in many
jurisdictions.
12. Methodology:
First, the person is seated in a chair, then the instrument
parts are correctly affixed to the various parts of the body.
Next, put the arm cuff on your arm to record your heart
rate and blood pressure.
Place an elastic band on the chest and measure arterial
and respiratory amplitudes and deviations.
To do this, place the electrode lead on the first phalange
of the index finger to record the galvanic skin response.
The response is then recorded graphically on paper and
the statistics of the various undesirable reactions are
examined along with the strength of the reaction, the time
and degree of excitation of the reaction.
The examiner then asks a series of questions and the
device records the subject's physiological responses.
The charter then displays the data on paper in the form
of a chart, and the examiner interprets the results to
determine whether the person is truthful or deceptive.
13. Pneumograph
Galvanograph
Cardio-vascular Recorder
Chart recorder
Parts:
1. Respirometer/Pneumograph: This measures a person's breathing pattern. Two
rubber tubes are then wrapped around the subject's chest and abdomen to record
the movements of the chest and abdomen during breathing.
2. Galvanograph: This measures the conductivity of human skin. This can
increase when a person is stressed or anxious. Two electrodes are attached to the
subject's finger or palm to measure skin conductance.
3. Cardiovascular recorder: This records a subject’s heart rate as well as blood
pressure. Two blood pressure cuffs are positioned around the subject's arm and a
pulse sensor is placed on the finger or wrist to record changes in heart rate.
4. Chart Recorder: Records data collected by respirometers, galvanometers, and
cardiovascular recorders on moving paper charts.
Sl. No. Instrument Name Part of the Body
Attached to
Purpose for attachment
01 Pneumograph Chest area To measure the respiratory changes
02 Sphygomography Upper arm To measure the cardio-vascular
changes
03 Transducer
(or plethysmograpgy)
Thumb To measure the blood volume
reflecting the pulse rate
04 Galvanograph Fingers of palm To measure the conductivity of
human skin
14. PROCEDURE OF INTERROGATION:
One must be ready to take the test without medication
beforehand.
The preparation of the mind for the exam has to be
administered, since certain individuals are completely
unsuitable for this test like individuals with manic
identities, overly receptive identities, and addictions.
Those who suffer from mesh anomalies who fall into one
of these three conditions, and those who are naturally
grumpy, enthusiastic and uncooperative. These subjects
require unusual preparation and take longer to take the
exam. Not suitable for prepared exams.
15.
16. Alignment of topics (for those suitable for
prepared exams):
The patient undergoes a preliminary examination, which
should clarify the reasons, purposes and methods of the
polygraph examination according to the patient's ideal
understanding. To get meaningful test results, the analyser
needs to have information about the events. Subjects must be
told that they will be asked a specific question and that the
question must be answered "yes" or "no“, because these
questions are thought-provoking. Subjects do not have to
worry about misrepresentation or translation of the
polygraphic test. But if he misdirects after that, it will be
indicated in the test. At the time of organizing, you should be
familiar with the question and understand it well enough to
be able to answer yes or no. In an ideal interrogation, one
shouldn't be asked more than 10 questions in the same
session.
17. First, three types of questions to be
asked:
Irrelevant question:
These are certain questions unrelated to
crime frequency. For example – “are you
Mr. X? Are you 28 already? Are you a Y
class resident? Do you work for company
Z?”
18. Related questions:
It’s purpose is usually to implicate the
suspect in a crime or to point out that the
interviewer has information about some
aspect of the crime. "On November 10, 2012
at 5:00 pm, you injured Mr. A at your home,
or you witnessed Mr. B hurt Mr. A on
November 10, 2012 at 5:00 pm, from the
bank 5,00,000 rupees was stolen. The answer
to any key question should be 'yes' or 'no'.
19. Control questions:
A control address is necessary to adequately understand and explain the practical phrases inscribed in the
subject's responses and mental responses to various compelling questions, but this is largely generalized in
nature, related to some small terrifying deeds that the person may commit. Precious moments of his childhood
should not be neglected. Examples: "When you were a kid, did you ever steal money out of your mother's pocket
to buy gaming supplies?" "Have you ever considered robbing a bank or other similar means to obtain cash ?”
The charming reply reflected a hostile reaction which reflects a meaningful representations of physical ability in
different ways.
Non-essential questions are asked to encourage a comparison of responses to amended responses and ambiguous
responses. A distinction that can be made by interpreting responses to controlled questions to evaluate whether a
person is responding to questions that suggest that the person may be indirectly involved in an act in which he or
she did not commit can be done. Therefore, control questions with equally aberrant answers or negative answers
count as the person's negative, nervous, or other systemic reaction to the relevant question or problem
20. Proper examination:
The individual to be inspected is made
to sit on a polygraph chair in such a
way that he faces the instrument and
the administrator faces him so that he
can watch the facial responses of the
subject.
Questions should be organized so that practical
answers are easily comparable and self-
explanatory. All of this must be done in such a
way that, after making a misleading response to
one important address, so that one can revert to
their usual method of responding to prepare for
another important address.
21. SUBJECT RIGHTS:
Critics of polygraph technology point out that the
technology is an invasion of the subject's privacy. To
counteract this disparagement, certain rights of subjects have
been constructed. These rights are respected. Examination of
subjects may only be performed by qualified inspectors. The
person must be found suitable for polygraph examination; the
subject must be well aware of the reason for the polygraph
examination. The subject must know how a polygraph
examination is performed; and must agree for the Lie
Detector Test. The subject can refuse to take a lie detector
test. Individuals’ must not be subjected to mental or physical
violence; and must not be subject to extensive interrogation.
22. Legal Status of Polygraphin India:
The use of polygraph testing, also known as polygraph
testing, is inadmissible as evidence in Indian courts. The
Indian Evidence Act of 1872 does not recognize the
results of polygraph examinations admissible.
Although, Polygraph is not admissible there are certain
Cases where it has been used:
Aarushi-Hemraj double murder case
Nithari serial killings
Jessica Lal murder case
Sheena Bora murder case
23. Reference:
1. Journal of Bio Innovation. (n.d.). https://www.jbino.com/
2. W3admin. (2019). What is polygraph. Vollmer Institute. https://vollmerinstitute.com/what-is-polygraph/
3. SCIENTIFIC AND LEGAL PROCEDURE OF POLYGRAPH TEST - PDF Free Download. (n.d.).
http://docplayer.net/25090010-Scientific-and-legal-procedure-of-polygraph-test.html
4. https://doku.pub/documents/nandys-principles-of-forensic-medicine-3rd-editionpdf-7l51g2ny770k
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCQomMCOdmw