Pollution is one of the important topics discussed by international organizations as a harmful issue. The document discusses three main types of pollution: air, soil, and water pollution. It outlines the causes and effects of each type of pollution, as well as potential solutions. The causes are both natural factors like volcanic ash as well as human factors like industry, vehicles, waste, and deforestation. The effects include various health problems, harm to ecosystems, and inhibited agricultural use. Solutions proposed include reducing emissions, waste management, reforestation, and improved agricultural practices.

1. Pollution, another
plague of 21st century?
Causes – Effects – Solutions
Presented By:
Ouo Ouo Robert MONEMOU
School of Law LL.M

2. Content
I. Introduction
II. Air pollution
III. Soil pollution
IV. Water pollution
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3. I. Introduction
For the past two (2) decades, pollution has been one of the important topic discussed by
international organizations, scholars, ecology expert, Green NGO’s etc.. The phenomenon is
considered as very harmful to our environment. According to WHO records, 4.2 million
deaths every year as a result of exposure to ambient (outdoor) air
pollution, 3.8 million deaths every year as a result of household
exposure to smoke from dirty cook stoves and fuels and 91%of the
world’s population lives in places where air quality exceeds WHO guideline limits.
Prelude to these catastrophes, so many agreements were signed by world leaders and
corporate leaders in 2015 during the Paris summit on climate changes, in order to reduce the
pollution level in our environment.
Thus, in this presentation, I am going to talk about the types of pollutions, their causes,
effects and the relevant solutions to each of them.
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4. II. Air Pollution
A. Understanding Air Pollution
• The Atmosphere is considered as a blanket to our Earth.
• Getting to know how it becomes polluted should be a concern to each and everyone.
• However, the Air is considered polluted when it contains harmful substances such as
dust, gases or smoke causing serious harms to living beings.
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5. II. Air Pollution
B. Causes of Air Pollution
Natural Causes：
• Mist
• Volcanic ashes
Human Factors：
• Industries
• Automobiles and Domestic fuels.
• High Proportion of undesirable gases, such as Sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
• Dust (e.g. cement dust, foundry dust and windblown solid dust)
• Smoke and Carbon black.
• Aerosols.
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6. II. Air Pollution
C. Effects of Air Pollution
• Human health problem such as Various respiratory illnesses
• Animals
• Plants
• The atmosphere as a whole
• Global warming
• Ozone depletion(Ozone hole)
• Acid Rain.
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7. II. Air Pollution
D. Solution to Air Pollution:
• Do not Burst Crackers
• Use less Amount of Fuel for Vehicles
• No outdoor cooking that is to say hotpot & BBQ
• Use Clean energy power such as Solar Energy and Wind turbine Energy
• Use hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PIHEV)
• Install appropriate air pollution control equipment (recent tests indicated that the
combined use of electrostatic precipitator and hydrovent can remove up to 94% of oily
fumes).
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8. III. Soil Pollution
A. Understanding Soil Pollution
• Soil, in other word Land, is where we live and do our daily occupation
• Thus, we should bear in mind that it can also get hurt and be seriously harmful to us
• Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants)
in soil, in high enough concentrations to pose a risk to human health and the
ecosystem. In the case of contaminants which occur naturally in soil, even when their
levels are not high enough to pose a risk, soil pollution is still said to occur if the levels
of the contaminants in soil exceed the levels that should naturally be present.
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9. III. Soil Pollution
B. Causes of Soil Pollution
Natural Causes：
• Erosion
• Volcanic Eruption
• Earthquake.
Human Factors：
• Mining, and quarrying.
• Household Garbage
• Urbanization and Concentration of Population
• Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste
• Burning open dumps and forest fires
• Deforestation.
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10. III. Soil Pollution
C. Effects of Land Pollution
• The Land Cannot use to build houses
• Man cannot be farming
• Ground water will gets Affected
• Death of the animals that inhabit the land.
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11. III. Soil Pollution
D. Solution to Land Pollution
• More and more land should be brought under farming
• Trees should be planted everywhere
• Waste matter should be disposed immediately
• Avoid drilling the Land for more underground water
• Avoid using more fertilizers and Pesticides
• Integrated Solid Waste Management
• Good agricultural practices
• Remediation of polluted soils
• Prevention of erosion and silting
• Containment of hazardous waste and waste water treatment using land treatment techniques.
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12. IV. Water Pollution
A. Understanding Water Pollution
We can understand by water pollution an intentional or unintentional release of:
• Any physical substances such as: temperature, oxygen; or
• Any chemical substances such as: mercury; or
• Any biological substances such as: contaminants , sewage
into various bodies of water such as rivers, lakes and the ocean.
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13. IV. Water Pollution
A. Causes of Water Pollution
 Natural Causes:
• Volcanic ashes
• Acid water
 Human Factors:
• Agricultural waste and runoff
• Industrial waste water
• Domestic sewages
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14. IV. Water Pollution
C. Effect of Water Pollution
• Diseases like Cholera
• Malaria
• Typhoid (spread during the rainy season)
• Aquatic life gets destroyed.
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15. IV. Water Pollution
D. Solution to Water Pollution
• Legal and standardized Dams & embankments must be created and well managed
• Rivers should not be used for washing clothes or bathing animals in
• Harvesting of Rain water to meet water requirements
• The rivers must not be contaminated
• In rivers the dead bodies shouldn’t thrown
• Encourage recycling of waste.
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16. Conclusion
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AQI Air Pollution Level Health Implications Cautionary Statement (for PM2.5)
0 - 50 Good
Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution
poses little or no risk
None
51 -100 Moderate
Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants
there may be a moderate health concern for a very
small number of people who are unusually sensitive to
air pollution.
Active children and adults, and people with
respiratory disease, such as asthma, should
limit prolonged outdoor exertion.
101-150 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Members of sensitive groups may experience health
effects. The general public is not likely to be affected.
Active children and adults, and people with
respiratory disease, such as asthma, should
limit prolonged outdoor exertion.
151-200 Unhealthy
Everyone may begin to experience health effects;
members of sensitive groups may experience more
serious health effects
Active children and adults, and people with
respiratory disease, such as asthma, should
avoid prolonged outdoor exertion; everyone
else, especially children, should limit
prolonged outdoor exertion
201-300 Very Unhealthy
Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire
population is more likely to be affected.
Active children and adults, and people with
respiratory disease, such as asthma, should
avoid all outdoor exertion; everyone else,
especially children, should limit outdoor
exertion.
300+ Hazardous
Health alert: everyone may experience more serious
health effects
Everyone should avoid all outdoor exertion

18. THANK YOU
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