;FZ=:['X=8P]'XN[';6B8Z'                                                                        6;X=Z'STII



                          !""#$$%&'%()*#%+)&#,%-.%/0),)1-%(234%%%
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X*)1".4*)'                                     8"4","(4+,."2%9+"+)%:&-),26)2+
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“The human right              80#%9$$3#%                                 K1@*.+#*+2L)'.*)01+)&$&,&2-'21')1,@*'2(*'
to water entitles             !"#$%&'(%)'%'&##*+)*,-',%./*'              0.1$,*#5''
everyone to                   ),"#'010",%2&1+'3(&4('&)'1+,-'             B(&)'01,&4-'$.&*?'H")2&?&*)'3(-'2(*'
sufficient, safe,             /.13&+/5'6441.7&+/'21'89:6;'<=+'           010",%2&1+'&)'&#01.2%+2>'3(-'G(%.%@&L)'
acceptable ,                  6)&%>'231'1"2'1?'?&@*'".$%+'73*,,*.)' &,,*/%,'2*+".*'&)'+12''H")2&?&4%2&1+'?1.'2(&)'
physically                    ,&@*'&+'),"#)5A'B(*'/.%0('$*,13'           ("#%+&2%.&%+',%3'@&1,%2&1+>'%+7'
accessible, and               &,,")2.%2*)'2(*'0*.4*+2%/*'1?'),"#'        ",2&#%2*,->'21')1,@*'2(*'0.1$,*#>'2(*'
affordable water                                                         /1@*.+#*+2'#")2',*/%,&M*'2*+".*'1?'2(*'
                              010",%2&1+)'&+'".$%+'%.*%)>'%+7'
for personal and
domestic use.”E
                              =+7&%'&)'&+'2(*'210C(%,?'1?'2(&)',&)2D 5'' .*)&7*+2)'%+7'*)2%$,&)('3%2*.'0&0*,&+*)'
                                                                         2(.1"/(1"2'G(%.%@&'21'0.1@&7*'2(*)*'
                                                                         4&2&M*+)'3&2(')%?*'3%2*.5''
WHY FOCUS ON                                                              :'.&#;&%'*%&0#%9$$3#%
DHARAVI?
Dharavi is one of the                                                     < =,6).%>'',7%?4#,@-.@%>,-',-&A%
largest slums in Asia.                                                    6441.7&+/'21'2(*'NO';10",%2&1+'P"+7>'
Finding an effective                                                      DQR'1?'2(*'S'$&,,&1+'".$%+'010",%2&1+'
solution to safe water                                                    /.132('$-'STUT'3&,,'$*'&+',*))'
here means setting an                                                     7*@*,10*7'.*/&1+)')"4('%)'),"#)IT5'
example for the rest of                                                   B(*)*'73*,,&+/)')(1",7'$*'%'4*+2.%,'
the worlds emerging                                                       ?14")'?1.'7*@*,10#*+25'V&2('G(%.%@&'
urban poor populations.                                                   $*&+/'1+*'1?'2(*',%./*)2'),"#)'&+'6)&%>'
                                                                          ?&+7&+/'%+'*??*42&@*')1,"2&1+'21'2(*'&))"*'
WHO IS                                                                    1?')%?*'3%2*.'%44*))'(*.*'41",7')*2'%+'
RESPONSIBLE?                                                              *W%#0,*'?1.'12(*.'),"#)'$12('3&2(&+'2(*'
Both National and Statew-                                                 41"+2.-'%+7'2(.1"/(1"2'2(*'31.,75''
wide water policies                                                       < +)&#,%-$%)%B-@0&%
guarantee safe water for                                              '   B(*.*'%.*'#%+-'&))"*)'2(%2'+**7'21'$*'
citizens. The problem is      9,"#'010",%2&1+)'%.*'%')1".4*'1?'           7*%,2'3&2('&+'G(%.%@&'%+7'12(*.'),"#)'&+'
implementation. The           %??1.7%$,*',%$1.'%+7'%.*'2(*'               =+7&%>'$"2')%?*'3%2*.'%44*))'&)'%2'2(*'210'
Maharashtrian                 $%4E$1+*'"01+'3(&4('".$%+'                  1?'2(*',&)25'9%?*'3%2*.'&)'%'.&/(2'%+7'%+'
Ministry of Water             )*421.)'2(.&@*5'F+*')"4('010",%2&1+'        "+7*.,-&+/'7*2*.#&+%+2'1?'(*%,2(5'6)'
Resources must take           &)'2(%2'1?'G(%.%@&'&+'!"#$%&>'              *)2%$,&)(*7'$-'2(*'NO':1##&22**'1+'
active steps to deal with     !%(%.%)(2.%5'6'#%H1.'&))"*'2(%2'            841+1#&4>'914&%,>'%+7':",2".%,'X&/(2'
the issue, because the        *??*42)'2(*)*>'1@*.'I'#&,,&1+>'0*10,*'      <B(*'("#%+'.&/(2'21'3%2*.'*+2&2,*)'
population of Dharavi as      &)'2(*',%4E'1?'%44*))'21')%?*'3%2*.J5''     *@*.-1+*'21')"??&4&*+2>')%?*>'%44*02%$,*'>'
well as issue of safe water   B(*',%4E'1?')%?*'3%2*.'&+'G(%.%@&'&)'       0(-)&4%,,-'%44*))&$,*>'%+7'%??1.7%$,*'
access is only going to       %'@&1,%2&1+'1?'("#%+&2%.&%+',%3'%+7'        3%2*.'?1.'0*.)1+%,'%+7'71#*)2&4'")*5A'S'
grow.                         &2'&)'2(*'!%(%.%)(2.&%+'92%2*'              =+'%77&2&1+'21'%'.&/(2>'2(*'NO'(%)'%,)1'

  RUBY PATEL                                                                                  rdmng5@gwmail.gwu.edu
;FZ=:['X=8P]'XN[';6B8Z'                                                                       6;X=Z'STII

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   RUBY PATEL                                                                                rdmng5@gwmail.gwu.edu
;FZ=:['X=8P]'XN[';6B8Z'                                                                     6;X=Z'STII




2(&)'&)'1+,-'%'@*.-'2*#01.%.-'     31",7'$*'21'41+2%42'2(*&.'?%#&,&*)'      AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION
)1,"2&1+5'''                       %+7'(%@*'2(*#'?&,*'2(*'%00.10.&%2*'      • First provide safe water at school.
< 9.&#,4#D-)&#%8#,4N%              ,*/%,'714"#*+2%2&1+'?1.'2*+".*>'         • Then contact families of students and
  ?$&)62-$0%D-$&,-"&%H-H#2-.#$%    %+7'?&+%,,-'1$2%&+'2%W*)'?1.'2(*)*'      use these established communities as
  *,'4%D-$&,-"&P"'22#"&#D%                                                  centers for districtly-based water pumps.
                                   (1#*)5'B(*'.*@*+"*'?.1#'2(*)*'           • Finally contact families through schools
  *3.D$%                           2%W*)'#")2'2(*+''$*')0*+2'21'            and legalize their tenure. Use the
B(*'",2&#%2*'/1%,'&+'G(%.%@&'      7*@*,10'#1.*'&+2.&4%2*'0&0*,&+*)'        collected taxes to fund intricate pipeline
31",7'$*'21'(%@*',*/%,,-'          3&2(&+'2(*'),"#)')1'2(%2'*@*.-'          development in the Dharavi
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%22*+7&+/')4(11,>'2(*'+*W2')2*0'                                            p/1996/index.htm''
                                               ,762EHIE*6"./JE*5J)75%
                                   !!
   RUBY PATEL                      '                                                       rdmng5@gwmail.gwu.edu
                                   '

Policy brief slums ruby patel

  • 1.
    ;FZ=:['X=8P]'XN[';6B8Z' 6;X=Z'STII !""#$$%&'%()*#%+)&#,%-.%/0),)1-%(234%%% 5346)-7%5)0),)$0&,) ()24).%C03,$0-D' !"#$%&'%("')%*"+),%"-"./"0./.+1%.2%34","-.%.(%"%-.&/"+.&2%&'%% !&+&)2*.'1?'V%2*.' 456"2.+",."2%/"*%"27%65(+%0)%"77,)(()7%01%+4)% X*)1".4*)' 8"4","(4+,."2%9+"+)%:&-),26)2+ '#&+&)2*.C#13.Y+&45&+'' % “The human right 80#%9$$3#% K1@*.+#*+2L)'.*)01+)&$&,&2-'21')1,@*'2(*' to water entitles !"#$%&'(%)'%'&##*+)*,-',%./*' 0.1$,*#5'' everyone to ),"#'010",%2&1+'3(&4('&)'1+,-' B(&)'01,&4-'$.&*?'H")2&?&*)'3(-'2(*' sufficient, safe, /.13&+/5'6441.7&+/'21'89:6;'<=+' 010",%2&1+'&)'&#01.2%+2>'3(-'G(%.%@&L)' acceptable , 6)&%>'231'1"2'1?'?&@*'".$%+'73*,,*.)' &,,*/%,'2*+".*'&)'+12''H")2&?&4%2&1+'?1.'2(&)' physically ,&@*'&+'),"#)5A'B(*'/.%0('$*,13' ("#%+&2%.&%+',%3'@&1,%2&1+>'%+7' accessible, and &,,")2.%2*)'2(*'0*.4*+2%/*'1?'),"#' ",2&#%2*,->'21')1,@*'2(*'0.1$,*#>'2(*' affordable water /1@*.+#*+2'#")2',*/%,&M*'2*+".*'1?'2(*' 010",%2&1+)'&+'".$%+'%.*%)>'%+7' for personal and domestic use.”E =+7&%'&)'&+'2(*'210C(%,?'1?'2(&)',&)2D 5'' .*)&7*+2)'%+7'*)2%$,&)('3%2*.'0&0*,&+*)' 2(.1"/(1"2'G(%.%@&'21'0.1@&7*'2(*)*' 4&2&M*+)'3&2(')%?*'3%2*.5'' WHY FOCUS ON :'.&#;&%'*%&0#%9$$3#% DHARAVI? Dharavi is one of the < =,6).%>'',7%?4#,@-.@%>,-',-&A% largest slums in Asia. 6441.7&+/'21'2(*'NO';10",%2&1+'P"+7>' Finding an effective DQR'1?'2(*'S'$&,,&1+'".$%+'010",%2&1+' solution to safe water /.132('$-'STUT'3&,,'$*'&+',*))' here means setting an 7*@*,10*7'.*/&1+)')"4('%)'),"#)IT5' example for the rest of B(*)*'73*,,&+/)')(1",7'$*'%'4*+2.%,' the worlds emerging ?14")'?1.'7*@*,10#*+25'V&2('G(%.%@&' urban poor populations. $*&+/'1+*'1?'2(*',%./*)2'),"#)'&+'6)&%>' ?&+7&+/'%+'*??*42&@*')1,"2&1+'21'2(*'&))"*' WHO IS 1?')%?*'3%2*.'%44*))'(*.*'41",7')*2'%+' RESPONSIBLE? *W%#0,*'?1.'12(*.'),"#)'$12('3&2(&+'2(*' Both National and Statew- 41"+2.-'%+7'2(.1"/(1"2'2(*'31.,75'' wide water policies < +)&#,%-$%)%B-@0&% guarantee safe water for ' B(*.*'%.*'#%+-'&))"*)'2(%2'+**7'21'$*' citizens. The problem is 9,"#'010",%2&1+)'%.*'%')1".4*'1?' 7*%,2'3&2('&+'G(%.%@&'%+7'12(*.'),"#)'&+' implementation. The %??1.7%$,*',%$1.'%+7'%.*'2(*' =+7&%>'$"2')%?*'3%2*.'%44*))'&)'%2'2(*'210' Maharashtrian $%4E$1+*'"01+'3(&4('".$%+' 1?'2(*',&)25'9%?*'3%2*.'&)'%'.&/(2'%+7'%+' Ministry of Water )*421.)'2(.&@*5'F+*')"4('010",%2&1+' "+7*.,-&+/'7*2*.#&+%+2'1?'(*%,2(5'6)' Resources must take &)'2(%2'1?'G(%.%@&'&+'!"#$%&>' *)2%$,&)(*7'$-'2(*'NO':1##&22**'1+' active steps to deal with !%(%.%)(2.%5'6'#%H1.'&))"*'2(%2' 841+1#&4>'914&%,>'%+7':",2".%,'X&/(2' the issue, because the *??*42)'2(*)*>'1@*.'I'#&,,&1+>'0*10,*' <B(*'("#%+'.&/(2'21'3%2*.'*+2&2,*)' population of Dharavi as &)'2(*',%4E'1?'%44*))'21')%?*'3%2*.J5'' *@*.-1+*'21')"??&4&*+2>')%?*>'%44*02%$,*'>' well as issue of safe water B(*',%4E'1?')%?*'3%2*.'&+'G(%.%@&'&)' 0(-)&4%,,-'%44*))&$,*>'%+7'%??1.7%$,*' access is only going to %'@&1,%2&1+'1?'("#%+&2%.&%+',%3'%+7' 3%2*.'?1.'0*.)1+%,'%+7'71#*)2&4'")*5A'S' grow. &2'&)'2(*'!%(%.%)(2.&%+'92%2*' =+'%77&2&1+'21'%'.&/(2>'2(*'NO'(%)'%,)1' RUBY PATEL rdmng5@gwmail.gwu.edu
  • 2.
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`'' $3HH2AK$&).D),D%'*%$)*#%I)&#,% 3%2*.'.*%4(*)'2(*'0*10,*5'8%4(' < ()*#%+)&#,%).D%F#)2&0% B(*'4"..*+2')&2"%2&1+'&)'2(%2' 4(&,7'31",7'$*'0.1@&7*7'3&2('%' O12'(%@&+/'%')"00,-'1?'3%2*.' 31#*+'?*24('3%2*.'?.1#' H"/>'3(&4('2(*-'31",7'4%..-'3&2(' 2(%2'&)'1?')%?*'a"%,&2-'&)'%')1".4*' *)2%$,&)(*7'2%0)')(%.*7'%#1+/)2' 2(*#'21'%+7'?.1#')4(11,5'8%4(' ?1.'#%+-'012*+2&%,'#1.$&7' #%+-'(1")*(1,7)'3&2(&+'%'7&)2.&42>' )4(11,'31",7'1$2%&+'3%2*.'?.1#' 41+7&2&1+)5'=+'G(%.%@&'2(*' %'+%2".%,'3%2*.')1".4*>'1.'?.1#'%+' 2%0)>'%+7'$*'*a"&00*7'3&2('2(*' #%H1.'&+?*42&1")'7&)*%)*)'%.*' &,,*/%,,-'0%&7'?1.'3%2*.'41++*42&1+' .*)1".4*)'21'4(*4E'2(*'3%2*.' #%,%.&%>'7*+/"*>',*021)0&.1)&)>' 3(&4('41",7'(%@*'&2)')1".4*'?.1#'%' a"%,&2-'%+7'&?'+**7*7'0".&?-'2(*' $%42*.&%,'7&%..(*%>'%+7' )*3%/*'1.'3%2*.',&+*'1+'2(*' 3%2*.5'' (*0%2&2&)5'6,,'1?'2(*)*'%.*')0.*%7' 1"2)E&.2)'1?'G(%.%@&5'B(*'2.&0'21'2(*' 6')&#&,%.'0.1/.%#'3%)')2%.2*7'&+' 2(.1"/('41+2%#&+%2*7'3%2*.J5' 3%2*.')1".4*'&)'"+)%?*>'2(*.*'&)'+1' :%,4"22%'@&,,%/*)'&+'STT`5'94(11,)' 91'$-'*+)".&+/'2(%2'G(%.%@&' /"%.%+2**'2(%2'2(*'2%0'1.' 3*.*'*a"&00*7'3&2('3%2*.' 73*,,*.)'(%@*'%44*))'21')%?*' 41++*42&1+'3&,,'(%@*'."++&+/' 0".&?&4%2&1+')-)2*#)'3(&4('7&7' 3%2*.>'1+*'#%H1.'*??*42'3&,,'$*' 3%2*.>'%+7',%)2,-'2(*'a"%,&2-'1?'2(*' +12'.*a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a"*)2&1+'2(%2'#")2'$*'7*%,2' P".2(*.#1.*'2(*'=+7&%+'O%2&1+%,' 3&2(5'' !&+&)2.-'1?'V%2*.'X*)1".4*)')2%2*)' < G'1#,.4#.&%H2)A$%.'%,'2#%-.% &+'2(*'O%2&1+%,'V%2*.';1,&4-'2(%2' I)&#,%D-$&,-63&-'.%6#")3$#% <V%2*.'&)'%'0.&#*'+%2".%,'.*)1".4*>' '*%&0#%&#.3,#%$&)&3$%'*% %'$%)&4'("#%+'+**75A_''G*%,&+/' ' /0),)1-% 3&2('2(*'&))"*'+13'31",7'#*%+'%' V%2*.'G&)2.&$"2&1+'&+'X".%,'94(11,' $*22*.'&+?.%)2."42".*'21')")2%&+'2(*' ' X*)&7*+2)'1?'G(%.%@&'%.*'+12' b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rdmng5@gwmail.gwu.edu
  • 3.
    ;FZ=:['X=8P]'XN[';6B8Z' 6;X=Z'STII 2(&)'&)'1+,-'%'@*.-'2*#01.%.-' 31",7'$*'21'41+2%42'2(*&.'?%#&,&*)' AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION )1,"2&1+5''' %+7'(%@*'2(*#'?&,*'2(*'%00.10.&%2*' • First provide safe water at school. < 9.&#,4#D-)&#%8#,4N% ,*/%,'714"#*+2%2&1+'?1.'2*+".*>' • Then contact families of students and ?$&)62-$0%D-$&,-"&%H-H#2-.#$% %+7'?&+%,,-'1$2%&+'2%W*)'?1.'2(*)*' use these established communities as *,'4%D-$&,-"&P"'22#"&#D% centers for districtly-based water pumps. (1#*)5'B(*'.*@*+"*'?.1#'2(*)*' • Finally contact families through schools *3.D$% 2%W*)'#")2'2(*+''$*')0*+2'21' and legalize their tenure. Use the B(*'",2&#%2*'/1%,'&+'G(%.%@&' 7*@*,10'#1.*'&+2.&4%2*'0&0*,&+*)' collected taxes to fund intricate pipeline 31",7'$*'21'(%@*',*/%,,-' 3&2(&+'2(*'),"#)')1'2(%2'*@*.-' development in the Dharavi *)2%$,&)(*7')%?*'3%2*.' (1")*(1,7'(%)'%'7&.*42'41++*42&1+' X*?*.*+4*)' 41++*42&1+)'?1.'*@*.-' 21')%?*'."++&+/'3%2*.'%+7'21' I5'P,"1.&7*'642&1+'O*231.E>';".*'3%2*.' (1")*(1,75'6+'&+2*.#*7&%2*' 0%.%,,*,'2(%2'0&0*,&+*)'2(%2'.*#1@*' 0.1#&)*'21'@&,,%/*')4(11,)]'STT`' (220]ee333S5?,"1.&7*%,*.251./e6,*.2e=+7 )2*0'31",7'$*'21'*)2%$,&)(' )*3%/*')1'2(%2'2(*'?%7*'3%2*.' &%e;".*C3%2*.C0.1#&)*C21C@&,,%/*C)4(11,)'' /1@*.+#*+2'?"+7*7'7&)2.&42,-C 71*)'+12'$*41#*'41+2%#&+%2*75' S5'K,1$%,'K1@*.+%+4*'V%24(>'K*+*.%,' $%)*7'3%2*.'0"#0)5'B(*' :1##*+2'O1'I_]'B(*'X&/(2'21'V%2*.' B(&)'31",7'$*'%'0,%")&$,*'2%)E' (220]ee3335/,1$%,/1@*.+%+4*3%24(51./e 7&)2.&42)'41",7'$*'1./%+&M*7' $*4%")*'1?'2(*'%,.*%7-'7*@*,10*7' .*)1".4*)e/*+*.%,C41##*+2C+1CI_CC2(*C $%)*7'1+'%,.*%7-'*)2%$,&)(' 7&)2.&42,-C$%)*7'3%2*.'0"#0)' .&/(2C21C3%2*.'' U5!%(%2.%)(2.%'92%2*>'V%2*.';1,&4-]'STTU' )4(11,)5'B(*'41##"+&2-' 3(&4('31",7')*.@*)'%)'2(*' (220]ee3335&+7&%3%2*.01.2%,51./e+17*e %))14&%2*7'3&2('*%4(')4(11,' 0.&#%.-'0&0*,&+*'2(%2'?**7)'2(*' ITQ^'' Q5'!%(%.%)(2.%'V%2*.'X*)1".4*)' 41",7'$*'.%,,&*7'21/*2(*.'%+7' )#%,,*.'#1.*'&+2.&4%2*'+*231.E'1?' X*/",%21.-'6"2(1.&2-]'STII' %)E*7'21'.%&)*'%')#%,,'-*%.,-' (1")*(1,7'0&0*,&+*)5'6,2(1"/('2(&)' (220]ee3335#3..%51./e*W2*.+%,f,&+E)50( ?"+75'B(&)'#1+*-'31",7'2(*+' 7*@*,10#*+2')4(*#*'3&,,'2%E*' 0g' _5'O%2&1+%,'!&+&)2.-'1?'V%2*.'X*)1".4*)>' /1'213%.7)'(%@&+/'2(*' 2&#*>'2(&)'%00.1%4('21'$"&,7&+/' ;1,&4-]'STTS' /1@*.+#*+2'*)2%$,&)(')%?*' 0&0*,&+*)'&)'4(*%0*.'2(%+' (220]ee3.#&+5+&45&+e&+7*WI5%)0h,&+E&7iS TIj,%+/&7iI'' 3%2*.'0"#0)'&+'2(%2'7&)2.&425''' .*$"&,7&+/'*+2&.*,-'+*3'.*)&7*+2' J5'X&)$"7>'O**,&#%'"#$%&%'#!%(!)&*+,!-./! c Q'.@%8#,4N%G-1#%B#$-D#.&$% $"&,7&+/'&+'2(*'),"#J5'9%?*'3%2*.' 0-./!"1.*21!3.!4./3-.!53631,7'STT^' '*%/0),)1-%Q#@)2%8#.3,#% %@%&,%$&,&2-'3&,,'7*4.*%)*'2(*' (220]ee3335)0%5%45&+eOX:e9;6k);.*)*+2 %2&1+9,"#B-01,1/-K.%7&+/507?'' ).D%/#1#2'H%9.&,-")&#% 0.*@%,*+4*'1?'#%H1.'@*421.C)0.*%7' ^5B&#*)'1?'=+7&%>'82-.63.'!9-612! >-H#2-.#$%*3.D#D%6A%8);#$' %+7'3%2*.'$1.+*'7&)*%)*)'2(%2' :%..1:63%.,!6%!,&*+,!.%6!&1'-&&#! B(*'.112'1?'2(*'0.1$,*#'&)'2(*' &+?*42'2(*'),"#5'd%@&+/'(*%,2(-' $12+3,,3;&17'STTII' (220]ee%.2&4,*)52&#*)1?&+7&%5&+7&%2&#*)541 &,,*/%,',%+7'2*+".*'1?'G(%.%@&' .*)&7*+2)'3&,,'*+)".*',*))'1?'%' #eSTIICTSC .*)&7*+2)5'B(*',1+/'2*.#'/1%,' $".7*+'1+'2(*'(*%,2(4%.*')*421.>' TIe#"#$%&eS`U^^`DJfIf3%2*.C 41++*42&1+)C,*/%,C)2%2")C3%2*.C)"00,-'' &)'21'.*/&)2*.',%+7'13+*.)(&0' %+7'2(&)'3&,,'2.%+),%2*'&+21'%#0,*' `5N+&2*7'O%2&1+>'B(*'!&,,*++&"#' %+7'2(*+',*/%,,-'2%W'2(*' (*%,2(-',%$1.'.*)1".4*)'%+7' G*@*,10#*+2'K1%,)]'STIT' .*)&7*+2)'%441.7&+/'21'2(*&.' )%2&)?&*7'4&2&M*+)'3(1')"001.2' (220]ee3335"+51./e#&,,*++&"#/1%,)e07? e!GKRSTX*01.2RSTSTITRST8+RST.I .*)0*42&@*'&+41#*'$.%4E*2)5' 2(*&.',14%,'/1@*.+#*+25''' _RSTC,13RST.*)RSTSTITTJI_RSTC F+4*'%/%&+>'")&+/')4(11,)'%)'%' ! 507?'' ! D5N+&2*7'O%2&1+)'89:6;>'92%2&)2&4%,' $%)*'/.1"+7'21'41+2%42'?%#&,&*)' [*%.$11E]'STT^' &)'2(*'$*)2'3%-'21'%441"+2'?1.' ! (220]ee3335"+*)4%051./e0"$,&4%2&1+)e7 %,,'2(*'(1")*(1,7)5'B(*' 01;%<501%="+)/%% *2%&,5%)0h&7iIS^_' >%?@,./%ABCC%% IT5'NO';10",%2&1+'P"+7>')6-61!%(!9%2&/! 4(&,7.*+'31",7'%,.*%7-'$*' $%$*&-63%.7<==>http://www.unfpa.org/sw D4)%:)&,E)%F"(4.2E+&2%G2.-),(.+1% %22*+7&+/')4(11,>'2(*'+*W2')2*0' p/1996/index.htm'' ,762EHIE*6"./JE*5J)75% !! RUBY PATEL ' rdmng5@gwmail.gwu.edu '