Bioengineers discovered that a single cancer cell can produce up to five daughter cells through cell division. This faster cell division of cancer cells can lead to chromosomal differences known as aneuploidy and disrupt biological processes. Additionally, scientists placed a 500-million-year-old gene into a modern bacterium, demonstrating how ancient genes can continue evolving even when inserted into new organisms. This research helps further understanding of cancer progression and the importance of genetic mutations for adaptation and evolution.
This document discusses several topics related to cancer research and treatment. It begins by explaining that cancer arises from errors in cell replication that can be caused by environmental or lifestyle factors. It then discusses several studies, including one finding that daily multivitamin supplements may reduce cancer risk in older men, and another showing that ovarian cancer screenings are not effective in reducing mortality. The document also discusses how cancer stem cells can fuel tumor growth and how targeting these cells may lead to more effective treatments. Overall, it presents the complexity of cancers and explores new strategies for research based on a deeper understanding of the disease at the cellular level.
The document summarizes Nobel Prizes in biochemistry awarded between 2000-2020 in 3-sentence paragraphs. It describes the prizes for discoveries such as conductive polymers, RNA interference, green fluorescent protein, autophagy, circadian rhythms, cancer immunotherapy, sensing oxygen levels, and genome editing. However, the 2020 prizes are noted as not yet published. The document provides motivation statements and brief descriptions of the laureates' work.
The first document discusses research into how DNA breaks during re-replication. The study uses Drosophila ovarian follicle cells to isolate components of repair pathways and determine their roles. Understanding cleavage sites and repair can help regulate replication to avoid genomic damage.
The second discusses how bacteria use DNA replication to time important decisions like sporulation. The location of genes involved ensures the ratio allows sensing when replication is complete before deciding to sporulate or continue replicating.
Knowing how replication is coupled to cell cycle decisions could help medicine intervene in harmful bacteria and lessen infections. Understanding replication avoids mutations and helps cancer treatments target rapid replication.
Ayurvedic Cancer Treatment- Get the best Sino Vedic cancer clinic and Alternative Treatment for cancer in India, we offer the best Ayurvedic treatment for cancer.
The document discusses the field of tissue engineering and its potential applications. It describes how tissue engineering could help transplant patients by growing organs and help burn victims avoid disfiguring scars by growing new skin and tissues. The key aspect of tissue engineering is developing biomaterials that can act as scaffolds for cell growth and regeneration of tissues and organs as needed by the body.
1) The study found that nine labs, including the Whittemore Peterson Institute, could not reliably detect XMRV or related viruses in people previously found to be positive.
2) Judy Mikovits argued that her team found partial viral sequences highly related to XMRV called gammaretroviruses that may be transmissible through the air, but critics found the evidence unconvincing without full sequences.
3) While two other studies found CFS patient antibodies to gammaretroviruses, the larger study found the earlier assays were unreliable in detecting the viruses.
The Waning Conflict Over XMRV And Chronic Fatigue Syndromedegarden
1) The study found that nine labs, including the Whittemore Peterson Institute, could not reliably detect XMRV or related viruses in people previously found to be positive.
2) Judy Mikovits argued that her team found partial viral sequences highly related to XMRV called gammaretroviruses that may be airborne, while skeptic John Coffin said the evidence did not support claims of new viruses.
3) Researchers are awaiting results from a larger study of 150 patients to further examine the link between chronic fatigue syndrome and retroviruses.
This document discusses cell lines and their use in in vitro assays for diabetes and arthritis. It provides information on handling, maintaining, and storing cell lines, including primary cell cultures, bovine pulmonary endothelial cells, and human stem cell lines. Methods are described for passaging cell lines and measuring various cell-based outcomes like 86Rb+ efflux, muscle cell activity, leukotriene B4 formation, and COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition to study diabetes and arthritis. The document is presented by Heena Parveen from the Department of Pharmacology.
This document discusses several topics related to cancer research and treatment. It begins by explaining that cancer arises from errors in cell replication that can be caused by environmental or lifestyle factors. It then discusses several studies, including one finding that daily multivitamin supplements may reduce cancer risk in older men, and another showing that ovarian cancer screenings are not effective in reducing mortality. The document also discusses how cancer stem cells can fuel tumor growth and how targeting these cells may lead to more effective treatments. Overall, it presents the complexity of cancers and explores new strategies for research based on a deeper understanding of the disease at the cellular level.
The document summarizes Nobel Prizes in biochemistry awarded between 2000-2020 in 3-sentence paragraphs. It describes the prizes for discoveries such as conductive polymers, RNA interference, green fluorescent protein, autophagy, circadian rhythms, cancer immunotherapy, sensing oxygen levels, and genome editing. However, the 2020 prizes are noted as not yet published. The document provides motivation statements and brief descriptions of the laureates' work.
The first document discusses research into how DNA breaks during re-replication. The study uses Drosophila ovarian follicle cells to isolate components of repair pathways and determine their roles. Understanding cleavage sites and repair can help regulate replication to avoid genomic damage.
The second discusses how bacteria use DNA replication to time important decisions like sporulation. The location of genes involved ensures the ratio allows sensing when replication is complete before deciding to sporulate or continue replicating.
Knowing how replication is coupled to cell cycle decisions could help medicine intervene in harmful bacteria and lessen infections. Understanding replication avoids mutations and helps cancer treatments target rapid replication.
Ayurvedic Cancer Treatment- Get the best Sino Vedic cancer clinic and Alternative Treatment for cancer in India, we offer the best Ayurvedic treatment for cancer.
The document discusses the field of tissue engineering and its potential applications. It describes how tissue engineering could help transplant patients by growing organs and help burn victims avoid disfiguring scars by growing new skin and tissues. The key aspect of tissue engineering is developing biomaterials that can act as scaffolds for cell growth and regeneration of tissues and organs as needed by the body.
1) The study found that nine labs, including the Whittemore Peterson Institute, could not reliably detect XMRV or related viruses in people previously found to be positive.
2) Judy Mikovits argued that her team found partial viral sequences highly related to XMRV called gammaretroviruses that may be transmissible through the air, but critics found the evidence unconvincing without full sequences.
3) While two other studies found CFS patient antibodies to gammaretroviruses, the larger study found the earlier assays were unreliable in detecting the viruses.
The Waning Conflict Over XMRV And Chronic Fatigue Syndromedegarden
1) The study found that nine labs, including the Whittemore Peterson Institute, could not reliably detect XMRV or related viruses in people previously found to be positive.
2) Judy Mikovits argued that her team found partial viral sequences highly related to XMRV called gammaretroviruses that may be airborne, while skeptic John Coffin said the evidence did not support claims of new viruses.
3) Researchers are awaiting results from a larger study of 150 patients to further examine the link between chronic fatigue syndrome and retroviruses.
This document discusses cell lines and their use in in vitro assays for diabetes and arthritis. It provides information on handling, maintaining, and storing cell lines, including primary cell cultures, bovine pulmonary endothelial cells, and human stem cell lines. Methods are described for passaging cell lines and measuring various cell-based outcomes like 86Rb+ efflux, muscle cell activity, leukotriene B4 formation, and COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition to study diabetes and arthritis. The document is presented by Heena Parveen from the Department of Pharmacology.
Stem cells have the ability to divide and differentiate into different cell types, making them useful for research and medical therapies. There are ethical issues surrounding stem cell research, depending on the source of stem cells. Stem cells can be obtained from embryos, umbilical cord blood, and adult tissues, with differing properties and therapeutic potential. While stem cell therapies may help treat currently incurable diseases, the use of embryonic stem cells is controversial due to arguments that the embryo represents nascent human life. The benefits of therapies must be weighed against any risks.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell & Cell Dedifferentiation: The Breakthrough of S...Vincentsia Vienna
The phenomenon of cell dedifferentiation is yet one promising trend to explore. In future, the science fiction of regenerative medicine could be turned into reality.
1. Researchers have discovered a new four-stranded quadruple helix DNA structure called G-quadruplexes that exists in human genomes, particularly in regions rich in guanine. These quadruplexes are more common in rapidly dividing cells like cancer cells.
2. A separate study identified new sites in cells where DNA breaks early in the replication process. These break sites correlate with damage seen in cancers like diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Comparing mouse and human cells, both exhibit similar trends of genome instability at these sites.
3. Discoveries of DNA structures and break sites help understand the origins of diseases and cancer, offering new treatment approaches through stopping replication in cancer cells or addressing instability.
Here are the key points about chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from the introduction:
- CLL is the most common type of leukemia in the Western hemisphere. It accounts for about one third of all leukemia cases in the United States.
- According to estimates, there are approximately 15,000 new cases of CLL diagnosed in the United States each year. The lifetime risk of developing CLL is about 1 in 200.
- CLL mainly affects adults of advanced age. The median age at diagnosis is 72 years.
- CLL is characterized by the accumulation of mature-appearing B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.
- The clinical course of CLL
The document discusses different types of stem cells, their properties and potential uses. It explains that stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of dividing and renewing themselves that can differentiate into specialized cells. The document also outlines a study where high-dose immunosuppression followed by stem cell transplantation helped patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes achieve prolonged insulin independence in most cases.
Cancer arises through a series of genetic mutations that disrupt the normal controls on cell growth and proliferation. Key findings include:
1) Mutations in proto-oncogenes can cause them to become oncogenes that drive excessive cell multiplication, while mutations in tumor suppressor genes inactivate their ability to inhibit cell growth.
2) These mutations disrupt the normal signaling pathways between cells that regulate growth, causing cells to proliferate autonomously.
3) Accumulation of multiple mutations is required over many years for cancer to develop, as mutations accumulate that activate growth signals and disable inhibitory controls within cells.
Senescence is a major tumor suppressor mechanism that forms a barrier against tumorogenesis by limiting the number of times a cell can divide. Immortalization, which involves the activation of telomere maintenance mechanisms like telomerase or ALT, allows cells to bypass this barrier and divide indefinitely. This is an important step in carcinogenesis, though additional genetic changes are required for full malignant transformation. Senescence and immortalization play key roles in cancer development by respectively acting as a proliferation barrier and allowing for unlimited cell division.
The cell and its evolution:
*Stanford researchers produce 12 cell types from human stem cells in days.
*Study uncovers new drug-gene mutation combinations that can kill cancer cells
Embryonic stem cells have potential to cure diseases like Parkinson's and Huntington's, but extracting them requires destroying embryos, which causes moral controversy. While stem cell research could help many people, opponents argue that destroying embryos is unethical and funding research is too costly. However, scientists have found ways to extract stem cells without destroying embryos entirely. Continuing stem cell research could unlock cures for currently incurable diseases and greatly improve many lives, justifying the costs and moral concerns.
Henrietta Lacks' cervical cancer cells, taken without her consent in 1951, were the first human cells successfully cloned. Known as HeLa cells, they have been invaluable for medical research, including the development of the polio vaccine and cancer treatments. However, Lacks' family did not find out about her immortal cells for decades and were never compensated for the cell line's contributions, which generated billions in profits. Her story highlights the ethical issues around informed consent and benefit-sharing that are still grappled with today in medical research involving human cells and tissue.
This document discusses the evolving concept of cancer stem cells over time. It begins by describing how the concept of normal stem cells developed based on studies of blood cell formation and tissue regeneration in the 1970s. This provided a framework for later investigating cancer stem cells. The concept of cancer stem cells originated in the 1940s from studies of teratocarcinomas showing they contained both differentiated and undifferentiated malignant cells. Further work in the 1960s demonstrated the clonal origin of teratocarcinomas from single malignant stem cells. Since then, advances in defining normal stem cell properties and the multistep nature of cancer have led to new insights into cancer stem cells and their role in tumor propagation and heterogeneity.
Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Newly hatched larvae are 0.25 millimetres long and adults are 1 millimetre long. Their small size means that the animals are usually observed with either dissecting microscopes, which generally allow up to 100X magnification, or compound microscopes, which allow up to 1000X magnification. Because C. elegans is transparent, individual cells and subcellular details are easily visualized using Nomarski (differential interference contrast, DIC) optics.
C. elegans has a rapid life cycle and exists primarily as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, although males arise at a frequency of <0.2%. These features have helped to make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies. In addition, because the animal has an invariant number of somatic cells, researchers have been able to track the fate of every cell between fertilization and adulthood in live animals and to generate a complete cell lineage. Researchers have also reconstructed the shape of all C. elegans cells from electron micrographs, including each of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite. Moreover, because of the invariant wild-type cell lineage and neuroanatomy of C. elegans, mutations that give rise to developmental and behavioural defects are readily identified in genetic screens. Finally, because C. elegans was the first multicellular organism with a complete genome sequence, forward and reverse genetics have led to the molecular identification of many key genes in developmental and cell biological processes.
The experimental strengths and the similarities between the cellular and molecular processes present in C. elegans and other animals across evolutionary time (metabolism, organelle structure and function, gene regulation, protein biology, etc.) have made C. elegans an excellent organism with which to study general metazoan biology. At least 38% of the C. elegans protein-coding genes have predicted orthologs in the human genome, 60-80% of human genes have an ortholog in the C. elegans genome, and 40% of genes known to be associated with human diseases have clear orthologs in the C. elegans genome. Thus, many discoveries in C. elegans have relevance to the study of human health and disease.
The document provides an overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle and mitosis. It discusses that eukaryotic cells pass through several phases (G1, S, G2, M) in the cell cycle. The S phase involves DNA replication, while mitosis (M phase) involves nuclear division and cytokinesis. Mitosis ensures each daughter cell receives a full copy of DNA through processes like prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division. The cell cycle and mitosis allow for growth, repair, and reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Cancer is diagnosed in about 1 in 250 men and 1 in 300 women annually according to the WHO. Cancer is clonal in origin and has six hallmarks including immortality, producing growth signals, overriding stop signals, resisting cell death, inducing angiogenesis, and causing metastasis. Treatments include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and gene therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were first derived from mouse cells in 2006 and human cells in 2007, earning the discoverers the Nobel Prize. iPSCs can differentiate into many cell types and are useful for modeling diseases, developing immunotherapies and cancer treatments, and studying mechanisms of disease. However, obstacles remain regarding
This study aimed to determine post mortem interval (PMI) by examining the colonization trend of microorganisms in decomposing rats. Researchers collected oral swabs from rats at various time intervals after death and analyzed bacterial growth via culture and identification. Peak colonization was observed at 41 hours, correlating with the active decay stage of decomposition. Colony A showed higher colonization rates than Colony B, suggesting it plays a more influential role in decomposition. Blood agar supported more bacterial growth than MacConkey agar. The colonization trend of microorganisms over time correlated with PMI, providing an alternative methodology for estimating time of death.
This document discusses recent research on manipulating cells and their evolution for medical purposes. It describes how normal cells can be reprogrammed in the laboratory into specialized cells using a 3D cell culture system that simulates tissue environments. This allows progress in gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and immunotherapy. The document also discusses how targeting senescent cells and their products may help delay or treat age-related stem cell dysfunction and metabolic diseases by reducing impairments to fat tissue stem cells and fat tissue from proteins released by senescent cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells are also discussed as modified adult cells that can help revolutionize stem cell biology and development of regenerative medicine therapies.
Reprogramming to pluripotency is possible from adult cells of different tissues and species through the ectopic expression of defined factors. The generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are relevant for various purposes, including disease modeling, drug or toxicity screening and autologous cell therapy. Over the last few years, increased efforts are being made to improve the reprogramming techniques, the efficiency and quality of the generated iPSCs, as well as to identify the best cell source to be reprogrammed. Cells derived from fetal tissues, such as amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord, offer distinct advantages in terms of reprogramming compared to adult somatic cells. Importantly, fetal cells are more primitive, easily achievable in sufficient numbers and are devoid of any ethical concern. They show great plasticity, high proliferation rate, low immunogenity and absence of teratoma formation. Therefore, they can be reprogrammed much faster and more efficiently than adult cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages of reprogramming fetal sources in comparison to other commonly used cell types.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
The document discusses the scientific discoveries of John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka, who transformed the understanding of cellular differentiation. Gurdon demonstrated in 1962 that mature frog cells could generate a tadpole, disproving the idea that differentiation is irreversible. However, it remained unknown if mature cells could fully revert to pluripotency. Yamanaka proved in 2006 that introducing four transcription factors into mature mouse cells resulted in induced pluripotent stem cells, demonstrating for the first time that differentiated cells can fully change fate. Together, their work established that the differentiated state is more plastic than believed.
This document discusses stem cells and differentiation. It describes how stem cells can be found in plants in meristems and animals in tissues like bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent early in development. Therapeutic uses of stem cells are being researched for conditions like Parkinson's disease. Two types of cloning are discussed - reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning, which has been attempted but not yet achieved in humans.
The cell and its evolution. Camila DuncanCamila Duncan
The document discusses two studies related to cell regeneration and evolution. The first study successfully grew new cartilage tissue in the lab using cartilage cells from cow knee joints, which could help treatments for osteoarthritis. The second study found that macrophages, important immune cells, have the ability to self-renew through turning off two genes, showing potential for tissue regeneration. Both studies indicate advances in regenerative medicine techniques that may help patients with tissue degeneration diseases in the future.
The article discusses regenerative medicine and the potential to reverse cellular aging through stem cell research. It interviews Dr. Michael West, who published a paper showing that adult human cells can be reprogrammed to a younger, more pluripotent state utilizing genes that grant immortality. This research aims to develop stem cell therapies that can regenerate tissues damaged by aging and disease. Dr. West explains that the cells of the germline remain immortal through the enzyme telomerase, while somatic cells age and die due to shortening telomeres. The goal is to apply these lessons to increase the lifespan and regenerative capacity of human tissues.
Stem cells have the ability to divide and differentiate into different cell types, making them useful for research and medical therapies. There are ethical issues surrounding stem cell research, depending on the source of stem cells. Stem cells can be obtained from embryos, umbilical cord blood, and adult tissues, with differing properties and therapeutic potential. While stem cell therapies may help treat currently incurable diseases, the use of embryonic stem cells is controversial due to arguments that the embryo represents nascent human life. The benefits of therapies must be weighed against any risks.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell & Cell Dedifferentiation: The Breakthrough of S...Vincentsia Vienna
The phenomenon of cell dedifferentiation is yet one promising trend to explore. In future, the science fiction of regenerative medicine could be turned into reality.
1. Researchers have discovered a new four-stranded quadruple helix DNA structure called G-quadruplexes that exists in human genomes, particularly in regions rich in guanine. These quadruplexes are more common in rapidly dividing cells like cancer cells.
2. A separate study identified new sites in cells where DNA breaks early in the replication process. These break sites correlate with damage seen in cancers like diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Comparing mouse and human cells, both exhibit similar trends of genome instability at these sites.
3. Discoveries of DNA structures and break sites help understand the origins of diseases and cancer, offering new treatment approaches through stopping replication in cancer cells or addressing instability.
Here are the key points about chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from the introduction:
- CLL is the most common type of leukemia in the Western hemisphere. It accounts for about one third of all leukemia cases in the United States.
- According to estimates, there are approximately 15,000 new cases of CLL diagnosed in the United States each year. The lifetime risk of developing CLL is about 1 in 200.
- CLL mainly affects adults of advanced age. The median age at diagnosis is 72 years.
- CLL is characterized by the accumulation of mature-appearing B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.
- The clinical course of CLL
The document discusses different types of stem cells, their properties and potential uses. It explains that stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of dividing and renewing themselves that can differentiate into specialized cells. The document also outlines a study where high-dose immunosuppression followed by stem cell transplantation helped patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes achieve prolonged insulin independence in most cases.
Cancer arises through a series of genetic mutations that disrupt the normal controls on cell growth and proliferation. Key findings include:
1) Mutations in proto-oncogenes can cause them to become oncogenes that drive excessive cell multiplication, while mutations in tumor suppressor genes inactivate their ability to inhibit cell growth.
2) These mutations disrupt the normal signaling pathways between cells that regulate growth, causing cells to proliferate autonomously.
3) Accumulation of multiple mutations is required over many years for cancer to develop, as mutations accumulate that activate growth signals and disable inhibitory controls within cells.
Senescence is a major tumor suppressor mechanism that forms a barrier against tumorogenesis by limiting the number of times a cell can divide. Immortalization, which involves the activation of telomere maintenance mechanisms like telomerase or ALT, allows cells to bypass this barrier and divide indefinitely. This is an important step in carcinogenesis, though additional genetic changes are required for full malignant transformation. Senescence and immortalization play key roles in cancer development by respectively acting as a proliferation barrier and allowing for unlimited cell division.
The cell and its evolution:
*Stanford researchers produce 12 cell types from human stem cells in days.
*Study uncovers new drug-gene mutation combinations that can kill cancer cells
Embryonic stem cells have potential to cure diseases like Parkinson's and Huntington's, but extracting them requires destroying embryos, which causes moral controversy. While stem cell research could help many people, opponents argue that destroying embryos is unethical and funding research is too costly. However, scientists have found ways to extract stem cells without destroying embryos entirely. Continuing stem cell research could unlock cures for currently incurable diseases and greatly improve many lives, justifying the costs and moral concerns.
Henrietta Lacks' cervical cancer cells, taken without her consent in 1951, were the first human cells successfully cloned. Known as HeLa cells, they have been invaluable for medical research, including the development of the polio vaccine and cancer treatments. However, Lacks' family did not find out about her immortal cells for decades and were never compensated for the cell line's contributions, which generated billions in profits. Her story highlights the ethical issues around informed consent and benefit-sharing that are still grappled with today in medical research involving human cells and tissue.
This document discusses the evolving concept of cancer stem cells over time. It begins by describing how the concept of normal stem cells developed based on studies of blood cell formation and tissue regeneration in the 1970s. This provided a framework for later investigating cancer stem cells. The concept of cancer stem cells originated in the 1940s from studies of teratocarcinomas showing they contained both differentiated and undifferentiated malignant cells. Further work in the 1960s demonstrated the clonal origin of teratocarcinomas from single malignant stem cells. Since then, advances in defining normal stem cell properties and the multistep nature of cancer have led to new insights into cancer stem cells and their role in tumor propagation and heterogeneity.
Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Newly hatched larvae are 0.25 millimetres long and adults are 1 millimetre long. Their small size means that the animals are usually observed with either dissecting microscopes, which generally allow up to 100X magnification, or compound microscopes, which allow up to 1000X magnification. Because C. elegans is transparent, individual cells and subcellular details are easily visualized using Nomarski (differential interference contrast, DIC) optics.
C. elegans has a rapid life cycle and exists primarily as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, although males arise at a frequency of <0.2%. These features have helped to make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies. In addition, because the animal has an invariant number of somatic cells, researchers have been able to track the fate of every cell between fertilization and adulthood in live animals and to generate a complete cell lineage. Researchers have also reconstructed the shape of all C. elegans cells from electron micrographs, including each of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite. Moreover, because of the invariant wild-type cell lineage and neuroanatomy of C. elegans, mutations that give rise to developmental and behavioural defects are readily identified in genetic screens. Finally, because C. elegans was the first multicellular organism with a complete genome sequence, forward and reverse genetics have led to the molecular identification of many key genes in developmental and cell biological processes.
The experimental strengths and the similarities between the cellular and molecular processes present in C. elegans and other animals across evolutionary time (metabolism, organelle structure and function, gene regulation, protein biology, etc.) have made C. elegans an excellent organism with which to study general metazoan biology. At least 38% of the C. elegans protein-coding genes have predicted orthologs in the human genome, 60-80% of human genes have an ortholog in the C. elegans genome, and 40% of genes known to be associated with human diseases have clear orthologs in the C. elegans genome. Thus, many discoveries in C. elegans have relevance to the study of human health and disease.
The document provides an overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle and mitosis. It discusses that eukaryotic cells pass through several phases (G1, S, G2, M) in the cell cycle. The S phase involves DNA replication, while mitosis (M phase) involves nuclear division and cytokinesis. Mitosis ensures each daughter cell receives a full copy of DNA through processes like prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division. The cell cycle and mitosis allow for growth, repair, and reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Cancer is diagnosed in about 1 in 250 men and 1 in 300 women annually according to the WHO. Cancer is clonal in origin and has six hallmarks including immortality, producing growth signals, overriding stop signals, resisting cell death, inducing angiogenesis, and causing metastasis. Treatments include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and gene therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were first derived from mouse cells in 2006 and human cells in 2007, earning the discoverers the Nobel Prize. iPSCs can differentiate into many cell types and are useful for modeling diseases, developing immunotherapies and cancer treatments, and studying mechanisms of disease. However, obstacles remain regarding
This study aimed to determine post mortem interval (PMI) by examining the colonization trend of microorganisms in decomposing rats. Researchers collected oral swabs from rats at various time intervals after death and analyzed bacterial growth via culture and identification. Peak colonization was observed at 41 hours, correlating with the active decay stage of decomposition. Colony A showed higher colonization rates than Colony B, suggesting it plays a more influential role in decomposition. Blood agar supported more bacterial growth than MacConkey agar. The colonization trend of microorganisms over time correlated with PMI, providing an alternative methodology for estimating time of death.
This document discusses recent research on manipulating cells and their evolution for medical purposes. It describes how normal cells can be reprogrammed in the laboratory into specialized cells using a 3D cell culture system that simulates tissue environments. This allows progress in gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and immunotherapy. The document also discusses how targeting senescent cells and their products may help delay or treat age-related stem cell dysfunction and metabolic diseases by reducing impairments to fat tissue stem cells and fat tissue from proteins released by senescent cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells are also discussed as modified adult cells that can help revolutionize stem cell biology and development of regenerative medicine therapies.
Reprogramming to pluripotency is possible from adult cells of different tissues and species through the ectopic expression of defined factors. The generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are relevant for various purposes, including disease modeling, drug or toxicity screening and autologous cell therapy. Over the last few years, increased efforts are being made to improve the reprogramming techniques, the efficiency and quality of the generated iPSCs, as well as to identify the best cell source to be reprogrammed. Cells derived from fetal tissues, such as amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord, offer distinct advantages in terms of reprogramming compared to adult somatic cells. Importantly, fetal cells are more primitive, easily achievable in sufficient numbers and are devoid of any ethical concern. They show great plasticity, high proliferation rate, low immunogenity and absence of teratoma formation. Therefore, they can be reprogrammed much faster and more efficiently than adult cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages of reprogramming fetal sources in comparison to other commonly used cell types.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
The document discusses the scientific discoveries of John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka, who transformed the understanding of cellular differentiation. Gurdon demonstrated in 1962 that mature frog cells could generate a tadpole, disproving the idea that differentiation is irreversible. However, it remained unknown if mature cells could fully revert to pluripotency. Yamanaka proved in 2006 that introducing four transcription factors into mature mouse cells resulted in induced pluripotent stem cells, demonstrating for the first time that differentiated cells can fully change fate. Together, their work established that the differentiated state is more plastic than believed.
This document discusses stem cells and differentiation. It describes how stem cells can be found in plants in meristems and animals in tissues like bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent early in development. Therapeutic uses of stem cells are being researched for conditions like Parkinson's disease. Two types of cloning are discussed - reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning, which has been attempted but not yet achieved in humans.
The cell and its evolution. Camila DuncanCamila Duncan
The document discusses two studies related to cell regeneration and evolution. The first study successfully grew new cartilage tissue in the lab using cartilage cells from cow knee joints, which could help treatments for osteoarthritis. The second study found that macrophages, important immune cells, have the ability to self-renew through turning off two genes, showing potential for tissue regeneration. Both studies indicate advances in regenerative medicine techniques that may help patients with tissue degeneration diseases in the future.
The article discusses regenerative medicine and the potential to reverse cellular aging through stem cell research. It interviews Dr. Michael West, who published a paper showing that adult human cells can be reprogrammed to a younger, more pluripotent state utilizing genes that grant immortality. This research aims to develop stem cell therapies that can regenerate tissues damaged by aging and disease. Dr. West explains that the cells of the germline remain immortal through the enzyme telomerase, while somatic cells age and die due to shortening telomeres. The goal is to apply these lessons to increase the lifespan and regenerative capacity of human tissues.
Martin Pera stem cells and the future of medicineigorod
This document discusses stem cell research and regenerative medicine. It begins by defining regenerative medicine and stem cells. It describes different types of stem cells including tissue stem cells and embryonic stem cells. It discusses some clinical uses of tissue stem cells and limitations. It then covers the discovery of human embryonic stem cells in 1998 and their potential uses and challenges. The rest of the document discusses various stem cell research projects at USC including using stem cells to study disease, induced pluripotent stem cells, and stem cell-based therapies for conditions like macular degeneration and HIV/AIDS.
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
The document discusses the potential benefits of stem cell research for treating diseases and addressing the organ transplant shortage. It notes that stem cells can develop into specialized cell types and have been shown to treat diseases like multiple sclerosis. While some view embryonic stem cell research as unethical, the document argues that embryos used in research are typically frozen cells from ended pregnancies that would not develop into life otherwise. It states that over 110,000 such embryos are stored in the US with no potential for life. The document concludes that these embryos should be used for potentially lifesaving research rather than being discarded.
This document summarizes an article about isolating and studying cancer stem cells from pleural effusions in breast cancer patients. Doctors were able to isolate cancer stem cells and non-cancer stem cells from pleural fluid samples. They studied how fast each type of cell formed tumors to better understand cancer metastasis. The study identified cancer stem cells in some samples using markers like ALDH1 and CD44+CD24, which could help evaluate treatment options.
This document summarizes an in-silico model of tumour growth developed by Dario Panada. The model simulates tumour growth in the presence and absence of enhanced acidity to determine if acidity contributes to growth. It represents a tissue at the beginning of tumour vascular growth as a 2D grid where each cell is an agent that makes independent decisions. Results from simulating growth over 200 time steps found the growth rates were not statistically different, suggesting enhanced acidity may not contribute significantly to growth in this model. Future work could improve the model by adding more processes and extending simulations over longer time periods.
AP Biology Ch. 16 Embryonic Development and CloningStephanie Beck
The document discusses the genetic basis of development from a single-celled zygote to a complex multicellular organism. It describes three key processes - cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis - that overlap during embryonic development. A series of classic experiments provided evidence for the concept of genomic equivalence, showing that differentiated cells contain all the genetic information to generate a new individual. Stem cells offer potential medical applications but also raise ethical issues.
The document discusses the importance of DNA replication for life and medicine. DNA replication is essential for cell division and is targeted by chemotherapy drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells. Understanding DNA replication better through research could help develop preventative treatments for diseases and improve medical knowledge.
The document discusses two discoveries:
1) Researchers discovered the zic-1 gene in planarians that enables stem cell regeneration, allowing the flatworms to regenerate tissues and organs. The gene activates "tissue organizers" that secrete proteins like Notum to stimulate regeneration.
2) Scientists identified a protein called MurJ that is critical for E. coli cell membrane construction. Inhibiting MurJ prevents membrane formation and rapidly kills the bacteria, providing a potential new antibiotic target against drug-resistant strains. Blocking this protein could lead to more effective treatment of E. coli and other gram-negative bacteria.
Cloning involves producing genetically identical copies of biological material. Researchers have cloned genes, cells, tissues and entire organisms like Dolly the sheep. There are three main types of cloning: gene cloning to copy DNA, reproductive cloning to copy whole animals, and therapeutic cloning to derive stem cells for research and potential medical treatments. While cloning techniques have advanced, human cloning remains controversial due to ethical concerns and lack of evidence it has been achieved. Therapeutic cloning could help medical research but requires embryo destruction.
The document discusses different types of stem cells, their properties and potential uses. It explains that stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of dividing and renewing themselves that can differentiate into specialized cells. The document also outlines a study where high-dose immunosuppression followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation helped patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes to reduce or stop insulin use.
The document discusses several studies related to the cell cycle and cell division. It first provides an overview of the cell cycle and its phases. It then summarizes studies that found a molecule called c-di-GMP acts as a signal that controls the cell cycle similar to a traffic light, allowing cell progression when levels increase. Another study found cells do not always add the same amount of mass before dividing as previously thought, but rather oscillate in size. Understanding these processes could help reveal new information about related pathologies like cancer.
This document discusses various methods for cultivating and propagating viruses, including in tissue and cell cultures as well as in live animals. It describes primary cell cultures established from organ fragments that contain a mix of cell types and can be infected by a broad range of viruses. Diploid cell lines retain their diploid character through repeated passage. Heteroploid cell lines are derived from tumor cells and can divide indefinitely. Certain viruses that cannot replicate in differentiated cells require cultivation in experimental animals or embryonated hen's eggs. While animal and egg systems provide options when cell cultures are unavailable, there is a push to reduce animal use where possible through advances in cell culture techniques.
The document discusses several studies on the cell cycle and cell division. It describes how small signaling molecules like c-di-GMP act as a control switch to allow cells to progress through different phases of the cell cycle. Another study found that dividing cells do not always add the same amount of mass before dividing, challenging previous conclusions. Understanding how cells control and regulate division is important for learning about related pathologies like cancer. Further discovery of molecules involved in the cell cycle process could help repair defects and potentially lead to cures.
This document summarizes an interview with Terry Orr-Weaver, a biologist who studies chromosome partitioning during cell division and DNA replication. Some key points:
- Orr-Weaver switched from yeast to fruit flies as her model organism to study how cell division and pattern formation are coordinated during development.
- Her research group uses genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology approaches like microscopy to study these processes directly. For example, they tagged a protein involved in DNA replication to see where it localizes in cells.
- Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid by having an extra round of chromosome separation where maternal and paternal chromosomes are separated. This ensures sperm and eggs have one copy of
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells which are derived from embryos and are flexible but difficult to differentiate uniformly, and adult stem cells which are found in tissues like bone marrow and umbilical cord and are not immunogenic but limited in quantity. Stem cells have the potential to treat diseases by replacing damaged cells and can be used to study disease development.
1. One condition that seems to lead to senescence and not apoptosi.docxjackiewalcutt
1. One condition that seems to lead to senescence and not apoptosis in stem cells is
a. shortening of telomeres below a critical limit
b. base damage to DNA
c. unequal division of chromosomes at anaphase
d. none of the above
2. Knowing that even in the oldest people's stem cells seem to have many cell divisions left to them when cultured in vitro (in a dish), the you might contend that a possible reason for that was
a. Absence of inhibitory factors found in the old bodies in the new culture medium
b. factors in the cellular environment of old people's bodies
c.
The presence of high levels of growth factors in the culture serum
d. All of the above
3. In 1962, Leonard Hayflick conducted an experiment that supported Weismann's Theory of programmed death. He proposed The Hayflick Limit which can be reached faster by:
a. Increasing the rate of cell division
b. Underfeeding cells
c. Decreasing the rate of mutations
d. Synthetically elongating telomeres.
4. The antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging assumes that each gene has only one effect on the phenotype of an organism at different stages of its life. True or False
5. In Conboy's study on heterochronic parabiotic pairs, which phrase described what future studies should focus on according to the results of this study?
a. adult stem cells
b. changes in aging cells
c. muscle cell regeneration
d. changes in aging plasma
6.- 7. Briefly explain what happened to old stem and progenitor cells in a young systemic environment.
8. Which substance is the most common in cells?
a. carbohydrates
b. salts and minerals
c. proteins
d. fats
e. water
9.
- 11. Describe how an enzyme may change the transcription patterns of a cell by adding chemical groups to histone proteins. What is this called?
12. Acetyl L-Carnitine/Alpha lipoic acid are ____________ that are produced naturally by the body in _______
a. Amino acids, large amounts
b. Antioxidants, small amounts
c. Toxins, abundance
d. ROS, trace amounts
13. Most genes that determine lifespan in C. elegans are directly in DNA repair. True or False
14.- 16. What is the preferable study group in mammalian testing of aging interventions Mice or monkeys? Why?
17 - 19. If you were to run a retirement community what would you do to improve the health/lives of the people who depend on you?
20. The ____________ ____________ theory , states that there exists a biological clock and a time dependent plan or program that directs a limitation to a lifespan?
a. DNA damage
b. Evolveabity Theory
c. Mutation-accumulation
d. free radical
21. - 24. Unlike inorganic objects like rocks or even computers (at present) , living organisms can repair damage or rebuild or even recycle damages at the sub-cellular level. Give three
instances cellular systems involved in repairing cellular damages.
25. . An often given example ...
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Plegable biologia molecular
1. BIOENGINEERS DISCOVER SINGLE
CANCER CELL CAN PRODUCE UP TO FIVE
DAUGHTER CELLS AND SCIENTISTS
PLACE 500-MILLION-YEAR-OLD
GENE IN MODERN ORGANISM
Valentina Cartagena Sierra.
Medicine Student -III Semester.
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
Molecular Biology- july 16 20120
2. MEDICAL UTILITY BIBLIOGRAPHY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
know the importance of cell BIOENGINEERS DISCOVER SINGLE
division by which an
CANCER CELL CAN PRODUCE UP
organism grows and the need
to mutations that gives a
TO FIVE DAUGHTER CELLS
form of adaptation in the AND
environment, is of great SCIENTISTS PLACE 500-MILLION-
importance to medical YEAR-OLD GENE IN MODERN
knowledge. because through ORGANISM
this can be study the
evolution of countless
diseases which would lead to
MARTINEZ S, Lina Maria.
a more successful treatment
Biología Molecular. 5 ed
manufacturing, also with
Medellin: UPB Fac.
these investigations maybe
Medicina
will be seen how will be
diseases that are coming and
Scientists place 500-
so act and be prepared for
million-year-old gene in
these.
modern organism, Georgia
Institute of Technology ,
(11 jul 2012)
bioengineers discover Valentina Cartagena Sierra
single cancer cell can Student- III semester
produce up to five Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
daughter cells, .plos one Molecular Biology
journal , (05 jul 20120) 16/07/12
3. July 5th 2012 / plos one journal july 11th 2012./ Georgia Institute
INTRODUCTION Bioengineers discover of Technology
single cancer cell can Scientists place 500-
produce up to five million-year-old gene in
until now it was known that
daughter cells modern organism
the cells reproduce by About cell division, people known
duplicating their contents To observe the evolution and the
that a cell gives rise to two
and then they divided into need of mutations, a group of
completely identical cells leading to
two completely equal cells, researchers managed to obtain a
the development, but research has
but some researches genetic sequence of a gene they
shown that cancer cells can
called ancient EF-Tu15, then it was
allowed us to know that produce to five daughters cell
inserted into a bacterium (E. coli)
cancer cells reproduce in division and it is much faster, which
and the ancient gene suffered
another way, and this can can lead to chromosomal
enough mutations for your
explain the fast growth of differences known as aneuploidy
evolution even though it was a little
tumors in the body which can disrupt biological
slow this process
processes.
Observation: In my opinion I think Observation: I think that was
that changes of the division of demonstrated once again the
Other research demonstrated need for us to mutate, to
how the mutations are very cancer cells show us how a
mutation can change the entire change, how Charles Darwim
important for the adaptation. said only survives who else fits.
component of the body in so little
when a group of investigation what helps us adapt to our
time and is more a warning about
achieved that some genes how fast the body can change, conditions of life beginning with
can continue with evolution and for that reason we have to our genes, and we need to
by bacteria work on how we will face these apply to our daily living as we
changes. are complex organisms
4. INTRODUCTION
Mutation of Division of
until now it was known that proteins cancer cells
the cells reproduce by
duplicating their contents
and then they divided into
two completely equal, but
some research allowed to
know as cancer cells
reproduce in another way,
Help to another Help to look the
and this can explain the fast
growth of tumors in the body to their evolution of
evolution disease
Other research demonstrated treatments more effective and
how the mutations are very timely
important for the adaptation.
when a group of investigation
achieved that some genes
can continue with evolution
by bacteria
5. July 5, 2012.
Bioengineers discover single Bioengineers discover single cancer cell
cancer cell can produce up can produce up to five daughter cells
to five daughter cells
About cell division, people known that a
cell gives rise to two completely identical
leading to the development, but research
has shown that cancer cells can produce
to five daughters cell division and it is
much faster, which can lead to
chromosomal differences known as
aneuploidy which can disrupt biological
processes, this was done in an in vivo
simulation in 3D space-constrained
growth of a tumor.
Observation: In my opinion I think that
changes of the division of cancer cells
a somatic cell of the body undergoes a division
show us how a mutation can change the called mitosis and it results in two haploid
entire component of the body in so little daughter cells, this process has four steps are:
time and is more a warning about how prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
fast the body can change, and for that
reason we have to work on how we will and result is the development of the organism
face these changes.
6. Bioengineers discover single cancer cell
can produce up to five daughter cells
the cancer cells are not divide as normal cells of the body,
these cells can produce up to 5 daughters, the different
process of this division causes the daughters have more or
fewer chromosomes than a normal one leading to
aneuploidy
7. Bioengineers discover single cancer cell
Genetic can produce up to five daughter cells
information
Diferent cell
division
Habits of life
Diferent mutations
Can produce
By investigating the contributing factors that
lead to mismanagement during the process of
chromosome segregation, scientists may
CANCER CELLS better understand the progression of cancer
even though cancer can arise from a set of
precise mutations
8. Bioengineers discover single cancer cell
Bioengineers at UCLA from can produce up to five daughter cells
a 3D platform, they can
observe how the cell
division is, through certain Dino Di Carlo, an associate professor of
constraints under which bioengineering at UCLA and principal
the research was done in investigator on the research, said: "We hope
vivo. that this platform will allow us to better
understand how the 3-D mechanical
environment may play a role in the progression
of a benign tumor into a malignant tumor that
kills”
benign tumor malignant tumor
9. OBSERVATION
I think that they can have
3D platform, that would
be a very important
avance because it allows
you to see the growth and
reproduction of diferent
type of cancer cells, and
thus see not only
malignant tumors also as
benign tumors occur and
how they can evolve
10. july 11 th 2012.
Scientists place 500-million- Scientists place 500-million-year-old
year-old gene in modern
gene in modern organism
organism
To observe the evolution and the need
of mutations, a group of researchers A mutation is an alteration in the DNA
managed to obtain a genetic sequence sequence. It can involve from a small event as
of a gene they called ancient EF-Tu, the alteration of a single nucleotide base pair
then it was inserted into a bacterium
(E. coli) and the ancient gene up the gain or loss of whole chromosomes, but
suffered enough mutations for your of we depend of these for our adaptation
evolution even though it was a little
slow this process
Observation: I think that was
demonstrated once again the need
for us to mutate, to change, how
Charles Darwim said only survives
who else fits. what helps us adapt to
our conditions of life beginning with
our genes, and we need to apply to
our daily living as we are complex
organisms
11. Scientists place 500-million-year-old
gene in modern organism
EF-Tu is found in all life, is one of the most
abundant protein and is essential for the
bacterium E. coli
Genetic sequence Current genome of
of 500 million year Were inserted into E. coli
ago
Evolution was They produce 8
observed lineages
12. Scientists place 500-million-year-old
gene in modern organism
after the first 500 generations, it was
observed that some lineages of
EF-Tu had reached a higher being to
modern.
the protein of the EF-Tu is not
mutual, but if they did the
proteins of bacteria
13. Scientists place 500-million-year-old
gene in modern organism
"We think that this process will allow us
to address several longstanding
questions in evolutionary and molecular
biology," said Kaçar. "Among them, we
want to know if an organism's history
limits its future and if evolution always
leads to a single, defined point or
whether evolution has multiple
solutions to a given problem.“Georgia
Institute of Technology (july 11. 2012)
14. OBSERVATION
OBSERVATION
• In the middle of Adaptive
microorganisms that last
more time and reproduce
more easily are those that
are better adapted to the
environment, or as in this
case that make the
environment adapts to
them
15. MEDICAL UTILITY MEDICAL UTILITY
know the importance of cell
division by which an
organism grows and the need
to mutations that gives a the importance of knowing how a cell is
form of adaptation in the
environment, is of great
divided of any kind and how it is mutating as it
importance to medical goes along its evolution, is that it guide how
knowledge. because through will be a big number of diseases and how to
this can be study the prepare for them
evolution of countless
diseases which would lead to
a more successful treatment
manufacturing, also with
these investigations maybe
will be seen how will be
diseases that are coming and
so act and be prepared for
these.
16. MEDICAL UTILITY
how advanced the how is the chromosome
disease division
few cells are born
daughters
according to this
what is the right in what time should be
treatment applied
better information and
future for patients
17. MEDICAL UTILITY
Is a breakthrough for medicine
see how proteins were mutated
for improvement of a protein
so old, because this can show
which mutations are necessary
to survive to some diseases
when they see the genetic
sequences
18. MEDICAL UTILITY
This researches allow to be known more
about diseases which there is not much
knowledge about, and be treated in
different ways, to reach a hundred percent
of reliability in the process by doing the
mutations that may be
19. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• MARTINEZ S, Lina Maria. Biología Molecular.
5 ed Medellin: UPB Fac. Medicina
• Scientists place 500-million-year-old gene in
modern organism, … , (11 jul 2012)
• bioengineers discover single cancer cell can
produce up to five daughter cells, .. , (05 jul
20120)