This document outlines the life cycle and classification of Plasmodium, the parasitic protozoan that causes malaria. It discusses that Plasmodium has a complex life cycle involving stages in both human and mosquito hosts. In humans, it involves a liver stage followed by a blood stage where the parasite reproduces asexually in red blood cells. Transmission occurs when a mosquito ingests the sexual forms during a blood meal and the parasite reproduces sexually in the insect. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria infection can be done through microscopy, antigen detection, serology or PCR testing. Prevention focuses on reducing mosquito populations and preventing bites through various measures like nets and repellents.

1. A PRESENTATION BY
SUOLLO, GEORGE
SBAHS, UG.

2.  What it is
 Classification
 Types
 Diseases
 Life cycle
 Lab diagnosis
 Prevention and control
OUTLINE

3. Plasmodium is a parasitic protozoan
that is popularly known for causing
a wide range of malaria
WHAT IT IS

4. CLASSIFICATION
PHYLUM
SUB PHYLUM
CLASS
SUB-CLASS
ORDER
SUB ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
Apicomplexa
Sporozoa
Aconoidasida
Coccidia
Hemosporida
Hamosporidiidea
Plasmodidae
plasmodium

5. SPECIES OF
PLASMODIUM
 Plasmodium malariae
 Plasmodium vivax
 Plasmodium knowlesi
 Plasmodium ovale
 Plasmodium falciparum

6. DISEASES CAUSED BY PLASMODIUM

8. Involves various stages and phases
1. Infection stage
2. Asexual reproduction
a. Pre-erythrocytic/exoerythrocytic (liver ) occurs in
b. Erythrocytic( occur in RBC) man
i. Schizogony
ii. gametogony
3. Sexual reproduction
a. Fertilisation occurs in mosquito
b. Sporogony
LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIA PARASITE

9. INFECTION STAGE
Infective stage is the sporozoite
Transmitted primarily by the bite of
infected anopheline mosquito
It can also be transmitted by
inoculation of infected blood and
congenitally

10. PRE-ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE
 Sporozoites from mosquito
bite are transported to
hepatocytes
 They then develop into
schizonts
 Schizonts develop into
merozoites
 Liver cells get ruptured and
merozoites are released
Note: some sporozoites may
develop into a resting stage
hypnozoites and get reactivated
to form schizonts within 2 years.

11. SCHIZOGONY
Liberated merozoites penetrate RBC.
The merozoites develop into
trophozoites which also
subsequently mature into schizonts.
Schizonts may form merozoites
which will infect other red cells when
RBC ruptures and the cycle repeats
GAMETOGONY
The schizonts formed from merozoites
can also develop into
macrogametocytes( female) and
microgametocytes( male). The
gametocytes are released into
circulation when RBC ruptures.
Mosquito feeding on infected blood
picks gametocytes and it undergoes
sexual cycle in the mosquito.

12. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FERTILIZATION
 Fertilization occurs when a
microgametocyte penetrate
into macrogametocyte
 Fertilized macrogametocyte is
known as zygote
 Zygote matures into ookinete
and then to oocyst
SPOROGONY
 Oocyst matures into large
number of sporozoites
 Oocyst ruptures and releases
sporozoites into the body
cavity of mosquito
 Sporozoites have predilection
for salivary glands

14. LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

15.  Light microscopy
 Antigen detection – Rapid malaria diagnosis test(RDT)
 Serology
 PCR
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

16.  Creating awareness of risk factors
 Destruction of definitive hosts
 Use of repellants
 Weeding
 Draining stagnant water
 Preventing mosquito bite
 Sleeping in treated and intact mosquito nets
 No vaccines available so take medication when
infected.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL