This document provides a management plan for mute swans in New York State. The plan aims to eliminate free-ranging mute swan populations in the state by 2025. Mute swans are an invasive species that were introduced in the late 1800s and their population has grown to around 2,200 birds. The plan outlines several strategies to achieve its goal, including increasing public education about mute swans, prohibiting their import/propagation, preventing releases of captive birds, encouraging control in neighboring areas, and allowing hunting and other forms of take to actively reduce wild populations.
This document discusses shark finning, which involves removing sharks' fins and discarding their bodies at sea. Shark finning is driven by demand for shark fin soup, especially in Asia, and results in the deaths of 73 million sharks annually. While laws banning shark finning have been implemented in many places, the practice continues illegally and threatens shark populations due to sharks' slow reproduction. Both conservationists and some cultural groups debate these laws, which aim to preserve shark ecosystems while some see them as discriminatory. The document argues awareness of threats to sharks could help reduce demand and protect shark populations.
1
Tourist
(Main)
246 May–June
2010
Self-administered
questionnaire
Demographic characteristics; motivations to visit Palau; satisfaction and expenditures on: diving, shark
diving, accommodation, other activities and living costs while in Palau; knowledge of the shark sanctuary and
influence on decision to visit
Dive operator 10 May–June
2010
Face-to-face
interview
Business profile; number of clients; shark-diving activities; revenues and costs; employment; perceptions of
the shark-diving industry and shark sanctuary
Dive guide 20 May–June
2010
Face-to-face
interview
Employment profile; number
Native fish populations have declined significantly due to factors like habitat degradation and invasive species. One conservation practice is introducing fish populations to new habitats to reduce extinction risk. Least Chub populations declined due to these factors, leaving only six populations. In response, Least Chub were introduced to 23 new locations between 2005-2013. In 2014, 10 of these introduced populations were considered successful. The USFWS then evaluated these populations along with the six remaining native populations and determined the introduced populations increased the species' resiliency, redundancy, and representation, allowing for its removal from the candidate species list. Introduced populations can be an effective conservation tool for fisheries managers to help prevent species listings under the Endangered Species Act.
This document summarizes a study that investigated how the size of the invasive snail Crepidula fornicata and algal particle density affect its feeding efficiency. C. fornicata was introduced from North America to Europe, where it threatens native species and aquaculture industries by competing for food and space. The study tested whether feeding efficiency, measured by particle removal rates, changes with snail size and algal concentration. It found that larger snails and higher algal densities resulted in higher particle removal rates. Understanding these relationships provides insights into C. fornicata's impacts on ecosystems and water quality where it has invaded.
B Maas NABU Intl IWC Report 2014 FinalBarbara Maas
- Hector's and Maui's dolphins are the smallest and rarest marine dolphins, with populations declining due to fishing bycatch. Maui's dolphins in particular face imminent extinction, with the population projected to fall to zero within 16-20 years.
- The New Zealand government has failed to implement effective protection measures like banning gillnets and trawls from dolphin habitat, despite recommendations from scientific organizations to do so in order to prevent extinction. Continued threats from fishing bycatch, marine mining, and oil and gas development endanger the survival of both dolphin species.
Reed et al 2016 Herpetologica NeFa in Machado Lake-2Hanna Strauss
This document summarizes a study on the ecology and control of an introduced population of Southern Watersnakes in Machado Lake, California. Researchers captured over 300 watersnakes of all sizes using aquatic traps and hand captures, demonstrating an established population. Small snakes primarily ate introduced mosquitofish while larger snakes specialized on bullfrog larvae and sunfish. Capture rates declined over time during intensive trapping but varied between locations, making the overall population size hard to estimate. The population may spread watersnakes to other bodies of water containing native species.
This document discusses endangered species and an activity where students prepared scrapbooks about endangered species. It defines an endangered species as one categorized by the IUCN as likely to become extinct. Examples of endangered species are provided, such as the African penguin, Asian elephant, bonobo, and giant panda. The document concludes by thanking readers after the activity where students created scrapbooks about endangered species.
This document summarizes human-wildlife conflict in the region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. It defines human-wildlife conflict and introduces increasing issues with leopards, snakes, and rodents. The main causes of conflict are habitat loss, agricultural practices, insufficient prey, and poverty. Specific data is provided on livestock killed by leopards in the Machiara National Park region from 2013 and in Pir Lasora National Park from 2010. The document concludes by listing several references used in the report.
This document discusses shark finning, which involves removing sharks' fins and discarding their bodies at sea. Shark finning is driven by demand for shark fin soup, especially in Asia, and results in the deaths of 73 million sharks annually. While laws banning shark finning have been implemented in many places, the practice continues illegally and threatens shark populations due to sharks' slow reproduction. Both conservationists and some cultural groups debate these laws, which aim to preserve shark ecosystems while some see them as discriminatory. The document argues awareness of threats to sharks could help reduce demand and protect shark populations.
1
Tourist
(Main)
246 May–June
2010
Self-administered
questionnaire
Demographic characteristics; motivations to visit Palau; satisfaction and expenditures on: diving, shark
diving, accommodation, other activities and living costs while in Palau; knowledge of the shark sanctuary and
influence on decision to visit
Dive operator 10 May–June
2010
Face-to-face
interview
Business profile; number of clients; shark-diving activities; revenues and costs; employment; perceptions of
the shark-diving industry and shark sanctuary
Dive guide 20 May–June
2010
Face-to-face
interview
Employment profile; number
Native fish populations have declined significantly due to factors like habitat degradation and invasive species. One conservation practice is introducing fish populations to new habitats to reduce extinction risk. Least Chub populations declined due to these factors, leaving only six populations. In response, Least Chub were introduced to 23 new locations between 2005-2013. In 2014, 10 of these introduced populations were considered successful. The USFWS then evaluated these populations along with the six remaining native populations and determined the introduced populations increased the species' resiliency, redundancy, and representation, allowing for its removal from the candidate species list. Introduced populations can be an effective conservation tool for fisheries managers to help prevent species listings under the Endangered Species Act.
This document summarizes a study that investigated how the size of the invasive snail Crepidula fornicata and algal particle density affect its feeding efficiency. C. fornicata was introduced from North America to Europe, where it threatens native species and aquaculture industries by competing for food and space. The study tested whether feeding efficiency, measured by particle removal rates, changes with snail size and algal concentration. It found that larger snails and higher algal densities resulted in higher particle removal rates. Understanding these relationships provides insights into C. fornicata's impacts on ecosystems and water quality where it has invaded.
B Maas NABU Intl IWC Report 2014 FinalBarbara Maas
- Hector's and Maui's dolphins are the smallest and rarest marine dolphins, with populations declining due to fishing bycatch. Maui's dolphins in particular face imminent extinction, with the population projected to fall to zero within 16-20 years.
- The New Zealand government has failed to implement effective protection measures like banning gillnets and trawls from dolphin habitat, despite recommendations from scientific organizations to do so in order to prevent extinction. Continued threats from fishing bycatch, marine mining, and oil and gas development endanger the survival of both dolphin species.
Reed et al 2016 Herpetologica NeFa in Machado Lake-2Hanna Strauss
This document summarizes a study on the ecology and control of an introduced population of Southern Watersnakes in Machado Lake, California. Researchers captured over 300 watersnakes of all sizes using aquatic traps and hand captures, demonstrating an established population. Small snakes primarily ate introduced mosquitofish while larger snakes specialized on bullfrog larvae and sunfish. Capture rates declined over time during intensive trapping but varied between locations, making the overall population size hard to estimate. The population may spread watersnakes to other bodies of water containing native species.
This document discusses endangered species and an activity where students prepared scrapbooks about endangered species. It defines an endangered species as one categorized by the IUCN as likely to become extinct. Examples of endangered species are provided, such as the African penguin, Asian elephant, bonobo, and giant panda. The document concludes by thanking readers after the activity where students created scrapbooks about endangered species.
This document summarizes human-wildlife conflict in the region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. It defines human-wildlife conflict and introduces increasing issues with leopards, snakes, and rodents. The main causes of conflict are habitat loss, agricultural practices, insufficient prey, and poverty. Specific data is provided on livestock killed by leopards in the Machiara National Park region from 2013 and in Pir Lasora National Park from 2010. The document concludes by listing several references used in the report.
Human wildlife conflicts the case of livestock grazing inside tsavo west nati...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on human-wildlife conflicts related to livestock grazing inside Tsavo West National Park in Kenya. Some key findings include:
- Livestock from surrounding communities frequently enter the park for grazing, with over 60% citing grazing/pasture as the reason. Goats and cattle make up the majority.
- Grazing occurs primarily in the dry season when resources are scarce outside the park. Over 75% of cattle owners bring their livestock into the park during dry seasons.
- The number of livestock correlated with increased intensity and seriousness of human-wildlife conflicts. As livestock numbers rose so did conflicts between wildlife, livestock, and humans.
- Incompatible land
The document discusses biodiversity and its conservation in Ethiopia. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It notes that while over 2 million species have been documented, total species numbers are estimated at 11 million. The document emphasizes that biodiversity underpins ecosystem services critical for human well-being and outlines Ethiopia's legal obligations and the Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity's role in conservation, sustainable use of resources, and benefit sharing.
Human Wildlife Conflicts to communities surrounding Mikumi National Parks in ...IJEAB
Human wildlife interaction is not a new phenomenon, it has existed since the beginning of humankind, it is evidenced by the fact that, many national parks are surrounded by human residents. The interaction between human and wildlife is of different nature depending on the culture of the surrounding human as well as wildlife community. For decade’s human wildlife conflicts has been a great conservation challenge due to increased human population, international trade and change of policies. The challenge is more significant in a sense that it negatively affects both human and wildlife sustainability. Therefore a study was conducted to villages surrounding Mikumi national Park to assess reasons for conflicts between human and wildlife and account how communities prevent wild animals to destructs their agriculture products. Three villages were selected for study (Doma, Maharaka and Mkata, all villages surrounds Mikumi National Park Ecosystems. Different methodology includes: - Field observation, Household survey, Field interview, In-depth interview and Ethnography study were used. However descriptive analysis and non parametric test were performed by using SPSS 16 versions and Kruskal-wallis test respectively to compute mean, standard error, percentages and differences of wildlife consumption. Results suggests that, there is a gradual increase of human-wildlife conflicts which lead to loss of people’s lives, as well as their livelihoods such as farms and farms product. Statistically results depicted that the average size of the farm affected at Doma, Maharaka and Mkata villages were 3.8 ± 0.1, 2.0 ± 0.1 and 2.2 ± 0.1 acres respectively, while at Mkata village 32 goats, 24 sheep and 76 cattle were reported to be killed by wild carnivores. In other way conflicts may result to poaching activities which may threaten the existence of huge herbivores such as Elephants and Rhinoceros. Apart from that, conflicts may lead to poor performances of tourism industry in the country. Research recommends that more efforts should be taken by the government and other stakeholders to prevent conflicts around all national parks so as to create good and conducive environment for human being life and wildlife in order to allow good performance of tourism industry for economic development of the country.
This document evaluates the Wildlife Conservation Society's (WCS) alternative livelihood project in Cross River State, Nigeria that aims to reduce bushmeat hunting by providing alternative income sources like beekeeping and snail farming. The study assessed the program's success by interviewing 57 hunters trained across 35 villages in 3 divisions - Mbe, Afi and Okwango. It found that only 10.5% of hunters at Mbe, 23.8% at Afi, and 43.8% at Okwango remained actively involved in beekeeping. Over 45% of hunters trained at each site reported still engaging in hunting, suggesting the program had limited success in reducing hunting behavior. The document recommends improving monitoring,
Reproductive success in whale species due to sonar interferenceAlison Lynch
1) The Navy's use of sonar systems has increased ocean noise levels in recent decades, disrupting the diving, foraging, and mating behaviors of whale species.
2) Exposure to sonar noise alters whale diving patterns, decreasing foraging efficiency and reducing energy stores needed for reproduction.
3) Sonar noise also interferes with whale communication, a key part of sexual selection, requiring whales to alter songs at an increased energetic cost.
The National Observer Program was established in 1990 to document bycatch in fisheries. The research will analyze reports from 2005-2015 to assess the impact of a fishery on marine wildlife. The fishery produces comparable amounts of bycatch and catch each year, though bycatch has declined. Despite regulations, the fishery remains unsustainable and harms marine ecosystems through drift gillnets. The use of drift gillnets should be phased out and replaced with more selective gear, while incentivizing sustainable methods through policy changes. Marine protected areas should also be expanded to conserve wildlife and habitats.
the gendered effects of climate variabilitychange on fisher livelihoods and t...ijtsrd
Global warming influences have brought negative climate change consequences on global livelihoods and household food security of the world’s 36 million fisher folks and nearly 1.5 billion consumers who rely on fish for their dietary animal protein. The study concluded that lack of alternative livelihood opportunities options is the major constraints to adaptation for people living in the Lake Victoria region escalated with limitation of skills outside fishing industry, limitation of other employable professional skills including lack of capital. The study recommends a trans disciplinary consientization of adaptive strategies which can translate into flexible and sustainable CCA gender inclusive livelihood activities. Future research should explore participatory action research on environmental influences affecting CCA by comparing findings across other beaches. Robert David Lubalo Onyango | Dr. Christopher Oludhe | Dr. Doris Amwata "The Gendered Effects of Climate Variability/Change on Fisher Livelihoods and the Coping Strategies/Opportunities in Mbita, Homa Bay County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33051.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33051/the-gendered-effects-of-climate-variabilitychange-on-fisher-livelihoods-and-the-coping-strategiesopportunities-in-mbita-homa-bay-county-kenya/robert-david-lubalo-onyango
This document discusses exotic species, also known as invasive species. It has sections on the economic and environmental impacts of exotic species as well as how they are introduced. Exotic species cause over $100 billion in damage each year to crops, waterways and environments in the US. They also threaten over 40% of endangered species. The document examines specific invasive species problems in Hawaii, Florida and the Philippines and well known invaders like zebra mussels, Mediterranean geckos and African clawed frogs. It concludes that preventing new introductions and quickly controlling existing invaders is key to protecting natural ecosystems from exotic species.
Human wildlife conflict in banke national park,nepalkpkc1633
The document discusses human-wild boar conflict in Mahadevpuri Village Development Committee near Banke National Park in Nepal. It finds that 61.54% of the park's area provides highly suitable habitat for wild boars, with mixed forest being the most common habitat. Local communities face crop damage from wild boars as agriculture land is located close to suitable wild boar habitat with access to food, water, and cover. A habitat suitability analysis and conflict distribution map were developed using remote sensing and field data to understand the patterns of human-wildlife conflict in the area.
This document presents information on human-wildlife conflicts from a presentation by Saisikan Patra. It defines human-wildlife conflict as the negative interaction between wild animals and people that impacts both. Such conflicts occur when human and wildlife territories overlap, reducing resources for both. Examples of conflicts provided include crop damage, livestock deaths, and human injuries or deaths from various wildlife species around the world. Causes of conflicts include habitat loss and decline of wildlife prey. Solutions proposed focus on improving wildlife habitats, changing agricultural practices, and increasing awareness of human-wildlife coexistence.
The document discusses Hawaii's efforts to protect endangered native birds and bats from the impacts of wind turbines as the state works towards 100% renewable energy. Hawaii requires environmental assessments and permits for wind projects that assess risks to species like nene geese and Hawaiian hoary bats. Some areas are off limits to development. The document also discusses research on which species are most at risk of collision with turbines globally and the importance of siting turbines carefully. It provides information on conservation needs and threats to endangered species in Hawaii from the state's Wildlife Action Plan.
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3, 95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B. In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A, respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Article Citation:
Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0004.pdf
The Designation & Management of Threatened Species: is there any point?Mario Balzan
The management of threatened species is an important practical way in which conservationists can intervene with extinction process and reduce the loss of biodiversity by ensuring some (high) probability of long-term species survival (Young, 1994; Norris, 2004). Though maintaining the whole ecosystem is often the target of conservationists, if a population is severely threatened this may not be sufficient. A more direct population management may be required (Hunter, 1996). To conserve such rare species there is a critical need to assess the impacts of threats on the long term survival of an individual population. This requires detailed information about the biology of the species concerned, the habitat it prefers, and the factors that might affect both of these (Root, 1998). Natural resource agencies worldwide develop species recovery plans that specify threats, propose targets required for recovery, and evaluate the extent to which habitat alteration and restoration may influence species decline and recovery (Good et al. 2003)
Exotic Species Lesson PowerPoint, Invaisive Species, Animals, Plants, Ecosystemwww.sciencepowerpoint.com
This PowerPoint was one very small part of my Ecology Interactions Unit from the website http://sciencepowerpoint.com/index.html .This unit includes a 3 part 2000+ Slide PowerPoint loaded with activities, project ideas, critical class notes (red slides), review opportunities, challenge questions with answers, 3 PowerPoint review games (125 slides each) and much more. A bundled homework package and detailed unit notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow.
Areas of Focus within The Ecology Interactions Unit: Levels of Biological Organization (Ecology), Parts of the Biosphere, Habitat, Ecological Niche, Types of Competition, Competitive Exclusion Theory, Animal Interactions, Food Webs, Predator Prey Relationships, Camouflage, Population Sampling, Abundance, Relative Abundance, Diversity, Mimicry, Batesian Mimicry, Mullerian Mimicry, Symbiosis, Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism, Plant and Animal Interactions, Coevolution, Animal Strategies to Eat Plants, Plant Defense Mechanisms, Exotic Species, Impacts of Invasive Exotic Species.
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thank you again and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Impacts of elephants disturbances on local communityAlexander Decker
Elephants frequently raid crops belonging to the local community near Katavi National Park in Tanzania, causing economic hardship. This study examined the impacts of elephant disturbances on residents of Sitalike Village. Through interviews with 32 households, the study found that elephants damage agriculture, negatively affect livelihoods, and mostly disturb crops during certain seasons. While other animals like rodents also impact farms, elephants were identified as the primary problem. Residents expressed willingness to collaborate on solutions but noted multi-year research is needed. The findings can help wildlife managers develop plans to mitigate human-elephant conflict while supporting community welfare.
Human-wildlife conflict occurs when human populations expand into wildlife territories, reducing resources for both humans and animals. This interaction can result in injury or death of humans and wildlife, as well as damage to crops, livestock, and property. Conflict management techniques have evolved from controlling animal populations to modern methods based on ecological and behavioral understanding to prevent issues or minimize harm.
The document discusses the range dynamics of the invasive zebra mussel in North America. It describes several hypotheses for the main drivers of zebra mussel range expansion, including recreational boating, environmental conditions, dispersal within connected water bodies, and the role of dams and impoundments. The document also examines debates around limitations to zebra mussel populations from factors like food availability and suitable substrate. Overall, it argues that the range dynamics of zebra mussels result from both human activities and environmental conditions, not just one or the other.
The document discusses invasive species and their threats and impacts. It defines invasive species as alien species whose introduction causes economic, environmental, or health harm. Invasive species bring diseases that native species lack immunity against, prey upon native species without natural defenses, compete more efficiently than native species, can hybridize with and eliminate native gene pools through interbreeding, and alter habitats in ways that harm native species. Examples highlighted include the chestnut blight fungus, brown tree snake on Guam, gray squirrels in Europe and Italy, and zebra mussels in North America. The document also asserts that humans are the most invasive species, through activities like industrial pollution, disease spread, habitat destruction including deforestation, overexploitation of resources
The document analyzes the impacts of energy development on wildlife populations in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming. It finds that habitat loss from energy projects like coal mining, oil and gas development, and wind farms is negatively affecting species like mule deer, pronghorn, and sage-grouse by reducing their populations and health. This is threatening the hunting tradition in the region as well as the tourism industry. The key impacts are direct habitat loss from energy infrastructure and indirect loss from animals avoiding areas near development. If energy expansion continues without proper protections, it could drastically alter wildlife habitats in the two states.
The document analyzes the impacts of drift gillnet fishing off the California coast. It finds that the fishery produces high rates of bycatch, catching over 17,000 marine animals from 2005-2015 while only keeping around 11,000. Though the size of the fishery and rates of bycatch have decreased in recent years, 30% bycatch is still considered high. Data from National Observer Program reports show the fishery catches many species of concern, including endangered whales, sea turtles, sharks and dolphins. While regulations have aimed to reduce impacts, conflicts remain due to the fishery's threats to biodiversity and protected species.
The document discusses several topics related to endangered species conservation, including:
1) The main causes of species endangerment are habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, disease, and climate change due to human activity.
2) Efforts to conserve biodiversity and endangered species include creating protected areas, environmental education, captive breeding programs, and international agreements.
3) While captive breeding and private farming have helped some species recover, they also pose risks like inbreeding from small populations and providing incentives for poaching wild animals. Overall conservation requires balancing human and wildlife needs.
Human wildlife conflicts the case of livestock grazing inside tsavo west nati...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on human-wildlife conflicts related to livestock grazing inside Tsavo West National Park in Kenya. Some key findings include:
- Livestock from surrounding communities frequently enter the park for grazing, with over 60% citing grazing/pasture as the reason. Goats and cattle make up the majority.
- Grazing occurs primarily in the dry season when resources are scarce outside the park. Over 75% of cattle owners bring their livestock into the park during dry seasons.
- The number of livestock correlated with increased intensity and seriousness of human-wildlife conflicts. As livestock numbers rose so did conflicts between wildlife, livestock, and humans.
- Incompatible land
The document discusses biodiversity and its conservation in Ethiopia. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It notes that while over 2 million species have been documented, total species numbers are estimated at 11 million. The document emphasizes that biodiversity underpins ecosystem services critical for human well-being and outlines Ethiopia's legal obligations and the Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity's role in conservation, sustainable use of resources, and benefit sharing.
Human Wildlife Conflicts to communities surrounding Mikumi National Parks in ...IJEAB
Human wildlife interaction is not a new phenomenon, it has existed since the beginning of humankind, it is evidenced by the fact that, many national parks are surrounded by human residents. The interaction between human and wildlife is of different nature depending on the culture of the surrounding human as well as wildlife community. For decade’s human wildlife conflicts has been a great conservation challenge due to increased human population, international trade and change of policies. The challenge is more significant in a sense that it negatively affects both human and wildlife sustainability. Therefore a study was conducted to villages surrounding Mikumi national Park to assess reasons for conflicts between human and wildlife and account how communities prevent wild animals to destructs their agriculture products. Three villages were selected for study (Doma, Maharaka and Mkata, all villages surrounds Mikumi National Park Ecosystems. Different methodology includes: - Field observation, Household survey, Field interview, In-depth interview and Ethnography study were used. However descriptive analysis and non parametric test were performed by using SPSS 16 versions and Kruskal-wallis test respectively to compute mean, standard error, percentages and differences of wildlife consumption. Results suggests that, there is a gradual increase of human-wildlife conflicts which lead to loss of people’s lives, as well as their livelihoods such as farms and farms product. Statistically results depicted that the average size of the farm affected at Doma, Maharaka and Mkata villages were 3.8 ± 0.1, 2.0 ± 0.1 and 2.2 ± 0.1 acres respectively, while at Mkata village 32 goats, 24 sheep and 76 cattle were reported to be killed by wild carnivores. In other way conflicts may result to poaching activities which may threaten the existence of huge herbivores such as Elephants and Rhinoceros. Apart from that, conflicts may lead to poor performances of tourism industry in the country. Research recommends that more efforts should be taken by the government and other stakeholders to prevent conflicts around all national parks so as to create good and conducive environment for human being life and wildlife in order to allow good performance of tourism industry for economic development of the country.
This document evaluates the Wildlife Conservation Society's (WCS) alternative livelihood project in Cross River State, Nigeria that aims to reduce bushmeat hunting by providing alternative income sources like beekeeping and snail farming. The study assessed the program's success by interviewing 57 hunters trained across 35 villages in 3 divisions - Mbe, Afi and Okwango. It found that only 10.5% of hunters at Mbe, 23.8% at Afi, and 43.8% at Okwango remained actively involved in beekeeping. Over 45% of hunters trained at each site reported still engaging in hunting, suggesting the program had limited success in reducing hunting behavior. The document recommends improving monitoring,
Reproductive success in whale species due to sonar interferenceAlison Lynch
1) The Navy's use of sonar systems has increased ocean noise levels in recent decades, disrupting the diving, foraging, and mating behaviors of whale species.
2) Exposure to sonar noise alters whale diving patterns, decreasing foraging efficiency and reducing energy stores needed for reproduction.
3) Sonar noise also interferes with whale communication, a key part of sexual selection, requiring whales to alter songs at an increased energetic cost.
The National Observer Program was established in 1990 to document bycatch in fisheries. The research will analyze reports from 2005-2015 to assess the impact of a fishery on marine wildlife. The fishery produces comparable amounts of bycatch and catch each year, though bycatch has declined. Despite regulations, the fishery remains unsustainable and harms marine ecosystems through drift gillnets. The use of drift gillnets should be phased out and replaced with more selective gear, while incentivizing sustainable methods through policy changes. Marine protected areas should also be expanded to conserve wildlife and habitats.
the gendered effects of climate variabilitychange on fisher livelihoods and t...ijtsrd
Global warming influences have brought negative climate change consequences on global livelihoods and household food security of the world’s 36 million fisher folks and nearly 1.5 billion consumers who rely on fish for their dietary animal protein. The study concluded that lack of alternative livelihood opportunities options is the major constraints to adaptation for people living in the Lake Victoria region escalated with limitation of skills outside fishing industry, limitation of other employable professional skills including lack of capital. The study recommends a trans disciplinary consientization of adaptive strategies which can translate into flexible and sustainable CCA gender inclusive livelihood activities. Future research should explore participatory action research on environmental influences affecting CCA by comparing findings across other beaches. Robert David Lubalo Onyango | Dr. Christopher Oludhe | Dr. Doris Amwata "The Gendered Effects of Climate Variability/Change on Fisher Livelihoods and the Coping Strategies/Opportunities in Mbita, Homa Bay County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33051.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33051/the-gendered-effects-of-climate-variabilitychange-on-fisher-livelihoods-and-the-coping-strategiesopportunities-in-mbita-homa-bay-county-kenya/robert-david-lubalo-onyango
This document discusses exotic species, also known as invasive species. It has sections on the economic and environmental impacts of exotic species as well as how they are introduced. Exotic species cause over $100 billion in damage each year to crops, waterways and environments in the US. They also threaten over 40% of endangered species. The document examines specific invasive species problems in Hawaii, Florida and the Philippines and well known invaders like zebra mussels, Mediterranean geckos and African clawed frogs. It concludes that preventing new introductions and quickly controlling existing invaders is key to protecting natural ecosystems from exotic species.
Human wildlife conflict in banke national park,nepalkpkc1633
The document discusses human-wild boar conflict in Mahadevpuri Village Development Committee near Banke National Park in Nepal. It finds that 61.54% of the park's area provides highly suitable habitat for wild boars, with mixed forest being the most common habitat. Local communities face crop damage from wild boars as agriculture land is located close to suitable wild boar habitat with access to food, water, and cover. A habitat suitability analysis and conflict distribution map were developed using remote sensing and field data to understand the patterns of human-wildlife conflict in the area.
This document presents information on human-wildlife conflicts from a presentation by Saisikan Patra. It defines human-wildlife conflict as the negative interaction between wild animals and people that impacts both. Such conflicts occur when human and wildlife territories overlap, reducing resources for both. Examples of conflicts provided include crop damage, livestock deaths, and human injuries or deaths from various wildlife species around the world. Causes of conflicts include habitat loss and decline of wildlife prey. Solutions proposed focus on improving wildlife habitats, changing agricultural practices, and increasing awareness of human-wildlife coexistence.
The document discusses Hawaii's efforts to protect endangered native birds and bats from the impacts of wind turbines as the state works towards 100% renewable energy. Hawaii requires environmental assessments and permits for wind projects that assess risks to species like nene geese and Hawaiian hoary bats. Some areas are off limits to development. The document also discusses research on which species are most at risk of collision with turbines globally and the importance of siting turbines carefully. It provides information on conservation needs and threats to endangered species in Hawaii from the state's Wildlife Action Plan.
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3, 95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B. In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A, respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Article Citation:
Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0004.pdf
The Designation & Management of Threatened Species: is there any point?Mario Balzan
The management of threatened species is an important practical way in which conservationists can intervene with extinction process and reduce the loss of biodiversity by ensuring some (high) probability of long-term species survival (Young, 1994; Norris, 2004). Though maintaining the whole ecosystem is often the target of conservationists, if a population is severely threatened this may not be sufficient. A more direct population management may be required (Hunter, 1996). To conserve such rare species there is a critical need to assess the impacts of threats on the long term survival of an individual population. This requires detailed information about the biology of the species concerned, the habitat it prefers, and the factors that might affect both of these (Root, 1998). Natural resource agencies worldwide develop species recovery plans that specify threats, propose targets required for recovery, and evaluate the extent to which habitat alteration and restoration may influence species decline and recovery (Good et al. 2003)
Exotic Species Lesson PowerPoint, Invaisive Species, Animals, Plants, Ecosystemwww.sciencepowerpoint.com
This PowerPoint was one very small part of my Ecology Interactions Unit from the website http://sciencepowerpoint.com/index.html .This unit includes a 3 part 2000+ Slide PowerPoint loaded with activities, project ideas, critical class notes (red slides), review opportunities, challenge questions with answers, 3 PowerPoint review games (125 slides each) and much more. A bundled homework package and detailed unit notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow.
Areas of Focus within The Ecology Interactions Unit: Levels of Biological Organization (Ecology), Parts of the Biosphere, Habitat, Ecological Niche, Types of Competition, Competitive Exclusion Theory, Animal Interactions, Food Webs, Predator Prey Relationships, Camouflage, Population Sampling, Abundance, Relative Abundance, Diversity, Mimicry, Batesian Mimicry, Mullerian Mimicry, Symbiosis, Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism, Plant and Animal Interactions, Coevolution, Animal Strategies to Eat Plants, Plant Defense Mechanisms, Exotic Species, Impacts of Invasive Exotic Species.
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thank you again and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Impacts of elephants disturbances on local communityAlexander Decker
Elephants frequently raid crops belonging to the local community near Katavi National Park in Tanzania, causing economic hardship. This study examined the impacts of elephant disturbances on residents of Sitalike Village. Through interviews with 32 households, the study found that elephants damage agriculture, negatively affect livelihoods, and mostly disturb crops during certain seasons. While other animals like rodents also impact farms, elephants were identified as the primary problem. Residents expressed willingness to collaborate on solutions but noted multi-year research is needed. The findings can help wildlife managers develop plans to mitigate human-elephant conflict while supporting community welfare.
Human-wildlife conflict occurs when human populations expand into wildlife territories, reducing resources for both humans and animals. This interaction can result in injury or death of humans and wildlife, as well as damage to crops, livestock, and property. Conflict management techniques have evolved from controlling animal populations to modern methods based on ecological and behavioral understanding to prevent issues or minimize harm.
The document discusses the range dynamics of the invasive zebra mussel in North America. It describes several hypotheses for the main drivers of zebra mussel range expansion, including recreational boating, environmental conditions, dispersal within connected water bodies, and the role of dams and impoundments. The document also examines debates around limitations to zebra mussel populations from factors like food availability and suitable substrate. Overall, it argues that the range dynamics of zebra mussels result from both human activities and environmental conditions, not just one or the other.
The document discusses invasive species and their threats and impacts. It defines invasive species as alien species whose introduction causes economic, environmental, or health harm. Invasive species bring diseases that native species lack immunity against, prey upon native species without natural defenses, compete more efficiently than native species, can hybridize with and eliminate native gene pools through interbreeding, and alter habitats in ways that harm native species. Examples highlighted include the chestnut blight fungus, brown tree snake on Guam, gray squirrels in Europe and Italy, and zebra mussels in North America. The document also asserts that humans are the most invasive species, through activities like industrial pollution, disease spread, habitat destruction including deforestation, overexploitation of resources
The document analyzes the impacts of energy development on wildlife populations in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming. It finds that habitat loss from energy projects like coal mining, oil and gas development, and wind farms is negatively affecting species like mule deer, pronghorn, and sage-grouse by reducing their populations and health. This is threatening the hunting tradition in the region as well as the tourism industry. The key impacts are direct habitat loss from energy infrastructure and indirect loss from animals avoiding areas near development. If energy expansion continues without proper protections, it could drastically alter wildlife habitats in the two states.
The document analyzes the impacts of drift gillnet fishing off the California coast. It finds that the fishery produces high rates of bycatch, catching over 17,000 marine animals from 2005-2015 while only keeping around 11,000. Though the size of the fishery and rates of bycatch have decreased in recent years, 30% bycatch is still considered high. Data from National Observer Program reports show the fishery catches many species of concern, including endangered whales, sea turtles, sharks and dolphins. While regulations have aimed to reduce impacts, conflicts remain due to the fishery's threats to biodiversity and protected species.
The document discusses several topics related to endangered species conservation, including:
1) The main causes of species endangerment are habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, disease, and climate change due to human activity.
2) Efforts to conserve biodiversity and endangered species include creating protected areas, environmental education, captive breeding programs, and international agreements.
3) While captive breeding and private farming have helped some species recover, they also pose risks like inbreeding from small populations and providing incentives for poaching wild animals. Overall conservation requires balancing human and wildlife needs.
The Effects Of Fire And Flooding On The Florida EvergladesJessica Tanner
The document is a research paper about the effects of fire and flooding on tree island communities in the Florida Everglades. The author hypothesizes that flooding shortly after a fire will have a positive effect by providing resources carried by floodwaters to aid healthy growth following the fire. Tree islands are essential to Everglades landscape and biodiversity, varying in size and species. The paper will examine how different conditions like fire and flooding affect the tree island communities.
This document provides an overview of the Atlas of the Mammals of Ontario. It was created through the collection of distribution data from institutions and volunteers. Species accounts and range maps are provided for Ontario's 86 wild mammal species. The maps show mammal records plotted within grid squares, with symbols indicating the time period of the record. The atlas aims to document the current distribution of mammals in Ontario and identify areas needing more research. It is intended to aid conservation efforts and environmental assessments.
The document summarizes a study assessing the conservation status of all known mammal species globally. Some key findings include:
- 25% of mammal species are threatened with extinction, while populations of 50% are declining.
- Marine mammals concentrate in coastal and offshore tropical and temperate areas. Land mammals show high diversity in mountainous regions.
- Although mammals are well studied, new species continue to be discovered, with 349 added since 1962. New species are poorly understood and face threats before being classified.
- Unless conservation actions are taken, the overall status of mammals will likely continue to deteriorate in the future due to threats such as habitat loss and overexploitation. However, populations of 5% of threatened species are currently
Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species around the world. In the US, there are nearly 1,000 endangered animal and plant species. Habitat destruction is the primary cause of endangerment, as human activity rapidly destroys habitats. Other threats include invasive species, overexploitation, disease, and pollution. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 and establishment of wildlife refuges help protect species. Specific conservation successes include the recovery of the American bald eagle from pesticide poisoning and international whaling regulations helping whale populations rebound.
Extinct species of animals from India were discussed. Key extinct species included the Zanzibar leopard, Baiji river dolphin, and Indian cheetah. The main causes of extinction were loss of habitat due to human activities like agriculture, overhunting, and pollution. Conservation efforts in India and internationally include establishing marine protected areas and legislation to protect threatened wildlife. However, human factors continue to threaten biodiversity if not addressed.
Golden eagle populations in western North America have been declining due to human activity like wind turbines and power lines obstructing migratory paths. Climate change is also impacting prey availability and habitat suitability. Additional research is recommended to accurately assess population numbers, trends, and migratory patterns to inform conservation efforts. Reducing human-caused threats like collisions, electrocutions, habitat loss, and decreased prey will help stabilize golden eagle populations if accompanied by efforts to mitigate climate change impacts on habitat and food sources.
This document discusses wildlife conservation and endangered species. It provides statistics showing many animal and plant species are endangered or threatened both in the US and worldwide. The main causes of species endangerment are described as habitat destruction, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation, disease, pollution, and limited distribution. Efforts to protect species include the US Endangered Species Act of 1973, wildlife refuges established across the US beginning in the early 1900s, and work of organizations like Greenpeace and the Endangered Wildlife Trust.
Need for conservation of forest and wildlife in an ecosystem Vichu Vichu
Habitat destruction, overexploitation, poaching, and climate change are major threats to wildlife. Habitat destruction decreases the areas where wildlife can live and fragments habitats. Overexploitation harvests animals and plants faster than populations can recover. Poaching targets endangered species for illegal wildlife trade. Climate change leads to habitat destruction and impacts species ranges through changing conditions. Conservation efforts include afforestation, controlling fires, regulating forest resource use, and developing protected areas while controlling hunting and overexploitation to preserve biodiversity.
This document reviews how host density, habitat type, and microclimate influence the distribution of two tick species: Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) and Ixodes scapularis (blacklegged tick). For I. scapularis, studies using deer exclosures or deer culling events found that immature tick abundance declined when deer density decreased, as deer are an important host for adult ticks. However, larvae and nymphs can shift to feeding on other hosts when deer are absent. Host density is thus an important but not sole factor determining I. scapularis distribution.
The Evolutionary Crisis Of Marine MammalsDotha Keller
The document discusses the evolutionary crisis facing marine mammals. It notes that while adaptation has historically been a natural process, marine mammals are now being forced to adapt faster than ever before due to factors like climate change, overfishing, and pollution from human activity. For some species, these environmental changes are occurring faster than they can evolve or survive. The document provides background on the evolution of marine mammals and how they have adapted from land to sea over millions of years.
This document provides an overview of wildlife management and conservation in the United States. It discusses the roles of various government agencies such as the US Fish and Wildlife Service and discusses some of the key laws around wildlife protection such as the Endangered Species Act. The document also explores some of the debates around issues like hunting, trapping, and keeping wild animals in captivity.
More plants and animals to be saved from extinction __ Saving our SpeciesDiane Robinson
The NSW Government is investing $100 million over five years in Saving our Species (SoS), NSW's threatened species conservation program. The funds will support over 240 conservation projects targeting site-managed, iconic, and landscape-managed species, as well as data-deficient species. Key objectives are to maximize the number of threatened species that can survive securely in the wild in NSW and control threats such as invasive predators. Projects involve improving habitat, controlling threats like weeds and foxes, monitoring species responses, and supporting on-park and private land conservation. Partnerships with other organizations will help maximize resources and ensure long-term sustainability of projects beyond the initial five-year funding commitment.
The document discusses the blue crab population in Maryland. It states that blue crabs play an important economic role in Maryland through crabbing and seafood, but overexploitation could make them extinct. The government has regulations to ensure a sustainable blue crab population. The document then provides data on the female blue crab population in Maryland from 2014 to 2016, showing increases that indicate the regulations are effective and crab harvesting is not overfishing the population.
This document analyzes beaked whale strandings around Australia compared to other cetaceans. It finds that 90% of beaked whale strandings involve a single animal, while the maximum for other species was much higher, up to 250. Beaked whale strandings were more common in southern Australia and January to April, following sea temperature cycles. The trends are similar worldwide. The document aims to understand spatial and temporal patterns of beaked whale strandings to inform decisions about potential impacts from human activities like naval sonar.
Geographic LocationThey are found throughout the Pacific, Atlan.docxlaquandabignell
Geographic Location:
They are found throughout the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. In the Pacific, their range extends as far north as Alaska and south beyond the southernmost tip of New Zealand.
In the Atlantic, they can be found as far north as Norway and the Arctic Circle and south to the tip of Africa. They are mainly pelagic (open ocean) wanderers but migrate to tropical and subtropical coastal regions to mate and nest.(
Osborne,2015)
In 1982, scientists estimated that there were 115,000 adult female leatherback sea turtles worldwide. Recent estimates have placed the number between 20,000 and 30,000 (Singh,2007).
Trends in Population:
The global population for this species was estimated to be 115,000 adult females in 1982. By 1996 this had been revised down to about 30-40,000. Leatherback populations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans have undergone dramatic declines in the past forty years. For example, the nesting colony at Terengganu, Malaysia went from more than 3,000 females in 1968, to 20 in 1993, to just 2 in 1993 - there are no signs of recovery.
Similar scenarios have occurred in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Mexico. Numbers of females recorded at four formerly major Pacific rookeries have declined to about 250 in Mexico, 117 in Costa Rica, two in Malaysia, and fewer than 550 in Indonesia(Anonymous, 2006)
Reproduction:
Leatherbacks mate offshore in shallow waters near the nesting area. The females dig their flask-shaped nests at night on sloping sandy beaches backed by vegetation. Six clutches can be laid in a season, with a 10-day period between nesting. The females may renest up to 7 miles from the first nest. An average clutch contains 80 to 85 eggs and incubation takes from 55 to 74 days. The 3-inch hatchlings emerge at night and head toward the ocean. The turtles reach sexual maturity at 6 to 10 years of age; the females nest every second or third year.
In the U.S., nesting occurs from about March to July. Female leatherbacks nest an average of 5 to 7 times within a nesting season, with an observed maximum of 11 nests. Most leatherbacks remigrate to their nesting beaches at 2 to 3-year intervals. (Department of energy and environmental protection, 2014)
Threats:
1-
Marine pollution
It is the greatest threat for leatherback sea turtles, while they accidentally eat balloons and plastic bags floating in the water which they mistaken as jellyfish.
(Leigh,2015)
2-
Overharvesting and illegal:
Egg collection on many turtle nesting beaches is a very serious threat, especially in Southeast Asia where a culture of legal egg collection leads to the removal of tens of thousands of eggs. This practice has contributed to the local extinction of leatherbacks in Malaysia. Within the last several decades extensive egg collection and the killing of adult turtles in Indonesia has resulted in huge population declines throughout the region. Despite protective legislation, many eggs produced each year in Central America are.
The document provides an overview of biodiversity and species conservation. It defines biodiversity and describes the benefits it provides. Threats like habitat loss and overharvesting are reducing biodiversity and accelerating extinction rates. Laws like the Endangered Species Act regulate activities impacting endangered wildlife and require recovery plans, though implementation faces challenges from economic interests. Conservation efforts have achieved some successes but much work remains to preserve threatened species.
This document describes the methodology used by Reporters Without Borders to compile their annual World Press Freedom Index. They measure press freedom in 180 countries based on a questionnaire sent to partner organizations and a network of correspondents. Countries are assigned a score and ranking based on six criteria related to media pluralism, independence, censorship environment, legal framework, transparency, and infrastructure. A violence score is also incorporated based on monitoring of attacks on journalists. Armed conflicts have had a negative impact on several countries' rankings in the 2014 index due to increased dangers for journalists and media censorship.
This document summarizes a report on the impacts of waste incinerators on human health. It finds that incinerators emit numerous toxic substances like dioxins, heavy metals, and particulate matter through stack gases, ashes, and other residues. Several epidemiological studies have associated living or working near incinerators with various health effects, including increased cancer rates, respiratory impacts, and birth defects. While modern incinerators have lower emissions of some chemicals, they still release many toxic substances through multiple pathways. Given the uncertainties around health impacts, a precautionary approach and policies prioritizing waste prevention and recycling over incineration are recommended.
Informe del Relator Especial sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, Ja...bueno buono good
Este documento presenta el informe del Relator Especial de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas tras su visita a Argentina en 2011. Resalta los avances legales en el reconocimiento de los derechos indígenas, pero señala brechas entre la ley y su implementación. Hace recomendaciones sobre temas como la tenencia de tierras, recursos, acceso a justicia y condiciones sociales y económicas de los pueblos indígenas.
This document provides an executive summary of the report "Charting Our Water Future" which was created by the 2030 Water Resources Group to analyze solutions to increasing water scarcity. The group consisted of private companies and organizations who worked with experts to develop frameworks to inform decision-making. The report found that by 2030, over a third of the world's population will live in areas facing water stress, and that current rates of increasing supply and efficiency will not meet rising demand. However, the report also finds that through measures like improving agricultural efficiency, augmenting supply, and reducing water intensity in economies, water needs can potentially be met at an affordable cost even in rapidly developing areas.
This document provides a biographical introduction to Nikola Tesla, the famous inventor. It describes how Tesla was born in 1857 in modern-day Croatia and showed an early aptitude for invention, experimenting with electricity from a young age. After studying engineering, Tesla moved to Paris and then to the United States in 1884. There, he worked for Thomas Edison before striking out on his own. The document highlights Tesla's pioneering work developing alternating current motors and polyphase systems in the late 1880s. It also discusses his groundbreaking experiments with high frequency, high voltage currents in the early 1890s. In summary, the document introduces Nikola Tesla, tracing his life and career, and provides an overview
This document describes a collection of Nikola Tesla's patents that are freely available from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The patents were assembled into a PDF document using PdfEdit995 software and are available on the website The Bipolar Planet.
This document contains the confidential draft intellectual property chapter from negotiations of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement between 12 countries, including the US, Japan, Canada, and Australia. It covers proposed international obligations and enforcement mechanisms for copyright, trademark, and patent law. The document combines the negotiating positions of all parties as of August 30, 2013 and was distributed to the chief negotiators after the 19th round of negotiations in Brunei. It includes proposed provisions on objectives of the chapter, definitions, national treatment, enforcement, technological protection measures, geographical indications, patents, trademarks, copyright, and other issues.
The document outlines draft provisions for an agreement on trade in services, investment, and e-commerce between the EU and US. It includes 7 chapters covering general provisions, investment, cross-border supply of services, temporary entry of natural persons, regulatory framework, electronic commerce, and exceptions. The key points are:
1. It seeks to progressively liberalize trade in services, investment, and e-commerce cooperation between the EU and US while maintaining the ability to regulate in the public interest.
2. It defines terms like natural/juridical persons, investments, cross-border supply of services, and establishes scope and coverage rules.
3. It includes provisions on market access and national treatment for investments
The Corruption Perceptions Index 2013 report by Transparency International summarizes corruption levels in 177 countries based on expert opinions. No country received a perfect score of 100, indicating completely clean government. Over two-thirds of countries scored below 50, suggesting high levels of public sector corruption. While a few countries performed well, widespread corruption remains a major global problem according to the index.
The document lists pharmaceutical drugs and their batches that were involved in illegal trafficking. It includes the brand, batch number, expiry date, quantity, illegal supplier, final location, and member state for each entry. There are over 200 entries listing various drugs such as Abilify, Afiniotor, Alimta, and Avastin that were trafficked to countries including Germany, the UK, Italy, and the Netherlands by suppliers like Avimax Health and Trade KFT and Mars Distributions KFT.
This document provides a summary of the 2013 Country Reports on Terrorism published by the United States Department of State. It discusses key trends in terrorism in 2013, including the evolving threat posed by al-Qa'ida affiliates in regions like Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Northwest Africa and the Sahel, as well as the rise of increasingly violent groups like the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. It also summarizes terrorism trends and issues in other regions like South Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and assesses the ongoing threats posed by various terrorist groups around the world.
The document summarizes key trends and uncertainties in global affairs expected between now and 2020, including:
- The rise of China and India as major global economic powers, with their GDPs projected to surpass many Western countries. How their growing influence is exercised internationally is uncertain.
- Other developing countries like Brazil and Indonesia may also become important economic players.
- Europe will remain influential if it addresses issues like aging populations and immigration, but its role is uncertain.
- Russia has potential due to energy exports but faces demographic and instability challenges limiting its global role.
- Traditional geopolitical categories may become obsolete as new global actors emerge and the world becomes less state-bound.
The document summarizes the SIPRI Yearbook 2013. It covers topics such as armed conflicts, peace operations, military spending, arms production, nuclear forces, and arms control efforts. In 2012, the total number of peace operations was 53 while the number of personnel serving in these operations fell by over 10% due to withdrawals from Afghanistan. World military spending in 2012 was estimated at $1756 billion, about 0.4% lower than 2011 but still higher than any year prior to 2008 due to the global economic crisis. The largest military spenders were the US, China, UK, Russia and Japan.
This document provides a detailed summary of the Cremation of Care ceremony, a ritual performed at the annual encampment of the Bohemian Grove in Northern California. The ritual involves a procession led by hooded figures carrying an effigy of "Dull Care" to be burned. Several speeches are given attempting to burn Care, but he refuses, saying he cannot be destroyed. The ceremony's climax comes when the Owl, symbol of the Bohemian Grove, declares that only the "flame of fellowship" can overcome Care.
1. MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR MUTE SWANS IN NEW YORK STATE
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
Division of Fish, Wildlife, and Marine Resources
December 2013
Note to reviewers: This draft plan was under development while regulations pertaining to
invasive species were also being developed by DEC in consultation with the Invasive Species
Council. Under the proposed regulations, the mute swan would be designated as a “prohibited
species”, which would prohibit the sale, importation, purchase, transport, introduction, or
propagation of mute swans in New York. This plan is consistent with that designation, and it
proposes additional actions to minimize their potential adverse impacts in New York. The final
plan will reflect the status of the Invasive Species regulations at that time.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This plan provides guidance to New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
(DEC) staff and the public concerning management of mute swans (Cygnus olor). The mute
swan is a non-native, invasive species, brought to North America from Eurasia for ornamental
purposes in the late 1800s. A free-ranging population of mute swans became established in New
York in the early 1900s and has since grown to approximately 2,200 birds statewide. Mute
swans can cause a variety of problems, including aggressive behavior towards people,
destruction of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), displacement of native wildlife species,
degradation of water quality, and potential hazards to aviation. DEC has been operating for
close to 20 years under a mute swan management policy adopted in 1993 by the Division of Fish
and Wildlife and Division of Marine Resources (now combined as the Division of Fish, Wildlife
and Marine Resources, or DFWMR). That policy permits removal of mute swans from lands
administered by DFWMR, prohibits release of captive mute swans into the wild and authorizes
issuance of permits for swan control by others on a site-specific basis. This new plan supports
further action by DEC to eliminate free-ranging mute swans from New York by 2025, while
allowing responsible ownership of these birds in captivity. This will serve the public interest in
protecting ecosystem integrity while allowing licensed individuals to possess captive mute swans
in appropriate and controlled settings.
PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND
Mute swans are a non-native, invasive species in New York. There are an estimated 2,200 freeranging mute swans in New York, distributed in three fairly distinct populations (Long Island,
lower Hudson Valley, and Lake Ontario regions). DEC has been operating under a mute swan
management policy adopted in 1993 (DFWMR 1993). That policy permits removal of mute
swans from lands administered by DFWMR, prohibits release of captive mute swans into the
wild, and authorizes issuance of permits for swan control by others on a site-specific basis. The
Atlantic Flyway Council adopted a mute swan management plan (AFC 2003) that included a
population goal of 500 mute swans in New York by 2013. However, our current management
policy has not been effective in reaching that goal because relatively little action was taken.
Page 1 of 11
2. Instead, the free-ranging mute swan population has expanded in size and distribution over the
past 20 years (Fig. 1). The two downstate populations were established nearly a century ago, and
their numbers seem to have stabilized during the last decade (Swift et al. 2013). However, they
continue to have impacts and they remain a potential source of birds for population expansion in
the future. In contrast, the Lake Ontario population has existed for less than 25 years, and their
numbers increased dramatically during the last decade. This population likely originated from
free-ranging mute swans in Ontario, where there has been little effort to control the population.
Between 2004 and 2008, DEC conducted research to document abundance, survival,
reproduction, movements, ecological impacts and management of mute swans in New York
(Swift et al. 2013). Based on that research, growing concerns about invasive species in general,
and more concerted efforts to control free-ranging mute swans throughout eastern North
America, DEC developed this management plan to replace the 1993 management policy.
Although many aspects of the plan are based on information from studies by DEC and others, we
do not include an extensive literature review and citations in this document. Instead, we refer
readers to other reports that serve that purpose (e.g., Allin et al. 1987, Ciaranca et al. 1997,
Maryland DNR 2001 and 2011, AFC 2003, Rhode Island DEM 2006, Craves and Susko 2010,
Virginia DGIF 2012, Swift et al. 2013).
Native to Eurasia, mute swans were first brought to New York in the late 1800s by individuals
who possessed the birds for ornamental purposes. Around 1910, some of these swans were
released or escaped from captivity, establishing free-ranging populations in the lower Hudson
Valley and on Long Island (McGowan and Corwin 2008). Since then, free-ranging mute swans
have become common throughout these areas and their range has expanded northward. During
the past 25 years, mute swans have also become established around Lake Ontario, primarily as a
result of population expansion from the province of Ontario. They are largely non-migratory,
although some mute swans move south during severe winter weather (Swift et al. 2013). Mute
swans typically occur in coastal bays and wetlands, in large emergent marshes, and on inland
lakes, rivers and ponds.
Mute swans are conspicuous birds that occur in some of the most densely populated areas of the
state. Mute swans have little or no fear of humans so they are easily observed and provide
opportunities for people to come in close contact with them. Some people become protective of
individual birds that they encounter regularly. However, mute swans can cause problems for
people too. Some swans will directly attack humans, especially small children, who get too close
to nests or young (Ciaranca et al. 1997). The potential for injury is low, but the aggressive
behavior of swans can be a serious nuisance and render some land or water areas inaccessible for
outdoor recreation during the nesting season. Where large flocks occur on water bodies used for
drinking water or swimming, the deposition of fecal matter may contribute to high fecal coliform
counts which in turn may be a concern to local public health and municipal water supply
officials. Mute swans have also been associated with high fecal coliform counts in coastal
waters, which could affect some shellfishing areas on Long Island (Swift et al. 2013).
Page 2 of 11
3. Figure 1. Breeding distribution of mute swans based on New York State Breeding Bird Atlas
data, 1980-1985 (Andrle and Carroll 1988) and 2000-2005 (McGowan and Corwin 2008).
Page 3 of 11
4. Annual winter counts of mute swans increased from less than 700 statewide in the 1970s to more
than 2,500 by the year 2000 (Swift et al. 2013). Although counts have stabilized in recent years,
further population growth seems possible, especially in the Great Lakes region and other inland
water bodies. An annual population growth rate of 13% per year is predicted for the Lake
Ontario area of New York, based on survival and reproductive data recently collected by the
DEC (Petrie and Francis 2003, Swift et al. 2013). Without management, the only factors that
may help to slow swan population growth are flooding of nests, predation of cygnets, starvation
during severe winters, and collisions with power lines or other structures. In the absence of
human intervention, the number of free-ranging mute swans in New York is likely to increase
until the species is common throughout most of the state.
The Atlantic Flyway Council (AFC) adopted a mute swan management plan in 2003 that called
for substantial reductions in the number of free-ranging mute swans throughout the flyway by
2013 (AFC 2003). The plan included a goal of 500 mute swans in New York by 2013, as
suggested by DEC, a reduction of about 80%. The plan also included a number of policy
recommendations adopted by AFC in 1997. Numerous wildlife conservation organizations,
including the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, National Audubon Society, and the
American Bird Conservancy have expressed strong support for reducing free-ranging mute swan
populations in accordance with the Atlantic Flyway mute swan management plan.
Recent court decisions and Congressional action have affirmed that mute swans are a non-native
species that is not protected by federal laws or regulations associated with the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act. Thus, it is up to each state to adopt policies and implement measures deemed
necessary to achieve their own management goals. Maryland has been most aggressive to date,
adopting a plan (with strong public support) that calls for direct culling of swans to the lowest
possible number. By 2010, they had reduced their population to approximately 200 birds from
nearly 4,000 birds in 1999 (Maryland DNR 2011). Many other states have implemented control
programs as well and, as of 2008, New York had more mute swans than any other state in the
Atlantic Flyway (AFC, unpublished data).
All free-ranging mute swans are defined as “migratory game birds” under ECL section 11-0103.
Under current regulations, mute swans may not be taken by hunting in New York State, but DEC
has the authority to establish seasons and bag limits for this species. Some hunters in New York
have expressed interest in hunting mute swans, especially on Long Island, where the species
often occurs in association with other waterfowl (ducks and geese) that may be legally hunted.
Hunting for tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus), a species native to North America, is allowed
by federal law in some states and is very popular. Hunters in Pennsylvania, Virginia, North
Carolina, and perhaps other states, are currently allowed to take mute swans, but harvest
estimates are not available. Hunter take of mute swans in New York could be an effective way
to help reduce the free-ranging population in some areas, especially in natural areas that are
important for native migratory waterfowl species.
In addition to free-ranging populations, dozens of mute swans are privately owned by DEClicensed game bird breeders and other individuals throughout New York State, including an
unknown number of people who are not licensed to possess these birds. Most mute swans held
in captivity are defined as “domestic game birds” under ECL section 11-0103. Some property
Page 4 of 11
5. owners and municipal park managers have mute swans for ornamental purposes, and the birds
are available from a number of commercial breeders across the U.S. Prices can range from $200
per bird to more than $1,500 for a breeding pair. However, sellers and purchasers may be
unaware of permit requirements, and at least two states (California and Maryland) prohibit
importation of mute swans.
This plan calls for increased efforts by DEC to reduce the free-ranging population of mute swans
in New York, while allowing responsible ownership of these birds in captivity. Increased efforts
by DEC to remove mute swans from the wild, including allowing hunters and others to take mute
swans into possession for personal use, is a cost-effective way to achieve the management goals
stated below. This approach will best serve the public interest in conserving our natural
resources, while providing opportunities for use and enjoyment of the species in more controlled
settings.
MANAGEMENT GOALS AND STRATEGIES
The long-term goal of this management plan is to eliminate free-ranging mute swans from New
York State by 2025. The immediate goal is to prevent any further range expansion, minimize
their potential adverse impacts on natural resources, and establish a significant downward trend
in the number of mute swans breeding in New York.
Ultimately, achieving these goals will require a variety of actions to eliminate potential sources
of free-ranging swans in New York, to reduce the public demand for having a wild population of
mute swans in the state, to actively control or remove mute swans that exist in the wild in New
York, and to ensure that captive mute swans remain in captivity. To address each of these
elements, we will adopt the following management strategies:
1. Inform the public about concerns associated with free-ranging mute swans.
Lack of public understanding is a contributing factor to the existence of free-ranging mute swans
in New York and an impediment to management actions prescribed in this plan. Outreach efforts
are needed to inform the general public (as well as wildlife rehabilitators, game bird breeders,
and others) that mute swans are a non-native, invasive species that has the potential to adversely
impact native wildlife and their habitats. This may include printed brochures, updating the DEC
website, and presentations by DEC staff, cooperating conservation groups or others to the public.
Efforts will be coordinated with DEC’s Invasive Species Program and Special Licenses Unit.
The goal of such outreach is to increase public awareness and acceptance of population control
efforts, including ending supplemental feeding. Some bird conservation groups and
environmental organizations have previously expressed support for mute swan control, so
cooperative outreach efforts involving their members will be most effective. As trumpeter swans
(Cygnus buccinator) and tundra swans (both of which are native to North America) become
more common in New York, they may satisfy some of the public desire to see free-ranging
swans in New York, so outreach efforts will direct some interests to those native species. In
addition to general information, greater awareness of the legal requirements and conditions for
possession of mute swans is needed. This will help ensure compliance and effectiveness of
efforts to prevent future introductions of mute swans into the wild in New York.
Page 5 of 11
6. 2. Prohibit the importation and propagation of mute swans in (to) New York.
Currently, there are no clear prohibitions on the import, export, sale, trade, barter, possession or
propagation of mute swans in New York. The only restriction is that a DEC Game Bird
Breeder’s License or a DEC License to Collect and Possess is required for any of these purposes.
Those licenses prohibit release of swans or their progeny to the wild. However, many people are
unaware that a license is required and there are swan breeders across the country that will ship
birds to any location (except to California or Maryland, which have prohibitions). DEC will
adopt and enforce regulations pursuant to the Invasive Species law (Environmental Conservation
Law 09-1709) or other sections of the ECL to prohibit the importation, possession, propagation
and sale of mute swans by any person except for scientific research, education, or other
authorized purposes. Such authorizations will include conditions to prevent and recover any
intentional or accidental releases to the wild, e.g., total enclosure or pinioning and sterilization,
and permanent marking of any mute swans possessed in New York. Known suppliers of mute
swans, license holders, wildlife rehabilitators and anyone else known to possess mute swans
already, will be notified of the regulations once they are enacted. (Note: under new Invasive
Species regulations proposed by DEC in October 2013, mute swan would be designated as a
“prohibited species”, which would prohibit the sale, importation, purchase, transport,
introduction, or propagation of mute swans in New York.)
3. Prohibit the release or escape of captive mute swans into the wild in New York.
ECL Section 11-0507 states that “No person shall willfully liberate within the state any wildlife
except under permit from the department…These provisions do not apply to migratory game
birds, importation of which is governed by regulation of the department.” As noted above, all
current licenses to possess mute swans prohibit releases to the wild. However, there are several
areas of confusion and concern, including the apparent exception for migratory game birds
(which mute swans are in some cases, according to the ECL) and the fact that some people
possess mute swans without a license or they do not think of captive mute swans as “wildlife”
(so they may not know that release is prohibited). DEC will adopt and enforce regulations
pursuant to the Invasive Species law, or other section of the ECL, to prohibit the intentional or
accidental releases of mute swans or their progeny to the wild. This will involve: 1) total
enclosure; 2) pinioning and sterilization; or 3) pinioning only of swans kept in single-sex groups.
In addition, any mute swans possessed in New York will have to be permanently marked to
identify who owns each one. In the case of mute swans taken to a licensed wildlife rehabilitator,
licenses will be amended to prohibit release back into the wild. Acceptable disposition will
include euthanasia, use for zoological purposes, or transferring the birds to someone licensed to
keep mute swans in captivity (see Strategy #5). Wildlife rehabilitators and anyone else known to
possess mute swans will be notified of the regulations once they are enacted.
4. Encourage control of mute swans in neighboring states and provinces.
Free-ranging swan populations currently exist in Ontario, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New
Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and all are potential sources of mute swans immigrating into New
York. These and most other states and provinces in the Atlantic Flyway support control of mute
swan populations, as indicated by their adoption of a flyway management plan for this species
Page 6 of 11
7. (AFC 2003). The stated goal of that plan is: “To reduce mute swan populations in the Atlantic
Flyway to levels that will minimize negative ecological impacts to wetland habitats and native
migratory waterfowl and to prevent further range expansion into unoccupied areas”; a
substantial reduction or elimination of mute swans is called for in most jurisdictions (AFC 2003).
The most aggressive control program has been in Maryland, where the free-ranging swan
population has been reduced from nearly 4,000 birds in 2000 to less than 200 by 2010 (Maryland
DNR 2011). Vermont has been successful at preventing a free-ranging swan population from
becoming established, and control programs (nest and egg treatment or removals) are ongoing in
Connecticut and Rhode Island. Ontario has conducted some mute swan control (primarily eggoiling) in conjunction with efforts to promote restoration of a breeding population of native
trumpeter swans in that province. The flyway plan is expected to be updated in 2014, and we
will support continued efforts to reduce free-ranging mute swan populations in all jurisdictions.
5. Allow free-ranging mute swans to be taken and possessed by licensed persons.
Ultimately, all mute swans in New York are descendants of birds that escaped or were released
from captivity. Demand for possession of mute swans for ornamental display or propagation
purposes is considerable, and a single pair of yearling mute swans can sell for $1,500 or more
from commercial breeders. As discussed in Strategy #2 above, DEC will pursue a general
prohibition on importation and possession of mute swans in New York. DEC will not authorize
acquisition of captive-reared mute swans for ornamental use, hobby collections, propagation, or
to displace nuisance Canada geese. However, we anticipate several situations where possession
of mute swans might be allowed, including some that may help achieve the management plan
goals. These situations would include: mute swans possessed as part of legitimate scientific or
zoological collections for general viewing, education or research; mute swans lawfully possessed
prior to enactment of any regulations (“grandfathered” birds); and mute swans taken from the
wild in New York and kept in captivity in accordance with a special license or other written
authorization from DEC. In these cases, a Game Bird Breeder license, License to Collect and
Possess, or an Invasive Species permit (pending adoption of regulations) will be required to
possess any mute swans, whether raised in captivity or taken from the wild. All authorizations to
possess mute swans in New York will include conditions to prevent intentional or accidental
releases of the birds or their progeny to the wild, including total enclosure or pinioning and
sterilization (or single-sex groups), and permanent marking of any swans possessed to help
identify and recover any that escape. Animal care and use considerations will be applied to
authorized methods of capture, handling and possession of mute swans taken from the wild.
Because we propose to prohibit importation and possession of captive-reared mute swans, some
of the demand for captive swans can be satisfied by allowing take and possession of mute swans
from the wild in New York. This practice will help accomplish the management goal of
eliminating free-ranging mute swan populations in the state. It is also responsive to concerns of
people who favor the use of non-lethal control methods whenever possible. To implement this
strategy, we will develop procedures to authorize taking of mute swans from the wild by licensed
individuals (who must have appropriate facilities for keeping the birds in captivity), and compile
a list of people or facilities that are authorized to take or accept mute swans from the wild.
Page 7 of 11
8. 6. Prohibit supplemental feeding of free-ranging mute swans.
Mute swans will readily accept human handouts of food, consistent with their history of
domestication and origins from captive birds in New York. The enjoyment that people derive
from feeding mute swans can be accommodated with lawfully-possessed captive birds rather
than free-ranging birds. Unlike most other waterfowl in New York, mute swans are largely
sedentary and have limited ability to migrate or move long distances when natural food sources
become unavailable. As a result, some people feel compelled to provide supplemental food for
the birds, especially during winter. However, this makes the swans more dependent on and
accustomed (and sometimes aggressive) to people, helps sustain their populations, and conflicts
with efforts to discourage feeding of ducks and Canada geese in many areas. DEC will seek any
necessary authority to adopt and enforce regulations to prohibit the supplemental feeding of freeranging mute swans, similar to what was enacted to prohibit the feeding of bears in New York.
7. Increase mute swan population control activities.
DEC has conducted mute swan control activities throughout the state for many years in
accordance with the management policy adopted in 1993. That policy authorized staff to remove
mute swans from lands administered by the DFWMR, but it did not specify the extent to which
those activities should occur. Consequently, the amount of effort and type of controls conducted
(e.g., nest/egg treatment, shooting or removal of adult birds) varied among regions of the state,
and overall effectiveness for population control was limited. During 2005-2012, more than 500
adult mute swans and close to 2,500 eggs were taken from the wild across the state. Going
forward, DEC staff may conduct mute swan control on any accessible public or private lands
(with landowner consent) or waters in New York State. Staff will be encouraged to conduct
control activities wherever possible and cooperators, such as USDA Wildlife Services, New
York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, New York City Department of
Environmental Protection, municipalities and others, will be authorized to assist in these efforts.
Participating partners conducting control activities will be trained by either qualified DEC or
USDA Wildlife Services staff in the identification of mute swans as well as their nests and eggs
to assure there will be no adverse impact to non-target species. DEC will give priority to mute
swan removal efforts, especially breeding pairs, to prevent population or range expansion around
Lake Ontario, the upper Hudson and Lake Champlain valleys, and other upstate counties where
free-ranging populations are not already well established. In the lower Hudson Valley and Long
Island, where populations have existed for many years, DEC will remove mute swans whenever
opportunities arise, but priority will be given to reducing the number of birds where large
numbers congregate and may be impacting coastal fish and wildlife species or habitats. DEC
will also assist with removal of mute swans that threaten public safety (e.g., near airports) or
preclude public use of lands or waters by their aggressive behavior towards people.
Any mute swans removed will be euthanized or turned over to persons with suitable facilities
and licensed to keep the birds in captivity, at the discretion of the Department. Lethal control
methods will include shooting of free-ranging swans and live capture and euthanasia in
accordance with established guidelines for wildlife (e.g., Julien et al. 2010, AVMA 2013).
Consideration will be given to donating the meat (or any other parts of birds killed) to charitable
organizations (e.g., food pantries) or scientific, educational or zoological institutions. Non-lethal
Page 8 of 11
9. population control methods may include nest destruction, treating eggs with corn oil or
puncturing to prevent hatching, and surgical or chemical sterilization. Mute swan control
activities will be documented and evaluated by DEC.
8. Allow property owners and others to conduct mute swan control activities.
Most mute swan control work by DEC staff and cooperators will focus on population reduction
or control, and protection of sensitive habitats and public safety. However, DEC will authorize
any property owner, land or water management authority, municipality or other responsible party
to control or remove mute swans from their property for any reason. Various control methods
may be authorized, including but not limited to: oiling, puncturing, shaking, freezing, replacing
or removing eggs; destruction of nests; sterilization of birds; shooting; and capture and removal
of swans to be euthanized or turned over to persons licensed to keep the birds in captivity.
However, hazing of mute swans will not be authorized, as this could promote range expansion.
Authorizations will include conditions to ensure that control measures are safe, humane,
responsible and effective. The same animal care and treatment considerations will be applied to
these activities as for actions by DEC staff. This may be accomplished through individual
permits, a general depredation permit, or by adoption of regulations.
9. Allow take of mute swans by waterfowl hunters in some situations.
ECL Section 11-0103 defines all swans as “migratory game birds”, although DEC has not
previously established an open season for taking mute swans. Waterfowl hunters in New York
have mixed views on the desirability of allowing them to take mute swans. Some would like the
opportunity to take these birds in addition to the various species of ducks and geese that they
may take currently. Swans are a large, impressive, and palatable bird that many hunters
encounter in the field already, especially in coastal areas of Long Island and in the Hudson River
estuary where we are very concerned about ecological impacts of these birds. Other hunters do
not favor a swan hunting season because of concerns that it may contribute to negative public
attitudes toward hunting. In consideration of these views, we will consider adopting a
regulation that allows waterfowl hunters to take some number of mute swans in appropriate
locations (e.g., in the Southeastern and Long Island Waterfowl Hunting Zones) where it could
contribute significantly to population control in those regions. Hunters would not be allowed to
take mute swans in areas where trumpeter swans and/or tundra swans occur often enough that
accurate species identification would be especially important. Other hunting constraints, such as
season dates, bag limits, distance from developed areas, will be included primarily to minimize
conflicts or adverse public reaction. Harvest of mute swans by hunters will be monitored by
DEC. This action would not be taken before 2015, after other measures have been implemented
and outreach has occurred to support its adoption.
EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT SUCCESS
The management actions described in this plan will take time to implement, and most will take
even longer to have the desired effects. A realistic time frame to begin evaluating success would
be 5 years (i.e., beginning in 2020), assuming that most of the prescribed actions are in place
within two to three years (e.g., by 2015-16). Whether that happens or not depends on DEC’s
Page 9 of 11
10. ability to commit the staff time and resources necessary, and on public acceptance of this plan’s
goals and proposed strategies.
Ultimately, the success of this plan will be measured by periodic surveys of mute swan
distribution and abundance. DEC will monitor the results of available population monitoring
programs for waterfowl and other birds, including agency-sponsored surveys, as well as
independent, volunteer-based surveys such as winter waterfowl counts, Christmas Bird Counts,
and breeding bird surveys. If necessary, specific surveys will be conducted to document the
status of free-ranging mute swan populations every three to five years.
REFERENCES
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). 2013. AVMA Guidelines for the
Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition.
www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/euthanasia.pdf, accessed July 30, 2013.
Allin, C. C., G. C. Chasko, and T. P. Husband. 1987. Mute swans in the Atlantic Flyway: a
review of the history, population growth, and management needs. Transactions of the
Northeast Section of the Wildlife Society 44:32-47.
Allin, C. C., and T. P. Husband. 2003. Mute swan (Cygnus olor) impact on submerged aquatic
vegetation and macroinvertebrates in a Rhode Island coastal pond. Northeastern
Naturalist 10:305-318.
Andrle, R. F. and J. R. Carroll, editors. 1988. The Atlas of Breeding Birds in New York State.
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
Atlantic Flyway Council (AFC). 2003. Atlantic Flyway Mute Swan Management Plan, 20032013. Snow Goose, Brant, and Swan Committee, Atlantic Flyway Council. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland.
Ciaranca, M. A., C. C. Allin, and G. S. Jones. 1997. Mute swan (Cygnus olor), in A. Poole,
editor, The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca. Retrieved
from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/273,
August 17, 2013.
Craves, J. A. and D. J. Susko. 2010. Mute Swans: An Ecological Overview with an Emphasis
on the Lower Detroit River. Report to Friends of the Detroit River, Rouge River Bird
Observatory, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn.
Division of Fish and Wildlife and Division of Marine Resources (DFWMR). 1993. Policy on
Management of Mute Swans in New York. New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Wildlife, Albany, New York.
Page 10 of 11
11. Julien, T. J., S. M. Vantassel, S. R. Groepper, and S. E. Hygnstrom. 2010. Euthanasia methods
in field settings for wildlife damage management. Human–Wildlife Interactions 4:158–
164.
Maryland Department of Natural Resources (Maryland DNR). 2001. Mute Swans - Population
Status, Impacts on Native Wildlife and People, and Management Needs In Maryland - A
Summary of Information Prepared by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Mute Swan Task Force, January 2001. Maryland DNR, Wildlife and Heritage Service,
Annapolis.
_____. 2011. Mute Swan Management Plan for Maryland. Maryland DNR, Wildlife and
Heritage Service, Annapolis.
McGowan, K. J. and K. Corwin, editors. 2008. The Second Atlas of Breeding Birds in New
York State. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
Petrie, S. A., and C. M. Francis. 2003. Rapid increase in the lower Great Lakes population of
feral mute swans: a review and recommendation. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31:407-416.
Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (Rhode Island DEM). 2006. Mute
Swan Management Plan. RIDEM, Division of Fish and Wildlife,
www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fishwild/pdf/muswan07.pdf, accessed 17 August
2013.
Swift, B.L., K. J. Clarke, R. A. Holevinski, and E. M. Cooper. 2013. Status and Ecology of
Mute Swans in New York State, Draft Final Report. New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Wildlife, Albany.
Therres, G. D., and D. F. Brinker. 2004. Mute swan interactions with other birds in Chesapeake
Bay. Pages 43-46 in Perry, M. C., editor, Mute Swans and Their Chesapeake Bay
Habitats: Proceedings of a Symposium. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources
Discipline Information and Technology Report USGS/BRD/ITR20040005.
Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (Virginia DGIF). 2012. Mute Swan
Management Plan. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This plan was developed by the Migratory Game Bird Management Team, Bureau of Wildlife,
DFWMR, and approved by DEC Executive staff. We appreciate the input and mute swan
management assistance provided by USDA Wildlife Services and other cooperators since the
first mute swan policy was adopted in 1993.
Page 11 of 11