This document summarizes laws and issues related to wildlife management in the United States. It discusses the roles of federal agencies like the USFWS and USDA in regulating hunting, trapping, invasive species control, and international wildlife trade. It also addresses state wildlife agencies' reliance on hunting license fees for funding. Issues around captive wildlife like tigers and wild horses are examined. Laws governing fur labeling and canned hunting are also summarized. The tensions between conservation and animal welfare perspectives in wildlife policy are a recurring theme.
This document discusses wildlife conservation and endangered species. It provides statistics showing many animal and plant species are endangered or threatened both in the US and worldwide. The main causes of species endangerment are described as habitat destruction, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation, disease, pollution, and limited distribution. Efforts to protect species include the US Endangered Species Act of 1973, wildlife refuges established across the US beginning in the early 1900s, and work of organizations like Greenpeace and the Endangered Wildlife Trust.
Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species around the world. In the US, there are nearly 1,000 endangered animal and plant species. Habitat destruction is the primary cause of endangerment, as human activity rapidly destroys habitats. Other threats include invasive species, overexploitation, disease, and pollution. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 and establishment of wildlife refuges help protect species. Specific conservation successes include the recovery of the American bald eagle from pesticide poisoning and international whaling regulations helping whale populations rebound.
Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants, animals and other organisms. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 established protected species and outlawed hunting many plants and animals in India. Wildlife provides food and traditional medicines for humans in some areas and is also hunted for sport, though overhunting can threaten populations. Habitat destruction and introduced invasive species also endanger wildlife.
This document discusses several international laws and agreements aimed at protecting endangered species from overhunting and illegal trade. It provides details on treaties such as CITES, the US Endangered Species Act, and agreements protecting polar bears and tigers. Habitat loss and poaching are major threats driving many species like giant pandas and rhinos to near extinction, despite conservation efforts. Stronger enforcement of laws and increased international cooperation are still needed to save vulnerable populations.
Wyoming is home to over 800 animal species and a rapidly changing world presents challenges for wildlife management. The Wyoming Game and Fish Department is charged with managing wildlife across 98,000 square miles but receives only 6% of its funding from the state general fund, relying on 80% from sportsmen's fees. Recent budget cuts have reduced wildlife management opportunities. Wildlife conservation is important for biodiversity, landscape stability, and industries like tourism that generate over $3.33 billion annually in Wyoming. Proper funding of the Game and Fish Department is key to sustainable management of Wyoming's wildlife resources by state officials.
There are over 1,000 animal species endangered worldwide due to habitat destruction from human activity like pollution and climate change, overexploitation through overhunting and the black market trade in animal parts, and other factors such as disease and invasive species. Laws like the Endangered Species Act prohibit taking threatened or endangered species and designate protected wildlife refuges. Individuals can help by creating protected habitats, reducing waste, and supporting conservation organizations.
This document summarizes laws and issues related to wildlife management in the United States. It discusses the roles of federal agencies like the USFWS and USDA in regulating hunting, trapping, invasive species control, and international wildlife trade. It also addresses state wildlife agencies' reliance on hunting license fees for funding. Issues around captive wildlife like tigers and wild horses are examined. Laws governing fur labeling and canned hunting are also summarized. The tensions between conservation and animal welfare perspectives in wildlife policy are a recurring theme.
This document discusses wildlife conservation and endangered species. It provides statistics showing many animal and plant species are endangered or threatened both in the US and worldwide. The main causes of species endangerment are described as habitat destruction, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation, disease, pollution, and limited distribution. Efforts to protect species include the US Endangered Species Act of 1973, wildlife refuges established across the US beginning in the early 1900s, and work of organizations like Greenpeace and the Endangered Wildlife Trust.
Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species around the world. In the US, there are nearly 1,000 endangered animal and plant species. Habitat destruction is the primary cause of endangerment, as human activity rapidly destroys habitats. Other threats include invasive species, overexploitation, disease, and pollution. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 and establishment of wildlife refuges help protect species. Specific conservation successes include the recovery of the American bald eagle from pesticide poisoning and international whaling regulations helping whale populations rebound.
Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants, animals and other organisms. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 established protected species and outlawed hunting many plants and animals in India. Wildlife provides food and traditional medicines for humans in some areas and is also hunted for sport, though overhunting can threaten populations. Habitat destruction and introduced invasive species also endanger wildlife.
This document discusses several international laws and agreements aimed at protecting endangered species from overhunting and illegal trade. It provides details on treaties such as CITES, the US Endangered Species Act, and agreements protecting polar bears and tigers. Habitat loss and poaching are major threats driving many species like giant pandas and rhinos to near extinction, despite conservation efforts. Stronger enforcement of laws and increased international cooperation are still needed to save vulnerable populations.
Wyoming is home to over 800 animal species and a rapidly changing world presents challenges for wildlife management. The Wyoming Game and Fish Department is charged with managing wildlife across 98,000 square miles but receives only 6% of its funding from the state general fund, relying on 80% from sportsmen's fees. Recent budget cuts have reduced wildlife management opportunities. Wildlife conservation is important for biodiversity, landscape stability, and industries like tourism that generate over $3.33 billion annually in Wyoming. Proper funding of the Game and Fish Department is key to sustainable management of Wyoming's wildlife resources by state officials.
There are over 1,000 animal species endangered worldwide due to habitat destruction from human activity like pollution and climate change, overexploitation through overhunting and the black market trade in animal parts, and other factors such as disease and invasive species. Laws like the Endangered Species Act prohibit taking threatened or endangered species and designate protected wildlife refuges. Individuals can help by creating protected habitats, reducing waste, and supporting conservation organizations.
This document provides an overview of advocating for animal welfare legislation in New York State. It discusses the state government structure and key legislative committees. It outlines the legislative process that a bill must go through to become law. It also discusses identifying goals, forming coalitions, knowing representatives, lobbying state lawmakers, and participating in advocacy day at the state capitol. The overall message is that lobbying and grassroots advocacy are needed to pass laws that protect animals, as animals cannot advocate for themselves.
This document provides an overview of wildlife management and conservation in the United States. It discusses the roles of various government agencies such as the US Fish and Wildlife Service and discusses some of the key laws around wildlife protection such as the Endangered Species Act. The document also explores some of the debates around issues like hunting, trapping, and keeping wild animals in captivity.
Explores the use of animals in research and the depth to which humans think they are dependent on animals. Alternatives offered including but not limited to Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animals in Research
Factory farming, foie gras, humane slaughter, slaughterhouses, humane slaughter act, Temple Grandin, history of evolution of farming from small family farms to corporate entities
Animals in sports in the United States including horse racing, greyhound racing, dog sledding, rodeos and animal fighting (illegal); preface to horse slaughter
In the United States the main forms of animals in entertainment include horse racing, greyhound racing, dog sledding, rodeos and animal fighting. Horse racing and greyhound racing are associated with legalized gambling.
Rodeos and dog sled races depend on sponsors.
Animal fighting is largely funded by illegal gambling.
This document summarizes New York State laws related to animal cruelty and companion animals. It notes that Article 26 of the Agriculture and Markets Law covers this topic. Key points include:
- All cats are defined as domesticated companion animals under the law.
- Cruelty to animals can be a misdemeanor or felony depending on the severity of the act.
- Law enforcement and humane societies are authorized to investigate animal cruelty cases.
- Abandoning or failing to properly care for animals are illegal acts.
- Injured or abandoned animals can be seized under certain conditions.
- Cats found hunting protected birds may be destroyed by authorities.
- While dogs must be licensed, cats currently
The document discusses advocacy efforts by the New York State Humane Association to promote better laws and conditions for animals. It provides an overview of NYSHA's mission and activities, the structure of the New York state government and legislative process, strategies for effective lobbying, and specific bills that NYSHA is advocating for including consolidated animal crimes legislation, bans on tail docking of cattle and declawing of cats, and increased funding for horse retirement and law enforcement training regarding animal cruelty.
This document discusses animal cruelty laws in New York state. It defines key terms like animal, torture or cruelty, and outlines misdemeanor and felony animal cruelty statutes. Specifically, it notes that Section 353 covers misdemeanor cruelty, such as unjustifiably injuring, neglecting, or failing to provide sustenance for animals. Section 353a covers felony aggravated cruelty. The document also discusses why police must enforce these laws, including that cruelty can indicate other violent criminal behavior, and provides examples of animal hoarding and puppy mills that police should watch out for.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the modern animal rights movement from the 1970s to present day. It discusses key events and publications that helped launch the movement, such as Peter Singer's book Animal Liberation in 1975 and the Silver Spring Monkeys case in 1981. It also outlines the growing acceptance and institutionalization of animal law in recent decades through the establishment of animal law courses, organizations, and legal frameworks. Throughout, it emphasizes the impact that committed individuals and small groups can have in driving positive change for animals.
The document discusses the establishment of the Rensselaer County Animal Protection Task Force. It describes how the task force will be comprised of individuals with knowledge of animal welfare and cruelty laws who can assist police officers who lack expertise in assessing animal conditions and handling cases. The task force will work to educate pet owners, assist in animal placement, provide evidence for warrants, and ensure medical care for abused animals. It also provides suggestions for how the task force can get started, including establishing members, obtaining county approval, developing public relations, and navigating animal protection laws and the court system.
Veterinarians play an important role in animal cruelty investigations by collecting and interpreting evidence and serving as expert witnesses. New York state law defines cruelty as any act or neglect that causes unjustifiable pain, including both acts of commission and omission. Common forms of neglect investigated include failure to provide adequate sustenance, shelter, and veterinary care. Felony charges can apply for intentional harm or death of companion animals, while other acts against wild animals are misdemeanors. Veterinarians use a macro-to-micro approach, examining overall living conditions before inspecting individual animals to document injuries, poor health, and signs of suffering in order to build a case showing violations of anti-cruelty laws.
The Veterinarian's Role in Animal Cruelty Investigations: Evidence CollectionValerie Lang Waldin
Veterinarians play an important role in animal cruelty investigations by thoroughly collecting and documenting evidence. They should take a "macro to micro" approach, first examining the environment and living conditions before focusing on individual animals. This includes assessing housing, ground/pasture conditions, water/food sources, and overall health of the animals. Veterinarians then conduct a more detailed examination of each animal, documenting physical health issues, wounds, dental problems, and other signs of neglect or abuse. A final internal examination and possible necropsy can provide further evidence. Thorough documentation and clear interpretation of the evidence for a non-expert audience can help support a successful prosecution.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
This document provides an overview of advocating for animal welfare legislation in New York State. It discusses the state government structure and key legislative committees. It outlines the legislative process that a bill must go through to become law. It also discusses identifying goals, forming coalitions, knowing representatives, lobbying state lawmakers, and participating in advocacy day at the state capitol. The overall message is that lobbying and grassroots advocacy are needed to pass laws that protect animals, as animals cannot advocate for themselves.
This document provides an overview of wildlife management and conservation in the United States. It discusses the roles of various government agencies such as the US Fish and Wildlife Service and discusses some of the key laws around wildlife protection such as the Endangered Species Act. The document also explores some of the debates around issues like hunting, trapping, and keeping wild animals in captivity.
Explores the use of animals in research and the depth to which humans think they are dependent on animals. Alternatives offered including but not limited to Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animals in Research
Factory farming, foie gras, humane slaughter, slaughterhouses, humane slaughter act, Temple Grandin, history of evolution of farming from small family farms to corporate entities
Animals in sports in the United States including horse racing, greyhound racing, dog sledding, rodeos and animal fighting (illegal); preface to horse slaughter
In the United States the main forms of animals in entertainment include horse racing, greyhound racing, dog sledding, rodeos and animal fighting. Horse racing and greyhound racing are associated with legalized gambling.
Rodeos and dog sled races depend on sponsors.
Animal fighting is largely funded by illegal gambling.
This document summarizes New York State laws related to animal cruelty and companion animals. It notes that Article 26 of the Agriculture and Markets Law covers this topic. Key points include:
- All cats are defined as domesticated companion animals under the law.
- Cruelty to animals can be a misdemeanor or felony depending on the severity of the act.
- Law enforcement and humane societies are authorized to investigate animal cruelty cases.
- Abandoning or failing to properly care for animals are illegal acts.
- Injured or abandoned animals can be seized under certain conditions.
- Cats found hunting protected birds may be destroyed by authorities.
- While dogs must be licensed, cats currently
The document discusses advocacy efforts by the New York State Humane Association to promote better laws and conditions for animals. It provides an overview of NYSHA's mission and activities, the structure of the New York state government and legislative process, strategies for effective lobbying, and specific bills that NYSHA is advocating for including consolidated animal crimes legislation, bans on tail docking of cattle and declawing of cats, and increased funding for horse retirement and law enforcement training regarding animal cruelty.
This document discusses animal cruelty laws in New York state. It defines key terms like animal, torture or cruelty, and outlines misdemeanor and felony animal cruelty statutes. Specifically, it notes that Section 353 covers misdemeanor cruelty, such as unjustifiably injuring, neglecting, or failing to provide sustenance for animals. Section 353a covers felony aggravated cruelty. The document also discusses why police must enforce these laws, including that cruelty can indicate other violent criminal behavior, and provides examples of animal hoarding and puppy mills that police should watch out for.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the modern animal rights movement from the 1970s to present day. It discusses key events and publications that helped launch the movement, such as Peter Singer's book Animal Liberation in 1975 and the Silver Spring Monkeys case in 1981. It also outlines the growing acceptance and institutionalization of animal law in recent decades through the establishment of animal law courses, organizations, and legal frameworks. Throughout, it emphasizes the impact that committed individuals and small groups can have in driving positive change for animals.
The document discusses the establishment of the Rensselaer County Animal Protection Task Force. It describes how the task force will be comprised of individuals with knowledge of animal welfare and cruelty laws who can assist police officers who lack expertise in assessing animal conditions and handling cases. The task force will work to educate pet owners, assist in animal placement, provide evidence for warrants, and ensure medical care for abused animals. It also provides suggestions for how the task force can get started, including establishing members, obtaining county approval, developing public relations, and navigating animal protection laws and the court system.
Veterinarians play an important role in animal cruelty investigations by collecting and interpreting evidence and serving as expert witnesses. New York state law defines cruelty as any act or neglect that causes unjustifiable pain, including both acts of commission and omission. Common forms of neglect investigated include failure to provide adequate sustenance, shelter, and veterinary care. Felony charges can apply for intentional harm or death of companion animals, while other acts against wild animals are misdemeanors. Veterinarians use a macro-to-micro approach, examining overall living conditions before inspecting individual animals to document injuries, poor health, and signs of suffering in order to build a case showing violations of anti-cruelty laws.
The Veterinarian's Role in Animal Cruelty Investigations: Evidence CollectionValerie Lang Waldin
Veterinarians play an important role in animal cruelty investigations by thoroughly collecting and documenting evidence. They should take a "macro to micro" approach, first examining the environment and living conditions before focusing on individual animals. This includes assessing housing, ground/pasture conditions, water/food sources, and overall health of the animals. Veterinarians then conduct a more detailed examination of each animal, documenting physical health issues, wounds, dental problems, and other signs of neglect or abuse. A final internal examination and possible necropsy can provide further evidence. Thorough documentation and clear interpretation of the evidence for a non-expert audience can help support a successful prosecution.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
BASIC CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT AND DIFFERENT CONSTITUTENET OF ENVIRONMENT
Wildlife.pptx
1. This work by Valerie Lang Waldin, J.D., M.L.S., Associate Professor, Library, HVCC is
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
2. This work was prepared in 2011 as
part of a college course in Animal Law
and Advocacy and updated in 2022.
Please feel free to notify me directly if
you come across broken links or
outdated information.
Valerie Lang Waldin, J.D., M.L.S.
langval730@gmail.com
15. Conservationists Animal Welfarists
Conservationists help
wild animals by
preserving natural
habitat.
◦ Many are hunters.
◦ Ethical battle continues
today
Conservationists and
Animal Welfarists are
NOT always the same.
16. Wildlife conservation science
focuses on protecting “the
integrity and continuity of
natural processes, populations
and ecological systems.” It
devotes special attention and
efforts into select species who
are essential for biodiversity.
In contrast, animal welfare
science emphasizes the quality
of life of individuals – rather
than species – and places
importance on all sentient
animals rather than a select few.
17. Let them roam freely (and subject to killing from humans) or confine them to a
sanctuary, zoo or a park
The Debate
18. It is estimated that 30 million bison were wandering the plains when Columbus
landed on the eastern shores.
For example:
19. However, in the late 1800s these bison were almost entirely driven to
extinction with less than 1,000 individual animals remaining. A census
conducted in 1905 indicated that there were 835 wild bison and 256
bison in captivity at that time. Sanctuaries, zoos and parks were safe
havens for these special animals and helped to sustain and increase
their population size.
20. Today their numbers have rebounded to around 350,000—about 1% of
their original herd size—but enough to keep them out of the dangers
of extinction.
Approximately 15,000 animals can be found across the public lands of
the United States. Remaining bison populations are in private herds
such as those maintained by The Nature Conservancy.
21. What do we learn from keeping wild animals in captivity?
Should wild animals be kept in captivity to
entertain or educate humans?
23. Official hunting seasons were set up in the early 1700s and over the next 100 years we
saw the emergence of state fish and game departments, license requirements and
hunting restrictions.
Colonists had to fight off animal predators –
1700s (but that was the 1700s).
24. The Lacey Act of 1900 sought to protect wild
game species by making it a federal crime to
hunt game with the intent of selling it in
another state.
Its intent was to combat the impact of
poaching, interstate shipment of unlawfully
killed game, and killing of birds for feather
trade.
25. …provide strong financial incentives to increase the consumption of
wildlife.
Wildlife also provides a source of recreational benefits and income,
where hunting and animal viewing can generate significant profits.
26. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (also
known as Pittman Robertson Act) – 1937
Revenues generated from these excise taxes on the
sale of firearms are apportioned to state wildlife
agencies for their conservation efforts, hunter
education programs, and operation of archery and
shooting ranges.
So if NY is to receive federal funding under this Act, NY
cannot use license fees for any other purpose than
administration of En Con’s Fish and Wildlife Division.
27. The act was signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on September
2, 1937, and became effective on July 1 of the following
year.
It has been amended many times, with several of the major
amendments taking place during the 1970s and the most
recent in 2000.
Prior to the creation of the Federal Aid in Wildlife
Restoration Act (aka Pittman–Robertson Act), many species
of wildlife were driven to or near extinction by
commercial/market hunting pressure and/or habitat
degradation from humans.
The act created an excise tax that provides funds to each
state to manage such animals and their habitats. Notable
species that have come back from the brink since the
implementation of this act include white-tailed deer, wild
turkeys, and wood ducks.
31. Under New York State Environmental Conservation
Law
(section 11-0523), people are not required to
obtain a
permit to trap ‘menacing wildlife’ on their own
property, or on the property
someone of else who has given them written
permission to trap.
Trapping on public lands or other private property
requires
a wildlife control permit, which is obtained from
the Department of Environmental Conservation.
32. State wildlife agencies are in competition with
each other for federal funds, and the only way
a state can raise the ceiling on its potential
federal funding is to increase the number of
people it licenses to hunt.
◦ This raises incentives to increase # of animals
available to hunt.
34. Manages
◦ Manages
Millions of acres in national wildlife refuges and wetlands
Migratory bird conservation
National fish hatcheries, resource & field offices
Enforces many federal wildlife laws
USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
35. USFWS works with U.S. Customs & Border
Protection and the USDA to monitor shipments
of protected plants and animals.
36. Wildlife Services of the USDA
◦ Controls wildlife that can damage agriculture,
property, natural resources and threaten public
safety
37. (1) Protecting human interests
(2) Preserving endangered species
As you go through the rest
of this PowerPoint, keep
these goals in mind.
38. Rabies
West Nile virus
Lyme disease
Bovine tuberculosis
Chlamydiosis (respiratory disease in tropical
birds)
Histoplasmosis (lung disease)
Salmonellosis (intestinal illness)
39. Approximately 5,000 animal
rabies cases are reported
annually to CDC, and more
than 90% of those cases occur
in wildlife.
This marks a dramatic change
in the types of animals
reported as rabid since 1960,
when the majority of cases
were in domestic animal
species, primarily dogs (can
you think of a reason for this?).
The principal rabies reservoir
hosts in the United States
today include bats, raccoons,
skunks, and foxes.
◦ Source: CDC
40. Collision with Deer
Remember, right now we are thinking about the balance
between protecting human interests and preserving
wildlife.
41.
42. Relocation
Poisons
Sharpshooters
Contraceptives
Repellents
◦ Example North Carolina and Canadian Geese
◦ Techniques recommended by Wildlife Service of USDA:
In choosing a control technique, WS specialists consider the
biological and legal status of the target species and potential
nontarget species, local environmental conditions and possible
environmental impacts, and the practicality of available control
options.
45. The Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971 (Public Law
92-195) required the protection, management, and control of
wild free-roaming horses and burros on public land. Congress
declared that wild free-roaming horses and burros are living
symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the west; they
contribute to the diversity of life forms within the Nation and
enrich the lives of the American people; and these horses and
burros are fast disappearing from the American scene. It is the
policy of Congress that wild free-roaming horses and burros
shall be protected from capture, branding, harassment, or death;
and to accomplish this they are to be considered in the area
where they are presently found, as an integral part of the natural
system of the public lands.
46. This law states; The Secretary of the Interior shall manage wild free-roaming
horses and burros in a manner that is designed to achieve and maintain a
thriving natural ecological balance on public lands. It also states, if an over
population exists on a given area of the public lands and action is necessary
to remove excess animals, he shall immediately remove excess animals from
the range so as to achieve appropriate management levels. … all excess
animals … removed so as to restore a thriving natural ecological balance to
the range, and to protect the range from the deterioration associated with
over-population.
47. Since the passage of the act to 2007 approx. 235,00 wild horses and burros
have been adopted to private individuals. Even with this high number of
adoptions, it has been decided that public lands can only sustain 28,849 wild
horses and burros in total. At the end of 2003 the wild horse and burro
population on the open range was 37,186.
The Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971
48. For the year 2005, the Bureau of Land
Management's annual budget for the Wild
Horse and Burro Program was approximately
$40 million dollars. Half of this money was
allocated for the care and feeding of the
animals in captivity.
Save the Mustangs video
49. Equine Advocates (or see link on Animal Law, Advocacy and Policy Research
Guide https://www.equineadvocates.org/the-issues/wild-mustangs-burros/ ).
Best Summary of this Issue
51. Applied to wild horses and burros over ten years old
Not likely adoption candidates
Could be sold at auctions without limitation i.e., slaughter
2004 – Omnibus Appropriations Bill
52. Bought back 52 of the horses
Save the Mustangs
“Wild Horses Sold by U.S. Agency Sent to
Slaughter”
53. Let’s get started with this short, VERY BASIC
overview:
https://youtu.be/9OAIlM1EFHc
54. What are the three key elements of the Endangered Species Act?
It is based on three key elements—(1) listing species as threatened or
endangered, (2) designating habitat essential for their survival and
recovery, and (3) ultimately restoring healthy populations of the
species so they can be removed from the list.
55. A species is classified as endangered when its population has declined
between 50 and 70 percent and as when its population is restricted to
less than 250 mature individuals. When a species’ population is this
low, its area of occupancy is not considered.
56. USFWS
National Marine
Fisheries Service
Prohibits any
person from
“taking” a listed
species.
“Take” means
"to harass,
harm, pursue,
hunt, shoot,
wound, kill,
trap, capture, or
collect, or to
attempt to
engage in any
such conduct."
57. The United States government responded to increasing concern for endangered wildlife in 1964 when it
acknowledged that species loss was due largely to habitat loss. In that year, Congress included a
provision in the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act to permit federal dollars to be used in “the
acquisition of land, waters, or interests in land or waters . . . [f]or any national area which may be
authorized for the preservation of species of fish or wildlife that are threatened with extinction.” 16 U.S.C.
§ 4601l-11.
This statutory beginning for endangered wildlife protection reflected two fundamental changes. First it
provided for the protection of wildlife, rather than the management of species populations. Second, that
protection was accomplished through habitat preservation rather than taking restrictions.
The Land and Water Conservation Fund served as the foundation for the Endangered Species Act as we
know it today, with some key distinctions.
For starters, with the ESA Congress recognized that taking prohibitions were still a critical component of
species protection. In addition, the ESA provided established essential conservation requirements for all
federal agencies:
• Section 4 establishes the procedures for listing species as threatened or endangered as well as
designating critical habitat;
• Section 7 requires federal agencies to consult with the appropriate fish and wildlife agency to ensure
that federal actions do not jeopardize the existence of a species;
• Section 9 prohibits any person from taking or engaging in commerce with protected species; and
• Section 11 specifies the civil and criminal penalties for violations of the ESA with a crucial citizen suit
provision that paved the way for the most significant advancements under the law.
59. Next, browse endangered species per state and
quick links. Just get an overview. You don’t need to
memorize this and can always come back to this.
https://www.fws.gov/program/endangered-species/species
60. Penalties (https://www.fws.gov/laws/endangered-species-act/section-11)
There are different degrees of violation with the law. The most punishable
offenses are trafficking, and any act of knowingly "taking" (which includes
harming, wounding, or killing) an endangered species.
The penalties for these violations can be a maximum fine of up to $50,000 or
imprisonment for one year, or both, and civil penalties of up to $25,000 per
violation, may be assessed. Lists of violations and exact fines are available
through the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Endangered Species Act Section 11
Penalties and Enforcement web-site.
One provision of this law is that no penalty may be imposed if, by a
preponderance of the evidence that the act was in self defense. The law also
eliminates criminal penalties for accidentally killing listed species during farming
and ranching activities.
In addition to fines or imprisonment, a license, permit, or other agreement issued
by a Federal Agency that authorized an individual to import or export fish,
wildlife, or plants may be revoked, suspended or modified. Any federal hunting or
fishing permits that were issued to a person who violates the ESA can be canceled
or suspended for up to a year.
61.
62. 1990s – reintroduced to western U.S. – moved from Canada
2000 – population recovered BUT final delisting (i.e., labelling them as NOT endangered) was
vacated (refused). So, they joined the list of endangered species. See next slide.
1967 – gray and red wolves endangered
63. Because the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s 2020 final
delisting rule was vacated, gray wolves outside of the
Northern Rocky Mountain population are now
protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) as
threatened in Minnesota and endangered in the
remaining states.
Critical habitat for gray wolves in Minnesota and
Michigan and the 4(d) rule for gray wolves in
Minnesota are also reinstated. Thus, any take (harass,
harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap,
capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any
such conduct) of wolves without a permit or other
authorization is prohibited by federal law.
64. Bald eagle populations were negatively impacted by habitat
destruction and degradation, as well as illegal shooting and the
contamination of its food source - largely as a consequence of the
insecticide Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, known as DDT.
65. The Bald Eagle was on the verge of extinction
when the federal government declared it
endangered in 1978 under the
Endangered Species Act.
66. Now that the bald eagle is no longer on the Endangered Species
list, we must ensure it is adequately protected against reckless
development and other threats that can disturb eagles and
affect their survival.
69. Endangered
Legal Relief (some,
enough?)
But! A historic victory for
these wild animals used
for entertainment has
followed decades of hard
work: On December 6th,
2022, the U.S. Senate
passed the Big Cat Public
Safety Act, championed
by Carole and Howard
Baskin of Big Cat Rescue
and backed by PETA.
70. There are few federal laws protecting the millions
of wild animals living in captivity in the United
States, some of whom are kept in private homes.
While some states have restricted or banned the
private possession of certain wild animals, other
states have virtually no regulations. The Big Cat
Public Safety Act ( H.R. 263/ S. 1210) addresses
this gap and prohibits the private ownership of
big cats. Big cats belong in the wild or, in
situations where captive animals can no longer
safely be returned to the wild, in accredited
sanctuaries equipped to meet their complex
physical and psychological needs.
71.
72. Allowing untrained people to maintain big cats in their homes not only harms
animals, it threatens public safety. Lions, tigers, and other big cats are
powerful animals who can easily kill or severely injure humans. Private
ownership of big cats endangers those living in the neighborhood, as well as
first responders who are ill-equipped to handle situations where an animal has
escaped. Furthermore, it fuels the wild “pet” trade, creating a financial incentive
for people to capture big cats in the wild and breed them for the purpose of
selling the cubs.
73. The Big Cat Public Safety Act also
makes it illegal for exhibitors (such
as circuses and zoos) to allow direct
contact with cubs. Some facilities
actually encourage visitors to interact
with cubs, such as bottle feeding
tiger cubs, for an extra fee. This
endangers both the cubs and
visitors, many of whom are children.
Even at a young age, cubs’ teeth and
claws pose a serious safety risk.
Exhibitors may even drug the
animals to keep them docile –
sometimes on a daily basis and rarely
under the supervision of a
veterinarian, which can lead to long-
term health problems.
74. Because cubs can only be
“handled” for a few
months, this practice
results in cubs being
prematurely weaned and
forcibly separated from
their mothers, often
resulting in long-term
psychological
repercussions. They are
then discarded around
12 weeks old to be sold
into the “pet” trade, to
roadside zoos, or even
illegally “harvested” for
their body parts.
76. N.Y. ENVTL. CONSERV. §11-0512 - Envtl. Conserv. Possession, sale,
barter, transfer, exchange and import of wild animals as pets prohibited
77. Hunting and fishing rates are important to
the USFWS and state agencies because fees
collected (licenses, tags, permits) fund
wildlife related programs.
78.
79. Federal law allows hunting and fishing on
national wildlife refuges if it is determined that
protected wildlife will not be jeopardized.
80. Non-targeted species such as dogs and cats, rabbits, river otters, geese, ducks,
hawks, owls, eagles, bears are captured in these body-gripping traps at –
refuges.
Trapping is used as a control method on
federal lands.
81. "Conservationists need to be looking at what is the next step to keep
our conservation programs and places strong and healthy," says Mary
Jean Huston, director of The Nature Conservancy in Wisconsin.
"Things need to evolve."
82. Captive hunts, also known as “canned hunts,” are the very opposite of fair
chase. Shooters at captive hunts pay to kill animals—even endangered species—
trapped behind fences.
Canned Hunts
83. New York - Canned hunts of mammals are
legal except that "big game non-native
animals" cannot be tied, hobbled, staked or
attached to a stationary object or "confined in
a box, pen, cage or similar container of 10 or
less contiguous acres from which there is no
means for such mammal to escape". The
animal also cannot be released in front of the
person who will be shooting or spearing it.
N.Y. Envt. Con. Laws§11-1904(1)(A)(1)-(3).
84. A bill that would have banned canned hunts in New York was passed by the state
legislature but was vetoed by then Gov. George Pataki in 2003. Several subsequent
attempts to ban canned hunts in New York have also failed including a bill that would have
amended the current law and make it illegal to hunt big game non-native animals that are
"in a fenced or other area" from where there is no means of escape. It would eliminate
canned hunts of big game non-native mammals in New York state.
New York
86. Internet hunting—also called remote controlled
hunting—utilizes Internet technology to allow a
computer user to hunt large game and exotic
animals from their own home.
The controversial practice originated in San
Antonio, Texas, with the launching of the website
Live-Shot.com, which allowed hunters to shoot
animals with the click of a mouse for a fee.
Computer users aim and fire a weapon that is
mounted on a mechanized tripod at a remote
location—usually a game ranch where exotic
animals are kept penned and shot at close range.
87. The customer signs up through the website and pays
a user fee and deposit for the animal he or she
wishes to kill. The animal is lured to a feeding station
within range of the mounted rifle.
At one facility, the animals are fed at the same time
and place each day by people to whom they have
become accustomed.
When the animal approaches the appointed place at
the appointed time, the desktop hunter uses the
computer mouse to line up the crosshairs and fire the
rifle. A single click of the mouse shoots the animal.
Trophy mounts are prepared at the ranch and
shipped to the customer.
88.
89. The facts on fur labeling
Congress enacted the Fur Products Labeling Act in 1951 in
response to rampant false advertising and false labeling of
animal fur garments.
The Fur Products Labeling Act requires that animal fur
products be labeled with the name of the species used, the
manufacturer, country of origin, and other information and
prohibits the sale and advertising of fur products that have
been falsely or deceptively advertised.
Violations of the Fur Products Labeling Act carry up to a
$5,000 fine and up to a year in prison.
The Federal Trade Commission is tasked with enforcing
the Fur Products Labeling Act and protecting consumers
from deception.
90. 2010- Congress passed and President Obama signed the Truth in Fur Labeling
Act to strengthen the Fur Products Labeling Act and close a loophole that
previously allowed some fur trimmed garments to be sold without labels (IF
VALUED AT $150 OR LESS). The new law will help prevent false advertising by
requiring retailers to affix clear labels to the garments themselves.
Truth in Fur Labeling Act
91. HSUS Files False Advertising Suit Against Retailers for Deceptive Labeling
Practices
November 2011
94. Oil and blubber
1928 – U.S. banned commercial whaling
1946 International Whale Commission – kind of a self regulation
Northern Seas – 100s of years
95. But whaling was still allowed for “scientific purposes.”
Some internal battle within IWC as to what the role should be – pro-conservation or
pro-whaling
1986 – IWC banned commercial whaling