Speech is the primary means of human communication and involves complex anatomical structures and neurological processes. Sound is produced through the regulation of airflow from the lungs through the vocal cords in the larynx. The vocal cords can be tensed to vibrate the airflow, producing voiced sounds. The shape of the vocal tract filters these sounds to produce different speech sounds. Key brain regions involved in speech production include Broca's area for planning movements and Wernicke's area for language comprehension. While the left hemisphere is typically dominant for language, both hemispheres contribute to speech and language abilities.
Phonetics:- The branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their production, combination, description, and representation by written symbols.
Normal speech depends on proper functioning of 5 essential mechanism
The motor ( lungs, associated muscle
that supply the air).
The vibrator ( vocal cord that give pitch to the tone).
The resonator ( consist of the oral,nas pharyngeal cavity and paranasal sinuses).
The articulators
( lip, tongue, palate and teeth)
The initiator( motor area of the brain)
Phonetics:- The branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their production, combination, description, and representation by written symbols.
Normal speech depends on proper functioning of 5 essential mechanism
The motor ( lungs, associated muscle
that supply the air).
The vibrator ( vocal cord that give pitch to the tone).
The resonator ( consist of the oral,nas pharyngeal cavity and paranasal sinuses).
The articulators
( lip, tongue, palate and teeth)
The initiator( motor area of the brain)
Phonetics: is the branch of linguistics that deals with how to human speech sounds are made . علم الصوتيات أحد الفروع الأساسية في اللغة الإنجليزية لمعرفة طرق خروج الأصوات من شخص لآخر.It describes how physical expressions of human speech sounds are produced.
علم الصوتيات يشرح طريقة إنتاج التعبيرات الجسدية لأصوات البشر”.Phonetic units are called phones.“يطلق على الصوتيات اسم الهواتف”As we know that phonetic symbols are enclosed in square brackets.“تكون الرموز الصوتية بداخل أقواس مربعة”.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Phonetics: is the branch of linguistics that deals with how to human speech sounds are made . علم الصوتيات أحد الفروع الأساسية في اللغة الإنجليزية لمعرفة طرق خروج الأصوات من شخص لآخر.It describes how physical expressions of human speech sounds are produced.
علم الصوتيات يشرح طريقة إنتاج التعبيرات الجسدية لأصوات البشر”.Phonetic units are called phones.“يطلق على الصوتيات اسم الهواتف”As we know that phonetic symbols are enclosed in square brackets.“تكون الرموز الصوتية بداخل أقواس مربعة”.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
physiologyofspeech-171116040546 (1).pptx
1. SPEECH
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 1
Speech is one of the ways we
communicate with our environment, to
express our thoughts, memories and
feelings.
It is also an effective way to monitor
normal growth and development
2. LANGUAGE
To understand spoken and
printed words and to express
ideas in speech and writing is
called language.
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 2
It is an example of
voluntary movements.
skilled
3. Anatomical components of the
speech system for human
language.
• Sound in human
produced by the
language is
regulation of
airflow from the lungs through the
throat (vocal cord), nose and mouth.
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 3
4. ■ The larynx contains folds of muscle
called the vocal folds (sometimes
called vocal cords).
■ The opening between the vocal
folds is known as the glottis.
■ These folds can be relaxed, letting air
flow freely through the glottis,
■ or tensed, so that the air vibrates as it
passes through the glottis.
■ If the folds are only partially closed,
a whispered sound is produced.
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 4
6. The process of producing speech
sounds:
The process of producing speech sounds:
lungs: fill with air
contraction of rib cage forces air from the lungs into
the trachea - the volume of air determines the amplitude
of the sound
trachea (windpipe): conveys air to the vocal tract.
The vocal cords, at the top of the trachea, separate the
trachea from the base of the vocal tract
vocal tract consists of:
pharynx (throat)
mouth
nose
the tongue, teeth and lips
the shape of the vocal tract determines the type of
speech sound - e.g., the /a/ in "hat" vs the /i/ in "hit
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 6
7. ■ Speech differs from breathing in that at some
point in the path you set the air in rapid
motion or vibration
Two principal components of speech
production
■ Excitation - create a sound by setting the air
in rapid motion
■ Vocal tract - "shape" the sound
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 7
8. A. Excitation: three principal forms
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 8
1. Phonation: vibration of vocal
cords
2. Frication: Turbulent air flow
3. Plosive: Closure at some
point in the vocal tract,
followed by a release of air
9. Phonation: vibration of vocal
cords
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 9
The vocal cords consist of ligament and
muscle, and are adjustable under muscle
control.
The cartilage surrounding the vocal cords
provides support.
● Vibration
cords tense,
flows
pressed together - no air
air pressure from the lungs forces them
open
local pressure is reduced --> cords close
the cycle repeats
10. ■ The result is a periodic release of air into the
pharynx.
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 10
■ The fundamental frequency of
opening/closing cycle becomes
the vocal cord
the fundamental
frequency (informally, the "pitch") of the resulting sound.
■ The tenser the vocal cords
- the higher the pitch
- the shorter the period
■ Typical frequency of vocal cord open/close cycle:
male: 128 Hz
female: 256 Hz
13. Speech Structures in the Brain
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 13
area.
(both
■ Wernicke's Area: Auditory association
Language comprehension and formulation
spoken and written)
■ Dejerine Area : Visual speech center
■ Broca's Area: Speech production and
comprehension. Pre-motor speech planning.
■ Exner’s Area : Motor writing center
■ Arcuate fasciculus: Pathway interconnecting
Broca's Area and Wernicke's area.
■ Supplementary Motor Cortex: Seems to be related
to word finding, rhythm, phonation, articulation.
14. Brain Asymmetries in Speech and
Language
Dominant Left Hemisphere
● The left hemisphere is generally considered
to be the language dominant
(categorical) hemisphere.
● The non-dominant (Representational) or
right hemisphere is believed to be
responsible for the expression of feelings
such as joy, sorrow, anger, depression,
delight.
● It is also important in the production of
speech prosody which is a component of
how we signal emotion in speech.
● Spatio-temporal Relations such as recognition
of face, identification of object
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 14
15. Categorical Hemi.
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 15
For categorization
and symbolization.
Lesion produce
● Language
disorder
● Patient is disturbed
● Loss of recent
verbal memory
Representational
Hemi.
Recognition of face,
identification of
object, musical
themes.
Lesion produce
● Astereognosis
● Agnosia
● Patient not disturbed
● Loss of Recent visual
memory
16. Cerebral Dominance for
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 16
Language and Left and Right-Handedness
Right-handed individuals have a
98% probability of left hemisphere
dominance for language
Left-handed individuals show a
much more complex pattern.
For these people, both hemispheres
are involved in language processing
17. Cerebral Dominance for
17
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
Language and Anatomical Asymmetry
anatomical asymmetry of
There is some evidence for
some
language areas.
The left hemisphere Wernicke's
Area is said to be larger than the same
structure on the right side.
This is true for a majority of right
handers but not so for majority of left
handers.
18. What about language comprehension?
Where is the most logical place to put the
comprehension area? (sensory speech)
First you must decide if language is primarily
visual or auditory? When you read (written
speech), do you "hear" the words in your head?
When you listen (spoken speech), do you "see"
the words as written?
Which came first, written or spoken
language?
You probably agree that language is more of an
auditory phenomenon than visual.
As expected, the language comprehension
area is just adjacent to auditory cortex,
where the parietal lobe meets the temporal
lobe.
This area was discovered by Wernicke in 1874
18
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
22. MOTOR SPEECH
22
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
First and foremost, you need fine control
over the tongue and mouth.
It would make sense to put your cortical
area near the mouth section of motor
cortex.
Sure enough, just rostral to the motor-
mouth area of the precentral gyrus is a
small area that controls speech.
23. ■ It is called Broca's area, after the physician who
discovered it in 1861. It is located in the inferior frontal
gyrus. It process the information received from sensory
speech area into detailed and co-ordinate pattern for
vocalization.
■ This pattern is than projected to motor cortex which
initiates the appropriate movement of lips, tongue and
larynx to produce speech
■ Exner’s area: It is located in the middle frontal gyrus in
dominant hemisphere .
■ It process the information from Broca's area into detailed
and coordinated pattern, which then along with motor
cortex initiates the appropriate movements of the hands
and fingers to produce written speech
23
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
25. EXPRESSION OF SPOKEN SPEECH
word
Highest area of hearing
(area 41)
Wernicke's area.
Arcuate fasciculus
Broca’s area
Motor area(4)
25
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
26. EXPRESSION OF Spoken & written
SPEECH
Primary visual area
Visual association area
Dejerine area
Wernicke's area.
Arcuate fasciculus
Broca’s area
Motor & Exner’s area
26
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
27. Lastly,
27
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
Language is far too complex to be broken down into two
discrete cortical areas. Obviously there are visual and
manual components to language, for reading and writing.
Where does sign language fit in?
How do you explain a patient whose only deficit is an
inability to name tools? He can describe the use of a
hammer but not its name.
How does a person's name - trigger the face, personality,
birth date, or voice of that person in your memory?
Language is probably located all over the brain, with
extensive crosstalk between areas.
The discrete areas of Broca and Wernicke may be
necessary for language, but they are certainly not
sufficient.
28. Language impairment
28
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
Speech impairment may be any of several speech
problems, particularly the following:
Dysarthria is difficult, poorly articulated speech, such as
slurring.
Aphasia is impaired expression or comprehension of
written or spoken language.
Dysarthria is occasionally confused with aphasia.
It is important to distinguish between a difficulty in
articulation of words versus a problem with the
production of language, as these have different
causes.
29. APHASIA
Aphasia is loss of communication skills previously
learned and commonly occurs following strokes or in
people with brain tumors or degenerative diseases that
affect the language areas of the brain.
Aphasia represents a broad class of speech and
language disorders resulting from neurological
damage. Aphasias can be divided into two main types:-
● Expressive (Broca's) aphasia:
production and is associated with
frontal lesions
Affects speech
left hemisphere
● Receptive (Wernicke's) aphasia: Affects
comprehension and is mainly associated with lesions
in Wernicke's area of the left hemisphere
29
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
30. Some additional types of
aphasia
Conduction aphasia:- resulting from a
disconnection of the language perception and
production centres usually resulting from a lesion in
the arcuate fasciculus which connects Broca's and
Wernicke's areas
Such patients are unable to repeat aloud what they
hear.
Transcortical aphasia:- Don't affect the speech
centres or the connections between them but affect
the connection of the speech centres to the rest of
the brain.
Word deafness: Disconnecting Wernicke's area
from the auditory cortex
30
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
31. ■
31
Dr. Chintan Parmar
16/11/17 04:05 AM
Anomic aphasia:- difficulty naming objects. Pure forms of
this aphasia involve lesions in the angular gyrus.
■ It is assumed that this results from a disconnection between
the sensory modalities and the rest of the brain.
■ Global aphasia:- Widespread damage resulting in severe
impairment of all language and speech functions.
■ Subcortical aphasia:- lesions of the thalamus. Damage
here results in verbal fluency and word repetition problems.
■
■
■
■
The thalamus appear to be involved in
directing attention to verbal input,
in retrieving information from verbal memory and
to play some role in the regulation of the activity of speech
producing muscles
32. In some cases of aphasia, the
problem eventually resolves
itself, but in others the condition
is irreversible.
Head trauma
Alzheimer's disease
Stroke
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Brain tumor
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 32
34. DYSARTHRIA
Dysarthria is generally apparent in daily conversation
where there is difficulty expressing certain sounds or
words.
This condition may be caused by taking excess
medications such as narcotics, phenytoin or
carbamazepine.
Degenerative neurological disorders affecting the
cerebellum or brainstem can also cause dysarthria.
Stroke that affects brainstem or cerebellar regions
can also cause dysarthria.
16/11/17 04:05 AM Dr. Chintan Parmar 34
Any facial weakness, such as Bell's palsy or tongue
weakness, can cause dysarthria.
Poorly fitting dentures
Alcohol intoxication
35. Kluver Bucy syndrome
Anterior portion of the temporal lobe is
destroyed in monkeys amygdala
changes in the behavior
Excessive tendency to examine objects
orally
Loss of fear
Decreased aggressiveness
peacefulness
Changes in the dietary habits
Psychic blindness
Excessive sex drive