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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis in Overview
• Process by which plants and other autotrophs
  store the energy of sunlight into sugars.
• Requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
• Overall equation:

      6 CO2 + 6 H20  C6H12O6 +           6 O2

• Occurs in the leaves of plants in organelles called
  chloroplasts.
Leaf Structure
• Most photosynthesis occurs in the palisade layer.
• Gas exchange of CO2 and O2 occurs at openings
  called stomata surrounded by guard cells on the
  lower leaf surface.



                                              Palisade




                                              Spongy
Chloroplast Structure
• Inner membrane
  called the thylakoid
  membrane.

• Thickened regions
  called thylakoids. A
  stack of thylakoids
  is called a granum.
  (Plural – grana)

• Stroma is a liquid
  surrounding the
  thylakoids.
Pigments
• Chlorophyll A is the most important
  photosynthetic pigment.
• Other pigments called antenna or accessory
  pigments are also present in the leaf.
  – Chlorophyll B
  – Carotenoids (orange / red)
  – Xanthophylls (yellow / brown)
• These pigments are embedded in the
  membranes of the chloroplast in groups called
  photosystems.
Photosynthesis: The Chemical Process
• Occurs in two main phases.
  – Light reactions
  – Dark reactions (aka – the Calvin Cycle)

• Light reactions are the “photo” part of
  photosynthesis. Light is absorbed by pigments.

• Dark reactions are the “synthesis” part of
  photosynthesis. Trapped energy from the sun is
  converted to the chemical energy of sugars.
Light Reactions
• Light-dependent reactions occur on the
  thylakoid membranes.
   – Light and water are required for this
     process.
   – Energy storage molecules are formed. (ATP
     and NADPH)
   – Oxygen gas is made as a waste product.
Dark Reactions

• Dark reactions (light-independent) occur in the
  stroma.
   – Carbon dioxide is “fixed” into the sugar
     glucose.
   – ATP and NADPH molecules created during
     the light reactions power the production of
     this glucose.

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Photosynthesis

  • 2. Photosynthesis in Overview • Process by which plants and other autotrophs store the energy of sunlight into sugars. • Requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. • Overall equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H20  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 • Occurs in the leaves of plants in organelles called chloroplasts.
  • 3. Leaf Structure • Most photosynthesis occurs in the palisade layer. • Gas exchange of CO2 and O2 occurs at openings called stomata surrounded by guard cells on the lower leaf surface. Palisade Spongy
  • 4. Chloroplast Structure • Inner membrane called the thylakoid membrane. • Thickened regions called thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum. (Plural – grana) • Stroma is a liquid surrounding the thylakoids.
  • 5. Pigments • Chlorophyll A is the most important photosynthetic pigment. • Other pigments called antenna or accessory pigments are also present in the leaf. – Chlorophyll B – Carotenoids (orange / red) – Xanthophylls (yellow / brown) • These pigments are embedded in the membranes of the chloroplast in groups called photosystems.
  • 6.
  • 7. Photosynthesis: The Chemical Process • Occurs in two main phases. – Light reactions – Dark reactions (aka – the Calvin Cycle) • Light reactions are the “photo” part of photosynthesis. Light is absorbed by pigments. • Dark reactions are the “synthesis” part of photosynthesis. Trapped energy from the sun is converted to the chemical energy of sugars.
  • 8. Light Reactions • Light-dependent reactions occur on the thylakoid membranes. – Light and water are required for this process. – Energy storage molecules are formed. (ATP and NADPH) – Oxygen gas is made as a waste product.
  • 9. Dark Reactions • Dark reactions (light-independent) occur in the stroma. – Carbon dioxide is “fixed” into the sugar glucose. – ATP and NADPH molecules created during the light reactions power the production of this glucose.