This study aims to establish the phonology of Bareilly Urdu. Bareilly is a city of Uttar Pradesh state in
northern India and the capital of Rohilkhand region. The name Bareilly Urdu is given to the regional
language of Bareilly and adjacent villages.The data for the present study was collected through field work
in the old city area of Bareilly district. The task of collecting and collating the data was started by
preparing a wordlist of monosyllabic words appearing in ‘A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and
English’ by John T. Platts. Then, we moved to the target field for finding the equivalents of these
monosyllabic words in the target language community. After analyzing the data, we have established a
total of 60 phonemes. Out of which 36 are consonantal phonemes and 24 are vocalic phonemes (including
vowels and diphthongs).
A study on urdu speakers’ use of english stress patterns phonological variationMehranMouzam
The aim of this research paper is to study Urdu Speakers’ use of English Stress Patterns and their phonological variation from native speakers of Pakistani EFL learners. The stress patterns of English language are affected by the influence of L1Urdu speakers’ perception in Pakistan which ultimately influences English pronunciation and sometimes its meanings as well. It also results difficulties faced by learners in our class rooms. Based on phonological differences between two languages, the researchers assume that there is a wide discrepancy in stress patterns among those spoken and used by native speakers and read and perceived by Pakistani students in our classrooms using English as second language. It carries a tangible impact of Urdu stress pattern with almost equal stress on all the syllables which is quite problematic both for teachers and learners of English whether it is as Second Language Learning or as Foreign Language Learning. To find out concrete results quantitative analysis of stress patterns was made on the selected sample taking from public sector university students. Findings of the research provide a useful pedagogical insight into the perspective of English language teaching with particular emphasis on spoken proficiency of English among students whose L1 is Urdu. The findings of the research suggest invariably the wrong placement of lexical stress in English words in Pakistan by Urdu speakers who have Urdu as L1 because they either place the stress on the syllable preceding the actual syllable or following it. Finally, it is suggested to follow the native speakers tone as a final remedy.
Present article examines the psycholinguistic factors that affect ease of learning foreign language vocabulary acquisition. Demonstrate the orthographic and phonological patterns of vocabulary acquisition. by Egamberdieva Shakhzoda Damirovna, Egamberdieva Farida Oktamovna, Egamberdiev Khumoyun and Ergasheva Yulduz 2020. Psycholinguistic conditions in vocabulary acquisition. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 3 (Mar. 2020), 23-25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i3.251. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/251/244 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/251
As the topic suggests, the research paper presents Study of Consonant Pronunciations Errors Committed by EFL Learners. Error analysis always tries to resolve language learners’ problems in acquiring second or foreign language setting. Learning to English pronunciation is perhaps as important as learning listening skill, speaking, and spelling. Errors in English pronunciation create several problems for English language learners in their works. In other words, most of the English language errors of pronunciation are due to the lack of knowledge of language learners. However, all the students in our sample are of age group (16-25) at Bushehr language institute and they are all Iranian nationals. In addition, all of them were female learners. An English pronunciation (consonant) test was used to get information about the knowledge of the learners in English pronunciation. Findings of this article indicated that the first and second hypotheses of this article were accepted, but the third hypothesis was rejected. However, the findings of this paper showed that the Iranian EFL students have problem to pronounce English sounds correctly.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to PhoneticsMeagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to Phonetics - Articulatory, Acoustic and Perceptual Phonetics. With a focus on articulatory phonetics and the IPA.
A study on urdu speakers’ use of english stress patterns phonological variationMehranMouzam
The aim of this research paper is to study Urdu Speakers’ use of English Stress Patterns and their phonological variation from native speakers of Pakistani EFL learners. The stress patterns of English language are affected by the influence of L1Urdu speakers’ perception in Pakistan which ultimately influences English pronunciation and sometimes its meanings as well. It also results difficulties faced by learners in our class rooms. Based on phonological differences between two languages, the researchers assume that there is a wide discrepancy in stress patterns among those spoken and used by native speakers and read and perceived by Pakistani students in our classrooms using English as second language. It carries a tangible impact of Urdu stress pattern with almost equal stress on all the syllables which is quite problematic both for teachers and learners of English whether it is as Second Language Learning or as Foreign Language Learning. To find out concrete results quantitative analysis of stress patterns was made on the selected sample taking from public sector university students. Findings of the research provide a useful pedagogical insight into the perspective of English language teaching with particular emphasis on spoken proficiency of English among students whose L1 is Urdu. The findings of the research suggest invariably the wrong placement of lexical stress in English words in Pakistan by Urdu speakers who have Urdu as L1 because they either place the stress on the syllable preceding the actual syllable or following it. Finally, it is suggested to follow the native speakers tone as a final remedy.
Present article examines the psycholinguistic factors that affect ease of learning foreign language vocabulary acquisition. Demonstrate the orthographic and phonological patterns of vocabulary acquisition. by Egamberdieva Shakhzoda Damirovna, Egamberdieva Farida Oktamovna, Egamberdiev Khumoyun and Ergasheva Yulduz 2020. Psycholinguistic conditions in vocabulary acquisition. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 3 (Mar. 2020), 23-25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i3.251. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/251/244 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/251
As the topic suggests, the research paper presents Study of Consonant Pronunciations Errors Committed by EFL Learners. Error analysis always tries to resolve language learners’ problems in acquiring second or foreign language setting. Learning to English pronunciation is perhaps as important as learning listening skill, speaking, and spelling. Errors in English pronunciation create several problems for English language learners in their works. In other words, most of the English language errors of pronunciation are due to the lack of knowledge of language learners. However, all the students in our sample are of age group (16-25) at Bushehr language institute and they are all Iranian nationals. In addition, all of them were female learners. An English pronunciation (consonant) test was used to get information about the knowledge of the learners in English pronunciation. Findings of this article indicated that the first and second hypotheses of this article were accepted, but the third hypothesis was rejected. However, the findings of this paper showed that the Iranian EFL students have problem to pronounce English sounds correctly.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to PhoneticsMeagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to Phonetics - Articulatory, Acoustic and Perceptual Phonetics. With a focus on articulatory phonetics and the IPA.
Turkish Language and Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Languageinventionjournals
Turkish is a leading spoken and written language. Today, foreigners are taking increasingly more interest in Turkish owing to its 1500-year continuous and comprehensive history. However, an adequate background of Turkish in the literature of foreign language teaching and learning does not exist. Therefore, the field of teaching Turkish as a foreign language is relatively new in terms of the innovative methodology of instruction. As a language, Turkish is becoming more essential in education as well as in daily life due to the important role it plays in forming communication chains throughout the world. Turkish became even more popular after the Soviet Union’s break-up in 1991. In recent years, the fields of Turkic studies and teaching Turkish as a foreign language have received more attention throughout the world. The purpose of this study is to analyze some basic characteristics of the Turkish language and the history of teaching the Turkish language.
The Effects of Two Languages in One Mind: First Language AttritionMattia Zingaretti
An introduction to the phenomenon of first language attrition with interactive materials, literature findings and useful resources for students and researchers. This is an Open Educational Resource (OER) co-created by Roberta Spelorzi and Mattia Zingaretti, PhD Researchers at the University of Edinburgh. This OER is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike, allowing viewers to download, use and make changes to the materials, providing attribution to the authors and distributing the content under the same license as the original.
A contrastive linguistic analysis of inflectional bound morphemes of English,...Bahram Kazemian
In order to contrast and compare inflectional bound morphemes of English, Azeri and Persian languages and to identify their similarities and dissimilarities, inventories of English, Azeri and Farsi inflections, i.e. their set of affixes, were gathered, studied, and elaborated with some examples, and with English meanings. Eventually, after comparison, the researchers ended up with a series of statements about similarities and differences between these languages. The design of the present study is comparative-analytic which concentrates on the comparison and contrasting inflections of English, Azeri and Persian languages. The data is analyzed and illustrated through the contrastive method.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...Meagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know a language? - introduction to the core subdisciplines of linguistics (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics)
Program of 2nd International Symposium on Endangered Iranian Languages (ISEIL...Encyclopaedia Iranica
Organizers:
Saloumeh Gholami
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität
Institut für Empirische Sprachwissenschaft
Frankfurt am Main
Pollet Samvelian
Université Sorbonne nouvelle
Paris
For more information, see: http://www.iseil.org/
Subject Indexing for Bengali Publications: some issues and perspectivesinventionjournals
Since the days of Cutter, there is an unnumbered good indexing systems formulated for English language documents such as Kaiser’s Systematic Indexing, Ranganathan’s Chain Indexing system, Ganesh Bhattacharya’s POPSI, Dereck Austin’s PRECIS and so on. But in Indian languages, there is no standard subject indexing system formulated. To meet up the demand of the users and their different approaches in Bengali documents searching, a sample Subject Indexing module in Bengali has been prepared. This paper shows some rules and their application to Bengali documents. It would be applicable for other Indian languages also.
Turkish Language and Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Languageinventionjournals
Turkish is a leading spoken and written language. Today, foreigners are taking increasingly more interest in Turkish owing to its 1500-year continuous and comprehensive history. However, an adequate background of Turkish in the literature of foreign language teaching and learning does not exist. Therefore, the field of teaching Turkish as a foreign language is relatively new in terms of the innovative methodology of instruction. As a language, Turkish is becoming more essential in education as well as in daily life due to the important role it plays in forming communication chains throughout the world. Turkish became even more popular after the Soviet Union’s break-up in 1991. In recent years, the fields of Turkic studies and teaching Turkish as a foreign language have received more attention throughout the world. The purpose of this study is to analyze some basic characteristics of the Turkish language and the history of teaching the Turkish language.
The Effects of Two Languages in One Mind: First Language AttritionMattia Zingaretti
An introduction to the phenomenon of first language attrition with interactive materials, literature findings and useful resources for students and researchers. This is an Open Educational Resource (OER) co-created by Roberta Spelorzi and Mattia Zingaretti, PhD Researchers at the University of Edinburgh. This OER is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike, allowing viewers to download, use and make changes to the materials, providing attribution to the authors and distributing the content under the same license as the original.
A contrastive linguistic analysis of inflectional bound morphemes of English,...Bahram Kazemian
In order to contrast and compare inflectional bound morphemes of English, Azeri and Persian languages and to identify their similarities and dissimilarities, inventories of English, Azeri and Farsi inflections, i.e. their set of affixes, were gathered, studied, and elaborated with some examples, and with English meanings. Eventually, after comparison, the researchers ended up with a series of statements about similarities and differences between these languages. The design of the present study is comparative-analytic which concentrates on the comparison and contrasting inflections of English, Azeri and Persian languages. The data is analyzed and illustrated through the contrastive method.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...Meagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know a language? - introduction to the core subdisciplines of linguistics (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics)
Program of 2nd International Symposium on Endangered Iranian Languages (ISEIL...Encyclopaedia Iranica
Organizers:
Saloumeh Gholami
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität
Institut für Empirische Sprachwissenschaft
Frankfurt am Main
Pollet Samvelian
Université Sorbonne nouvelle
Paris
For more information, see: http://www.iseil.org/
Subject Indexing for Bengali Publications: some issues and perspectivesinventionjournals
Since the days of Cutter, there is an unnumbered good indexing systems formulated for English language documents such as Kaiser’s Systematic Indexing, Ranganathan’s Chain Indexing system, Ganesh Bhattacharya’s POPSI, Dereck Austin’s PRECIS and so on. But in Indian languages, there is no standard subject indexing system formulated. To meet up the demand of the users and their different approaches in Bengali documents searching, a sample Subject Indexing module in Bengali has been prepared. This paper shows some rules and their application to Bengali documents. It would be applicable for other Indian languages also.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Descriptive Study of Standard Dialect and Western Dialect of Odia Language ...ijtsrd
Language is a unique blessing to human beings. Human beings are bestowed with the faculty of language from very primitive age. Language makes human beings social and in a society human beings communicate with the help of language. Odia is one among the constitutionally approved language of India. Odisha is situated in the eastern part of India. Presently, this state has thirty districts. Odisha is bound to the north by the state Jharkhand, to the northeast by the state West Bengal, to the east by the Bay of Bengal, to the south by the state Andhra Pradesh, and to the west by the state Chhattisgarh. The languages used by the neighboring states have a lot of influence on Odia language. In this present study a modest attempt has been made to high light the differences between Standard Odia and Western Odia dialects. Various linguistic items used by the western Odia dialect users have marked differences compared to the standard Odia. The study has been done to delve into the phonological, morphological, semantic and syntactic features of both Standard Odia and Western Odia. Secondly, for ease of understanding some amount of discussion has been made on the existing literature on language and its variety in general. As spoken form is the primary form of any language, data have been collected from the informants' conversation for analysis. Debiprasad Pany "A Descriptive Study of Standard Dialect and Western Dialect of Odia Language in Terms of Linguistic Items" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/odia/29632/a-descriptive-study-of-standard-dialect-and-western-dialect-of-odia-language-in-terms-of-linguistic-items/debiprasad-pany
Language is more than just a means of communication. It influences our culture and even our thought processes. During the first four decades of the 20th century, language was viewed by American linguists and anthropologists as being more important than it actually is in shaping our perception of reality. This was mostly due to Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf who said that language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, language acts like a polarizing lens on a camera in filtering reality--we see the real world only in the categories of our language.
A Typological Study of words in Kokborok Language of Tripurainventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Full Articles (Volume Two) - The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
Ahwaz, Iran
9-10 October 2021
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
--- International Standard Book Number (ISBN): 978-622-94212-0-8
--- According to the governmental approval (The Ministry): 2260614
--- Iranian National Standard Number of Book (Number of National Library of Islamic Republic of Iran): 8679332
--- The Dewey Decimal Classification: 410
--- The Library of Congress Classification: P23
--- Publisher: Ahwaz Publication of Research and Sciences (The Ministry Approval Number: 16171)
Please feel free to write if there is any query.
The Conference Secretariat,
Ahwaz 61335-4619 Iran
(+98) 61-32931199
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(+98) 916-5088772 (WhatsApp Number)
WWW.LLLD.IR, Email: info@pahi.ir
Language and Thought The Sapir-Whorf HypothesisOne of the most .docxDIPESH30
Language and Thought: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
One of the most important and long-standing debates in studies of language and
behavior involves the relationship between language and thought processes. This
relationship is particularly important to the cross-cultural study of language
because each culture is associated with a given language as a vehicle for its expression.
How does culture influence language? And how does language influence
culture?
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, also referred to as linguistic relativity, suggests
that speakers of different languages think differently, and that they do so because
of the differences in their languages. Because different cultures typically have different
languages, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is especially important for understanding
cultural differences (and similarities) in thought and behavior as a function
of language.
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is important to verify, because if correct, it suggests
that people of different cultures think differently, just by the very nature,
structure, and function of their language. Their thought processes, their associations,
their ways of interpreting the world—even the same events we perceive—
may be different because they speak a different language and this language has
helped shape their thought patterns. This hypothesis also suggests that people who
speak more than one language may actually have different thought patterns when
speaking different languages.
Many studies have examined language–cognition issues since Edward Sapir
and Benjamin Whorf first proposed their hypothesis in the 1950s. In one of the
earliest language studies, Carroll and Casagrande (1958) compared Navajo and
English speakers. They examined the relationship between the system of shape classification
in the Navajo language and the amount of attention children pay to
shape when classifying objects. Similar to the Japanese language described earlier
in this chapter, the Navajo language has the interesting grammatical feature that
certain verbs of handling (for example, “to pick up,” “to drop”) require
special linguistic forms depending on what kind of object is being handled. A total
of 11 such linguistic forms describe different shapes—round spherical objects, round
thin objects, long flexible things, and so forth. Noting how much more complex this
linguistic feature is in Navajo than in English, Carroll and Casagrande (1958)
Culture, Language, and Communication 241
suggested that such linguistic features might play a role in influencing cognitive processes.
In their experiment, they compared Navajo- and English-dominant children to
see how often they used shape, form, or type of material to categorize objects. The
Navajo-dominant children were significantly more likely to categorize by shape than
were the English-dominant children. In the same study, Carroll and Casagrande
(1958) also reported that the performance of low-income African American Englishspeaking
children was similar ...
HISTORY AS A DETERMINANT OF MALAWIMOZAMBIQUE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE NSANJ...John1Lorcan
Using the Nsanje international inland port saga as a case study, this paper employs the realism theory to
examine the historically difficult relationship between Malawi and Mozambique. Based on data gathered
from interviews and previously published studies, the study's final conclusion is that Malawi’s bilateral
relations with Mozambique are the product and continue to be shaped by history. Because the relationship
between the two states is historically based on the provision of services especially port facilities, the
Nsanje inland port is at loggerheads with Mozambique’s national economic interests as it seeks to put an
end to the historically rooted modus operandi of the relationship. The study recommends mandatory
feasibility studies before starting projects, placing the port project on hold, continuing with the current
foreign policy which to a great extent appeases Mozambique and finding some use for the port structures
which currently constitute a white elephant.
MEASURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM 1996 TO 2019: EVIDENCE ...John1Lorcan
Since inception, the concept of inclusive growth has been defined and measured differently among scholars
and policymakers. This paper measures inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1996 to 2019.
A principal component analysis and weighted mean approaches have been applied following the Eurasian
Economic Commission, and 20 methodologies. The study findings show that the inclusive growth index is
sensitive to the measurement approach used due to different sets of indicators and dimensions. However,
the methodologies provide a basis for comparing country performance. In addition, in both methodologies,
economic performance was found to be a significant contributor to inclusive growth. Countries with higher
economic performance witnessed higher inclusive growth. From the findings, policymakers could rely on
more than one measurement approach to determine inclusive growth. This will enable them develop policy
measures which address various dimensions that each of the SSA countries need to robustly invest and
improve.
THE DIVERSE BEAUTY OF MATHILDENHÖHE: AN INSIGHT INTO AESTHETIC PHILOSOPHY AND...John1Lorcan
This article aims to look at the World Heritage Site from the perspective of curatorial studies and aesthetic
philosophy. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony made an enormous contribution to art and formed a bridge
between the British Arts & Crafts movement and the German Association of Craftsmen, which eventually
led to the Bauhaus movement. The last Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine was not only a patron who
founded this Artists' Colony, but also a prominent curator together with the Austrian architect and one of
the founders of the Vienna Secession, Joseph Maria Olbrich. Together they combined economic
development with artistic innovation. The establishment of the Darmstadt Artists' Colony was a sensation
in the art world. Itmarked the beginning of the 20th century, turning everyday life into an aesthetic
experience.
BLACK FUTURES: COLLECTING SOCIOCULTURAL DATA THROUGH MACHINE LEARNINGJohn1Lorcan
Although African American community archives have appeared, there is a lack of incorporation of
information-seeking, behaviour, language transmission, categorization, and community archival datasets
in data collection and machine learning (ML) environments. To address this, as the autoethnographer, I
propose to develop a future body of research targeting the African American community in Texas,
obtaining valuable insights about their engagement with ML. Eun Seo Jo's literature review emphasizes the
roles of community archives in ML environments and the strategies necessary for this space to be
considered a valuable resource in research and information. As the autoethnographer, I use this research
to explore effective strategies for machine learning environments to collaborate with African American
community archives and incorporate user input into ML data collection practices. The aim of the study is
to examine an original body of literature to aid me with my plan of action in creating a research study
about machine learning in African American community archives.
Implementation of Authorized Economic Operator Program in Comesa: Evidence Fr...John1Lorcan
The paper investigates the effect of authorized economic operator program on bilateral trade between Kenya and trading partners in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The augmented gravity model was estimated using 2010-2021 data for 17 cross-sectionals. The Panel Correlated Standard Error method results show thatimplementation of the authorized economic operator by both exporter and importer stimulates Kenya’s bilateral trade volume in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author recommends full implementation of the authorized economic operator by the remaining 12 Member States to attain the maximum benefits of the program across the region.
Gender Inequiality in Higher Music Educaiton in China: Historical and Contemp...John1Lorcan
Gender inequality is higher music education is a significant issue in China, shaped by both historical and contemporary factors that influence the opportunities available to women in this field. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the challenges encountered by women in higher music education in China, examining the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy, Western missionaries, and the Chinese Government on gender relations and opportunities in music education. Drawing upon existing literature and data, this paper addresses three main research areas pertaining to women’s education in China’s higher education: the historical evolution of women’s education in China, from traditional to modern times, in order to examine the progression of educational opportunities for women; the current landscape of opportunities for women’s education and involvement in music practices within China’s higher music education; and the existing employment framing issues that women face in higher music education in China, in comparison to their male counterparts. While acknowledging the increasing educational opportunities available to women in contemporary China, this paper recognizes that societal expectations and gender stereotypes can still impede women’s access to teaching careers and other music-related professions. These challenges have substantial implications for women’s education, music practices, and employability, underscoring the importance for policymakers and educators to actively promote gender equality within higher education.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY ON I...John1Lorcan
The relationship between language and gender has been the subject of discussion and investigation for
many years, with the goal of understanding the societal norms and expectations of gender. This article
aims to explore the relationship between gender and the swear words in the comment section of Iranian
celebrities Instagram accounts. This study found that each gender tends to post swear words in comments
of the same gender celebrity. This research also discovered that female users tend to auto-censor strong
swear words and are more likely to body-shame the content creator, while men are more open to posting
strong swear words.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE: EXPLORING INNOVATIONS AND POLICY IM...John1Lorcan
The digital transformation of social welfare systems is an area that is fast developing and has a lot of
potential to improve service delivery and improve outcomes for both people and communities. The goal of
this research paper is to examine the policy changes and innovations brought about by the digital
revolution of social welfare. It investigates the adoption of emerging technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, big data analytics, and blockchain, in various domains of social welfare, including healthcare,
education, employment, and social assistance programs. The paper examines the potential benefits of
digital transformation, including increased efficiency, improved access to services, and personalized
support. It also delves into the challenges and concerns associated with this transformation, such as data
privacy, equity, and the digital divide. By analysing successful case studies and lessons learned from
different countries, the paper highlights key policy considerations for ensuring the effective and equitable
implementation of digital innovations in social welfare. Policy implications discussed include the need for
robust regulatory frameworks to protect data privacy, the importance of ethical guidelines to guide the use
of emerging technologies, and the necessity of capacity building initiatives to equip stakeholders with the
necessary skills and knowledge. The paper emphasizes the importance of creating inclusive, people-centric
social welfare systems that leverage the potential of digital technologies to meet the evolving needs of
individuals and communities.
Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into the digital transformation of social welfare,
offering policymakers and stakeholders a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities, challenges,
and policy considerations involved. By embracing digital innovations thoughtfully and responsibly, social
welfare systems can become more efficient, responsive, and equitable, ultimately improving the lives of
those in need.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN: CHARISMATIC LEADER OF BANGLADESHJohn1Lorcan
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is one of the most charismatic leaders of the Third World in the twentieth century.
We know that Charismatic leaders are the gifts and mercy from God. They are torch bearers of knowledge
and revolution. Every nation in one way or the other has been and is endowed with leaders and same is the
case of Bangladesh nation which was fortunate enough to have a leader like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman who
guided them in the times of freedom struggle, and trusted them into the region which dawned tranquility of
mind and unshackled boundaries. It is in fact an old saying that good leaders build good nations which is
equally true with the Bangladesh nation for which sheikh Mujibur Rahman sacrificed every breath and
blood of his life and mapped a new nation in the world. The paper discusses the main achievements of the
leader and particularly the independence of Bangladesh of which Mujib was the pivotal figure. The result
revealed that Sheikh Mujib was stimulated people by his charismatic leadership capability and huge
political knowledge. From his early life he was demonstrated two key leadership qualities which make him
unquestionable leader of the Bangladesh. One key quality was proactive social consciousness and
paramount dedication for politics. Sheikh Mujib has so many leadership skills that recognized him as a
leader of general people. His aspiration and sacrifice for nation made him an icon of the country.
Therefore, it can be concluded that his leadership trait made himself as a father of the nation. The people
of Bangladesh had dreamt of an independent nation and that dream was finally implemented in really on
16Th December 1971 under the leadership of a true Patriot Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Bangladesh and its
people were blessed with God‟s will of sending the Greatest Bengali Soul of all time on the soil of
Tungipara. That greatest soul was nobody else but it is our “Father of the Nation” – Bangabandhu -
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He was the greatest politician, philosopher and tourism lover the world has ever
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Women play a very significant role in agricultural production in Kenya. However, they are accorded little
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Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
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the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
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investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
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students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
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Land is seen in societies as a vital natural asset, and the worth of this resource to human through time and
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Ghana. Qualitatively, the study adopted a descriptive case study research design. This research was based
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farmers and herders get access to farmlands. The study population involved residents of three communities
in the Kwahu East District, namely, Yaw Tenkorang, Kwaku Sarfo and Bebua. The purposive sampling
technique was used to select 4 traditional leaders, 10 farmers, 10 herdsmen and cattle owners, 3 Assembly
members, the District Chief Executive, the District Commander of Police, and the District Land Officer.
The study concluded that, land ownership rights in KED were based on the allodia and usufruct systems,
which vest land ownership rights in the hands of traditional authorities and family heads. Again, the study
showed that, indigenous farmers lay claim to greater rights over the lands compared to herders who are
considered as aliens, without any land ownerswhip rights. The study revealed measures initiated to find
lasting solution to this conflict. It is recommended that; the Municipal Assembly must concentrate more
effort in establishiing adequate fodder banks for cattle. Again, the practice of ranching must be
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International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS) John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
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between gender, education, and creative music practices (broadly described as music as a culture of
imagination and real-time practice in the learning of diverse music styles and in the participation of music
activities in formal and informal learning contexts) as perceived by young Chinese students. The study
employed a self-reported survey questionnaire distributed to a sample of students aged eight to 17
attending Grade 4 through Grade 9 in 10 schools located in the city of Shijiazhuang (N = 2,015) conducted
between 2019 and 2020. Generally speaking, girls were more positive regarding the value of creativity in
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PHONOLOGY OF BAREILLY URDU
1. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 6, No.3, August 2021
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PHONOLOGY OF BAREILLY URDU
MehvishMohsin
Department of Linguistics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
ABSTRACT
This study aims to establish the phonology of Bareilly Urdu. Bareilly is a city of Uttar Pradesh state in
northern India and the capital of Rohilkhand region. The name Bareilly Urdu is given to the regional
language of Bareilly and adjacent villages.The data for the present study was collected through field work
in the old city area of Bareilly district. The task of collecting and collating the data was started by
preparing a wordlist of monosyllabic words appearing in ‘A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and
English’ by John T. Platts. Then, we moved to the target field for finding the equivalents of these
monosyllabic words in the target language community. After analyzing the data, we have established a
total of 60 phonemes. Out of which 36 are consonantal phonemes and 24 are vocalic phonemes (including
vowels and diphthongs).
KEYWORDS
Bareilly Urdu, Phonology, Phonemes, Vowels and Consonants.
1. INTRODUCTION
Bareilly, a city of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India, is the capital of Rohilkhand region. The
northern boundary of Bareilly district is contiguous with that of Naini Tal, while the district of
Pilibhit lies on the east. On its south-east lies the district of Shahjahanpur while on the south and
south-west the city is bounded by the district of Badaun. Ramganga is the natural boundary
between Bareilly and Badaun. On the west side of the city, lies the district of Rampur.
The city is divided into five tehsils named- Aonla, Baheri, Bareilly, Faridpur and Nawabganj.
The main river of the city is Ramgangawhich separates Aonla subdivision from the rest of the
district.
2. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 6, No.3, August 2021
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Source: mapsofindia.com_Maps _Uttar Pradesh_ District_ Bareilly
In 1657, MukrandRai laid the foundation of ‘Modern’ city of Bareilly, though the tradition has
that the city was founded in 1537 by Bans Deo and BarelDeo, the two sons of Jagat Singh
Katheriya who had founded the Jagatpur village which is still a name of one of the localities of
Old City. By one account it is assumed that because of the names of its founders (Bans Deo and
BarelDeo). The city is known as ‘Bans Bareilly’, while on the other hand, it is said that because
of being a production centre for ‘cane’ (Bans), the city is known as Bans Bareilly. (Gazetteer of
Bareilly, 1911).
In the histories, Bareilly was mentioned by Badayuni for the very first time. The city is described
as the birth place of Draupadi in the epic Mahabharata. It was ruled by many Kshatriya
Rajputsbut after Islamic invasion it became an integral part of Delhi Sultanate and then absorbed
by the Mughal Empire. After Aurangzeb’s death, in 1623, two Afghan brothers named Shah
Alam and Hussain Khan settled in the region .Bareilly, then, became a center of unemployed
RohillaPathans (Afghans and Pashtuns). Later on, the city was captured by Ali Muhammad
Khan, the grandson of Shah Alam (one of Afghan brothers). He formed the ‘State of Rohilkhand’
by uniting the Rohillas, and Bareilly became the capital of the capital of the ‘State of
Rohilkhand’.
2. LINGUISTIC SETTING OF BAREILLY URDU
The name Bareilly Urdu is given to the regional language of Bareilly and adjacent villages. But
for the uniformity of data, the present work represents the speech of the
3. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 6, No.3, August 2021
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3. ORIGIN OF BAREILLY URDU
The name Bareilly Urdu is given to the regional language of Bareilly and adjacent villages. But
for the uniformity of data, the present work represents the speech of the community residing in
old city area of Bareilly district, which is involved in ‘Zari Work’. They are particularly the
artisans, craftsmen and unskilled laborers of this region.
4. ORIGIN OF BAREILLY URDU
As Bareilly is said to be the capital of Rohilkhand region, it forms a prominent part of this region.
The root of the term ‘Rohilla’ is taken from Pashto word ‘Roh’ meaning ‘mountain’ (mountain
air). The RohillaPathans were the descendants of a Pashtuns tribe; they were the men of a taller
stature and of fairer complexion. The Sardars of Rohilla like Daud Khan, Ali Muhammad Khan,
and the legendary Hafiz Rahmat Khan were the descendants of a renowned tribe of Afghan . The
RohillaPathans can be found all over Uttar Pradesh, but mostly in Bareilly, Shahjahanpur and
Rampur district.
Rohillas were different from others by their language and their culture. They used to speak
‘Pashto’ among each other but over the time their language was gradually lost and converged into
Urdu.
5. DIVERGENCE OF BAREILLY URDU FROM STANDARD URDU
Bareilly Urdu, a dialect of Urdu has some divergences from Standard Urdu; it may be at the level
of phonology, grammar or lexicon. In this section, we have made an attempt to present some of
the differences found in Bareilly Urdu from that of the Standard Urdu
5.1. At Phonological Level
1- /h/ sound is dropped medially and finally.
For Example- /rahɪ/ /raɪ/
/rɛh/ /rɛ/
2- Many words carry aspiration at initial level.
For Example- /bəhan/ /bʰæn/
3- /x/ and /q/ are changed to /kʰ/ and /k/ respectively.
For Example- /xət̪/ / kʰət̪/
/qələm/ /kələm/
4- A number of bisyllabic words are reduced to monosyllabic words.
For Example- /rahɪ/ /raɪ/
5.2. At Grammatical Level
The informal forms like /kʰao/, /pɪjo/, /lo/ etc are used with the honorific word /a:p/.
5.3. At Lexical Level
1- /zərɪ/ /a:rɪ/
2- /zərdozɪ/ /d
̪ ərd
̪ ozɪ/
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6. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to develop the phonology of Bareilly Urdu, as spoken by the artisans,
craftsmen and unskilled laborers of old city of Bareilly.
6.1. The Collection and Collation of Data (Methodology)
Data constitutes an indispensible tool for any linguistic analysis or research. The data for the
present study was collected through field work in the old city area of Bareilly district. The task of
collecting and collating the data was started by preparing a wordlist of monosyllabic words
appearing in ‘A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English’ by John T. Platts. This
particular dictionary was chosen for preparing a list of all possible monosyllabic words in
Bareilly Urdu. Then, the next important task was to move to the target field for finding the
equivalents of these monosyllabic words in the target language community. Field procedures
consisted of two parts, first wasthe selection of the appropriate informants while other was the
collection of useful material.
The data which we collected for the present study is from one of the dialects of Bareilly Urdu that
is spoken by the artisans, craftsmen and the unskilled laborers, representing a particular speech
community in the Old City of Bareilly district. The informants who were selected for this
particular research belonged to the lower strata of the Urdu speaking community but they all
belong to different age groups.
The names of the informants with their respective ages are given below-
Name Sex Age Qualification
1. FakhraBano F 42 Illiterate
2. Sameer M 14 10th
3. Shalu F 17 10th
4. Shimmi F 15 12th
5. Athar khan M 51 8th
6. Reshma Bi F 45 Illiterate
7. Zeba Khan F 23 Graduation
8. Rehan Ahmed M 29 12th
Out of our 8 informants, 5 were females while 3 were males. Two of the informants were
illiterate, although, had no formal education but were aware of some of the Urdu alphabets and
were able to read the Holy Quran. The rest of them were literate and received formal education
through government schools. All of them were natives of Bareilly belonging to different Muslim
localities of the old city. They all possessed audible voices characterized by clear pronunciation.
The process of collecting the data was completed in various sittings. We arranged face to face
interviews in their own localities which often continued for several hours. Our discussions started
with the detailed narrations of some events, sometimes recounting stories of their liking etc.
Initially, the data collection process was non-restrictive, means to start up with all kinds of words,
phrases and sentences as they appear in day-to-day normal conversations. The use of words was
seen both in isolation as well as in the larger context of phrases and sentences. Then we moved to
an exhaustive collection of data by limiting ourselves to the monosyllabic words only that are
found in the active vocabulary of a typical speaker of Bareilly Urdu.
5. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 6, No.3, August 2021
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It is to be noted that all the data collected was recorded in the phonetic transcription, in order to
capture every phonetic detail of the sounds in Bareilly Urdu.
7. PHONEMIC CONTRAST
The phonemes of Bareilly Urdu are established on the basis of minimal and sub-minimal pair of
words. For establishing contrast besides utilizing monosyllabic words, some randomly collected
bisyllabichave also been employed here.
Under phonemic contrast, first we have discussed the consonantal contrast followed by the
vocalic contrast. The units that are closely opposed to each other have been contrasted with one
another in the present analysis.
8. CONSONANTAL CONTRAST
Here, we have presented some of the contrasts of consonants of Bareilly Urdu in the minimal and
sub-minimal pairs.
8.1. Four Way Contrast of Stops (Voicing and Aspiration)
Opposing Units Contrast Initial Gloss Non-Initial Gloss
p/pʰ/b/bʰ p/pʰ pal ‘moment’
pʰal ‘fruit’
p/bpa:l ‘bring up’ jap ‘mutter prayers’
ba:l ‘hair’ jab ‘when (relative)’
p/bʰ par ‘feather’
bʰar ‘fill’
pʰ/bʰpʰãn ‘hood of snake’
bʰãn ‘buzzing sound’
pʰ/bpʰal ‘fruit’
bal ‘twist’
b/bʰ bar ‘wasp’
bʰar ‘be filled’
t/tʰ/d/dʰ
t/tʰ top ‘cannon’
tʰop ‘plaster’
t/dta:R ‘palm tree’ ba:t ‘talk’
da:R ‘jaw teeth’ ba:d ‘afterwards’
t/dʰtul ‘be weighed’
dʰul ‘be washed’
tʰ/dʰtʰa:k ‘mass, heap’
dʰa:k ‘impression of terror’
d/dʰda:t ‘tooth’
dʰ a:t ‘metal’
tʰ/dtʰa:l ‘large flat metal plate’
da:l ‘pulse’
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30
T/Tʰ/D/Dʰ T/TʰTak ‘be stiched’
Tʰak ‘sound of knocking’
T/D Tal ‘pass over, pass off’ ka:T
‘bite’
Dal ‘be poured, put in’ ka:D
‘card’
T/DʰTak ‘be stiched’
Dʰak ‘cover, conceal’
Tʰ/DʰTʰak ‘sound of knocking’
Dʰak ‘cover, conceal’
Tʰ/D Tʰa:T ‘luxury’ ka:Tʰ ‘wood’
Da:T ‘cork’ ka:D ‘card’
D/Dʰ Dal ‘be poured, put in’
Dʰal ‘decline, fade’
c/cʰ/j/jʰ c/cʰcɔk ‘be astonished’
cʰɔk ‘seasoning’
c/jcal ‘move, go’ bac ‘be run’
jal ‘be burnt’ baj ‘be left’
c/jʰcaT ‘be bored’
jʰaT ‘quickly’
cʰ/jcʰa:p ‘print, impression’
ja:p ‘muttering (prayers)’
j/jʰjok ‘leech’
jʰok ‘set fire to’
k/kʰ/g/gʰ k/kʰkap ‘cup’ si:k ‘skewer’
kʰap ‘be utilized’ si:kʰ ‘lesson’
k/gkal ‘tomorrow, yesterday’ Tʰak ‘sound of
knocking’
gal ‘be soften’ Tʰag ‘robbe
k/gʰku:T ‘crush’
gʰu:T ‘gulp’
kʰ/gʰkʰul ‘be opened’
gʰul ‘be dissolved’
kʰ/gkʰul ‘be opened’ dekʰ ‘see, look at’
gul ‘put out’ deg ‘a large
metal pot’
g/gʰgul ‘put out’
gʰul ‘be dissolved’
9. VOCALIC CONTRAST
Here, we have presented the some of the vocalic contrasts in minimal and sub-minimal pairs of
Bareilly Urdu.
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9.1. Contrast of Short Vowels versus Long Vowels
9.1.1. Contrast Pair Gloss
ɪ/i: pɪT ‘be beaten’
pi:T ‘back’’
ɪ̃/i:̃bɪ̃n ‘wave, knit’
bĩ:n ‘flute (indian)’
u/u: bʰuk ‘be pierced, be stabbed’
bʰu:k ‘hunger’
a/a: bʰar ‘be filled, fill’
bʰa:r ‘weight, measure’
ã/a:̃bãn ‘be made’
bã:n ‘dam’
ũ/ũ: bũn ‘wave, knit’
bũ:n ‘drop’
9.2. CONTRAST OF ORAL VERSUS NASAL VOWELS
9.2.2. Contrast Pair Gloss
a/ã pak ‘be cooked’
pãk ‘wing, feather’
a:/ã: ba:d ‘afterwards’
bã:d ‘dam’
ɪ/ɪ̃ bɪl ‘hole’
bɪ̃n ‘wave, knit’
i:/ĩ: tʰi: ‘was (fem. Sing.)’
tʰĩ: ‘were (fem. Pl.)’
9.3. Contrast of Front Unrounded Versus Back Rounded Vowels
9.3.1. Contrast Pair Gloss
i:/u: bi:T ‘dung (of birds)’
bu:T ‘boot’
ɪ/u tɪl ‘sesame seed’
tul ‘be weighed’
ĩ:/ũ: bĩ:n ‘flute
9.4. Monophthongs versus Diphthongs
9.4.1. Contrast Pair Gloss
e/aɪ de give
daɪ curd
o/aɪ so sleep
saɪ fine
o/au bo sow
bau daughter in law
ɛ/au bɛ flow
bau daughter in law
8. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 6, No.3, August 2021
32
In American Structural Linguistics, theoretically, the phonemes are established on the basis of
substitutional-distributional criterion but practically the phonemes are established following
contrast in minimal and sub-minimal pairs using meaning distinctions as a short cut method.
Meaning is used as an identification tool for the listing of phonemes. On the basis of which we
have established a total of 60 phonemes. Out of which 36 are consonantal phonemes and 24 are
vocalic phonemes (including vowels and diphthongs).
Bareilly Urdu is rich in vowels. It has a total of 24 vowels; 12 oral and 12 nasal vowels, 20
monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. Of these 24 vowels, the 8 back-dorsal vowels are rounded in
nature i.e., they involve rounding of the lips. All the other vowels, falling on the axis of
articulators medium and front-dorsum are unrounded i.e., they are articulated without lip
rounding. Thus the back-dorsal vowels (u, u:, ũ, ũ:, o, õ, ɔ, ɔ̃ ) are rounded and the medial vowels
and front-dorsal vowels (i, i:, ĩ, ĩ:, a, a:, ã, ã:, e, ẽ, ε, ε̃) are unrounded.
9.5. Consonantal Phoneme
9.5.1. Point of BilabialLabio-dentalDental RetroflexPalatal VelarUvularGlottal
Articulation
Manner of
Articulation
Stops p b t d T D c j k g q
pʰbʰtʰdʰTʰDʰcʰjʰkʰgʰ
Fricatives f v s z ʃ χ ɣ h
Nasals m n ŋ
Laterals l
Rolled r
Semi-Vowels w y
9.6. Vowel Phonemes
9.6.1.Class I: Short Vowels Class II: Long Vowels
Oral Front Central Back Front Central Back
Unrounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Unrounded Rounded
High i: u:
Lower-High ɪ u
Higher-Mid e o
Mean-Mid a
Lower-Mid ɛ ɔ
Low a:
Nasal
High
Lower-High ɪ̃ ũ i:̃u:̃
Higher-Mid ẽ õ
Mean-Mid ã
Lower-Mid ɛ̃ ɔ̃
Low a:̃
9. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 6, No.3, August 2021
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9.7. Class III- Diphthongs
9.7.1. Oralaɪau
9.7.2. Nasalãɪãu
In the phonemic inventory the consonantal units are classified in terms of ‘place or point of
articulation’ and ‘manner of articulation’ and the vowels are classified on the basis of ‘the height
of the tongue raised’, part of the tongue raised, and ‘the position of the lips’.
Furthermore, on the basis of manner of articulation, the consonants are divided into stops,
fricatives, nasals, laterals, rolled and semivowels while dealing with their place or point of
articulation they can be classified into bilabials, labio-dentals, dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velar
and glottal. The vowel phonemes are divided into three classes- long vowels, short vowels and
diphthongs.
Phonemic inventory is a list of all phonemes of Bareilly Urdu; its importance is limited to this
only. These phonemes are not tied in a way with one another in terms of value. Indicated by
reference to points of articulation and manner of articulation these phonemes do project some
substance.
10. CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the collected data, we have established a total of 60 phonemes. Out of which 36
are consonantal phonemes and 24 are vocalic phonemes (including vowels and diphthongs). 12
oral and 12 nasal vowels, 20 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. Of these 24 vowels, the 8 back-
dorsal vowels are rounded in nature while All the other vowels, falling on the axis of articulators
medium and front-dorsum are unrounded.
RECOMMENDATION
We have established the phonology of Bareilly Urdu but we must bear in mind that this study is
limited in certain ways; the term Bareilly Urdu does not represent all of its native’s language, it
represents a particular community only and the data for this study is limited to the monosyllabic,
and selected bi-syllabic, words only. This study can further be developed by conducting the same
survey in the other areas of Bareilly City and establishing the phonology that represents all of its
native’s language.
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AUTHOR
Dr. MehvishMohsin (M.A. and Ph.D. from Aligarh Muslim University) is a Guest
Teacher in Women''s College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. She specializes in
Form-Content Linguistics, Phonetics, Morphology. She has qualified UGC NET in
2015. She has presented papers in national and international conferences. She is also a
member of Linguistic Society of India. She has published articles in national and
international journals.