Phonetics and phonology of english
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The document discusses different manners of articulation for English consonants. It describes stops as sounds involving complete closure of the oral cavity, while continuants allow continuous air flow. Continuants include fricatives and approximants. Sounds are also classified as sonorants, which involve continuous airflow, versus obstruents, which cause airflow obstruction and turbulence. The document outlines a system for distinguishing consonants based on whether they are continuants or stops, and whether they are sonorants or obstruents.
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This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology of the English language. It begins with definitions of phonetics and phonology, noting that phonetics studies speech sounds in production and perception while phonology studies abstract sound patterns in a language. It then covers topics like speech production, classification of consonants by voicing, place and manner of articulation, classification of vowels, and prosodic aspects of English including stress and rhythm. The document is serving as an introductory course on the phonetics and phonology of the English language.
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This document provides information on phonetic features of various sounds in English and Spanish. It discusses vowels such as /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/ and diphthongs. It also examines consonants such as /s/, /v/, /ʒ/, /x/, /h/, affricates /ʧ/ and /ʤ/, and nasal sounds /m/, /n/, /ŋ/. It outlines the place and manner of articulation, voicing and other distinctive features of each sound. The document also notes differences in realization of some sounds across the two languages.
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This document provides an overview of spectrogram reading and introductory phonetics. It discusses why spectrogram reading is useful for understanding speech, introduces concepts like phonemes, allophones, and distinctive features, and describes the speech production apparatus and relationships between phonetic units like vowels and consonants. Key topics covered include spectrogram reading, phonology versus phonetics, syllable structure, coarticulation, and phonetic transcription.
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Velarization is a secondary articulation where the back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate during the production of certain consonant sounds. Specifically, it refers to the dark or velarized variant of the alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ], as compared to the light [l] sound. Dark [ɫ] typically occurs after a vowel and at the end of words, while light [l] usually appears before a vowel, often at the start of words.
Chapter4 natural classes of sounds distinctive features
1. The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of the textbook "A Course in Phonology". It introduces formal devices used in phonology models like distinctive features and autosegmental phonology.
2. Distinctive features are binary features that describe sounds and allow them to be classified into natural classes based on shared phonetic properties. This provides an efficient way to write phonological rules by replacing phonetic symbols.
3. The chapter discusses examples of assimilation rules and how distinctive features allow the rules to be written more concisely and capture generalizations compared to using phonetic symbols alone.
English Phonetics
Here are the words with silent consonants underlined:
Knight
Psychology
Sword
Whole
Received
Honour
Isle
Corps
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Chapter4 natural classes of sounds distinctive features
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- 1. Phonetics and Phonology of English
- 2. English Consonants continued – Manners of Articulation - According to the degree of constriction of the articulators - Complete closure, - stops or plosives Close approximation -fricatives Open approximation – approximants Affricates, taps and trills.
- 3. Manners of Articulation: new features Stops and Continuants Sonorants and Obstruents
- 4. A stop (or plosives) is a sound that involves complete closure of the oral cavity at some point by the articulators – e.g. - pat, bat, tie, die, cat, get, met, net, sing.
- 5. Continuants – the air stream is not totally blocked in the oral cavity, it can escape continuously through the mouth – e.g. - fan, van, thin, then, soon, zoom, show, measure, hat, yes, wet, run, lie. All the vowel sounds
- 6. mutually undivided, restrictive. if it is not a continuant, it is a stop, and vice versa. Continuant and Noncontinuent. Noncontinuant is automatically a stop.
- 7. According to binary features (or distinctive features) – to describe each individual phoneme according to natural class, voicing and manner. - these sounds can be distinguished as - [+ continuant] vs [– continuant]
- 8. Sonorants and Obstruents – Sonorant – its phonetic content is predominantly made up by the sound waves produced by its voicing. Produced by continuous non turbulent air flow in the vocal tract. No friction is caused – men, night, sing, yes, wet, lie , rain, all vowel sounds
- 9. All are voiced sounds But all voiced consonants are not sonorants
- 10. Obstruents articulation involves an obstruction of the air stream that produces a phonetic effect independent of voicing. Do cause turbulence of air flow. So obstruents can be either voiced or voiceless sounds. Pen, ten, bin, den, key, get, thing, then, see, zoo, fan, van, ship, measure
- 11. - these sounds can be distinguished as - [+ sonorants] vs [– sonorants]
- 12. A. [– continuant] [+sonorant ] B. [– continuant] [- sonorant ]
- 13. C. [+continuant] [- sonorant ] D. [+continuant] [+sonorant ]
- 14. A. [– continuant] [+sonorant ] Nasal stops
- 15. B. [– continuant] [- sonorant ] Oral Stops or Plosives
- 16. C. [+continuant] [- sonorant ] Fricatives
- 17. D. [+continuant] [+sonorant ] Approximants
- 18. Liquids – [l], [ɹ], [r] –approximant sounds which are not semi-vowels. Semi-vowels – also known as glides. [j],[w], - yes, wet- phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary (non-syllabic), rather than the nucleus of a syllable. They are shorter in duration than vowels,
- 19. Sibilants – strong fricatives, s, ʃ, z, ӡ. Inter-dental – tongue tip brought between the upper and lower incisors - θ, ð.