1) The document is a lecture about English words, sentences, weak and strong forms, assimilation, and intonation. 2) Weak forms occur in unstressed words and are pronounced quickly, while strong forms occur in stressed words. 3) Intonation involves changing vocal pitch to convey meaning, with rising intonation used in questions and falling intonation used in statements.

1. A course in phonetics by:
Dr. Basheer Ashaweish
Lecture title:
English words and sentences
Presented by:
Ms. Hawa Ahmed Ghabag
27th/Dec/2015

2. Outline:
weak and strong forms-
What are they ?
When do we use weak/strong forms?
Assimilation
- Intonation
Definition
Features of intonation
Types of intonation

3. Weak and strong forms
Weak and strong forms are important parts of the English
pronunciation. And the same word may have different forms of
pronunciations depending on its function in a sentence.
Understanding weak and strong forms in English will improve
your speaking and listening skills.

4. 1- Weak Form: occurs when the word is in unstressed position, and we
pronounced it very fast and short.
Ex:-
The word “and”>>> /ənd / ,but in a sentence it is pronounced strong /ænd/.
I would like some fish and chips
/aɪ wʊd laɪk sʌm fɪʃ ænd tʃɪps / >> strong pronunciation
Weak pronunciation:-
I >>> / ə /
Would >>> /Wəd/
Some >>> / Səm/

5. 2- Strong Form: occurs when the word is stressed.
Ex:-
I work five hours a day
/aɪ `wɜːk `faɪv `aʊəz æ `deɪ/
- The influence of vowels:
The + V >> / ði/ strong form
The + C >> /ðə/ weak form
And some sounds are often affected by adjacent sounds such as “in the”
[n] realized as a dental [й] because of the following [ð], this process is
called assimilation

6. When do we use weak/ strong forms?
Ex:-
What do you do?
The verb “do” is used twice in this question, so do we pronounce both of
them the same??
The answer is:
the first “do” is a grammar word, so it is pronounced weak. whereas; the
second “do” is the main part of the question, therefore ; it is pronounced
strong.. /wət də ju: du:/
Ex:-
Are you from France?
ju: frəm 'fræns/:/a
The word “are” is pronounced strong , to show some emphasis or surprise.

7. To sum up:
- Weak forms are usually grammar words, which used to connect
the parts of a sentence.
- Weak forms always use the /ə/ sound.
- Strong forms are used to show emphasis or surprise.
- The word with the strong form usually carry the main part
of a sentence.

8. Intonation
Definition :Intonation is the use of changing vocal pitch, in
order to c0nvey grammar information or personal attitudes.
Changing the intonation can completely change the meaning of
a sentence..
Ex:-
“It is raining” , according to the intonation that the speaker used,
it may mean:
1-What a surprise!
2-How annoying ><
3-That’s great ^^

9. Features of Intonation:
- Tone group/ units.
- Pitch range.
- Tonic syllable.
Ex:-
We 'know a 'man in our *area

10. Types of Intonation
1- Rising intonation
:- Large upward movement
Ex:-
Are you cold?
I bought some chips, choclet, and fruits.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬‫ـــ‬‫ــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
- small upward movement:
Ex:-
A lion is a *mammal

11. 2- falling intonation
- Large fall movement:
Ex:-
What is your name ?
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
- Small fall movement:
Ex:-
This is the end of the news.

12. THE END