dpd-thefirstphilippinerepublic-group1-200714104908 (1).pptx

MMPA PSG GROUP 1
TheFirst Philippine
Republic

PCPT. MILETTILOS
PCPT. ULDRICKTILOS
01
02
ALWIN MALIMBAN
MARVIE REYES
03
04
GROUP MEMBERS

1897
BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC
1898
THE AMERICANINTERVENTION
1898
THE RETURN OFAGUINALDO
1898
THE TREATY OFPARIS
1899
THE MALOLOSCONGRESS
1902
END OFFILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

The Republic of Biak-na-Bato is officially referred to in its constitution as
the Republic of the Philippines was the first republic ever declared in the
Philippines by revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo and his fellow
revolutionaries.
Despite its successes, including the establishment of the Philippines' first
ever constitution, the republic lasted just over a month. Itwas
disestablished by a peace treaty signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish
Governor-General,Fernando Primo de Rivera which included provision for
exileof Aguinaldo and keyassociates to Hong Kong.

The Republic of Biak-na-Bato was one of a number of unrecognized
insurgent polities which existed during the time in which the Philippines
was under Spanish colonial government as the SpanishEast Indies.Itwas
preceded and succeeded by two similarly unrecognized polities, the
Tejeros governmentand the Central Executive Committee.
Theconstitution of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was written by FelixFerrer
and Isabelo Artacho, who copied the Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayú
nearly word-for-word. Itprovided for the creation of a Supreme Council,
which was created on November 2,1897, with the following as officers
having beenelected:

ElectedOfficers
Name Position
EmilioAguinaldo President
Mariano Trias VicePresident
Antonio Montenegro Secretary ofForeign
Affairs
Emiliano Reigo deDios Secretary ofWar
IsabeloArtacho Secretary ofInterior
Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretary ofTreasury

THE AMERICAN
After its defeat in the S
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, Spain ceded its
longstandingcolony of the Philippines to the United States inthe Treaty of
Paris. On February 4,1899, just two days before the U.S.Senate ratified the
treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists
led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change in
colonial rulers.
The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in
the death of over 4,200 Americanand over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As
many as 200,000Filipino civilians died from violence, famine,and disease.

THE AMERICAN
The decision by U.S.p
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swas not without
domestic controversy.Americanswho advocated annexationevinced a
variety of motivations: desire for commercial opportunities inAsia,concern
that the Filipinos were incapable of self-rule, and fear that if the United
Statesdid not takecontrol of the islands, another power (suchas Germany
or Japan) might do so.
Meanwhile, American opposition to U.S.colonial rule of the Philippines
came in many forms,ranging from those who thought it morally wrong for
the United States to be engaged in colonialism, to those who feared that
annexation might eventually permit the non-white Filipinos to have a role
in American nationalgovernment.

THE AMERICAN
After the Spanish-
America
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public andpoliticians
debated the annexationquestion,Filipino revolutionaries underAguinaldo
seized control of most of the Philippines’ main island of Luzon and
proclaimed the establishment of the independent Philippine Republic.
When it became clear that U.S.forces were intent on imposing American
colonial control over the islands, the early clashes between the two sides in
1899 swelled into an all-out war
.
Americans tended to refer to the ensuing conflict as an “insurrection”
rather thanacknowledge the Filipinos’ contentionthat they were fighting
to ward off a foreign invader
.

InApril 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out over Spain’s brutal
suppression of a rebellion in Cuba. The first in a series of decisive U.S.
victoriesoccurred on May 1,1898, when the U.S.Asiatic Squadronunder
Commodore George Dewey annihilated the Spanish Pacific fleet at the
Battle of Manila Bay inthe Philippines.
From his exile, Aguinaldo made arrangements with U.S.authorities to
returnto the Philippines and assist the United Statesinthe war against
Spain.He landed on May 19, rallied his revolutionaries, and began
liberating towns southof Manila. On June 12,he proclaimed Philippine
independence and established a provincial government, of which he
subsequently becamehead.
THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO AND THE
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

The Philippine Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on 12 June
1898 in Cavite IIel Viejo(present-dayKawit, Cavite),Philippines.With the
public reading of the Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the
Filipino People
Filipino revolutionary forces underGeneral Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed
the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the
colonial rule ofSpain.

ThePhilippine Declaration of Independence was
proclaimed on 12 June 1898 inCavite IIel Viejo
(present-dayKawit, Cavite),Philippines.Withthe
public reading of the Act of the Proclamation of
Independence of the Filipino People
Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio
Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and
independence of the Philippine Islands from the
colonial rule ofSpain.

ThePolitical Constitutionof 1899 informally knownas the Malolos Constitution,
was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic. Itwas written by Felipe
Calderóny Roca and FelipeBuencaminoas an alternativeto a pair of proposals
to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno. After a
lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898, it was promulgated on 21 January
1899.
THE MALOLOS CONGRESS

Theconstitutionplaced limitations on unsupervisedfreedomof action by the
chief executivewhichwould havehamperedrapid decisionmaking.As it was
createdduring thefight for Philippine independencefrom Spain,however
,its
Article 99 allowed unhamperedexecutivefreedomof action duringwartime.
Unsupervised executive governance continued throughout the Philippine–
American War which eruptedsoonafter proclamation.
After the Malolos Congress was convened on 15 September 1898, a
committee was selected to draft a constitution for the republic.[5]The
committee was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert,
Joaquín González, Gregorio Araneta, Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio
Benitez, Tomás del Rosario, José Alejandrino, Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la
Viña,José Luna, Antonio Luna, Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, Felipe Calderón,
ArsenioCruz and FelipeBuencamino.Theywereall wealthyand well educated.
THE MALOLOS CONGRESS

TheTreaty of Paris of 1898 (Filipino: Kasunduansa Paris ng1898;Spanish:
Tratado de París de 1898) was a treaty signed by Spain and the United
Stateson December 10,1898, that ended the Spanish–AmericanWar
.
Under it,Spain relinquishedall claim of sovereigntyover and title to Cuba
and also ceded Puerto Rico,Guam,and the Philippines to the United States.
Thecessionof the Philippines involveda compensation of $20 million from
the United Statesto Spain.
The treaty came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of
ratification were exchanged.[2] Itwas the first treaty negotiated between
the two governmentssincethe 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty.
THE TREATY OF PARIS AND FILIPINO-
AMERICAN WAR

The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire, apart from
some small holdings inNorthern Africa and several islands and territories
around the Gulf of Guinea, also in Africa. Itmarked the beginning of the
United States as a world power
. Many supportersof the war opposed the
treaty,which became one of the majorissuesin the election of 1900 when
it was opposed by Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who opposed
imperialism. Republican President William McKinley supported the treaty
and waseasily reelected.
AMERICAN WAR

The Philippine–American War
,also referred to as the Filipino–American
War
,the Philippine War
,the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog
Insurgency (Filipino: Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano; Spanish:Guerra
filipino–estadounidense), was an armed conflict between the First
Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4,
1899, to July 2,1902. While Filipino nationalists viewed the conflict as a
continuation of the strugglefor independence that began in1896 with the
Philippine Revolution,the U.S.government regarded it as an insurrection.
The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms
of the Treaty of Paris underwhich the United Statestookpossession of the
Philippines from Spain,endingthe Spanish–AmericanWar
.
AMERICAN WAR

Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the
Philippine Republic on February 4,1899, in what became known as the 1899
Battle of Manila. On June 2,1899, the First Philippine Republic officially
declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 2,
1902,with a victoryfor the United States.However
,somePhilippinegroups—
led by veteransof the Katipunan,a Philippinerevolutionarysociety—continued
to battle the American forcesfor severalmore years.Among those leaders was
General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the
presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic, formed in 1902 after the
capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro, Bicol
and Pulahan peoples, continued hostilities in remote areas and islands, until
their final defeat at the Battle of BudBagsakon June15,1913.
AMERICAN WAR

Thewar resulted inthe deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians,mostly
due to famine and disease.Someestimates for total civilian dead reach up
to a million. The war and especially the following occupation by the U.S.
,
changed the culture of the islands, leading to the rise of Protestantism and
disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines and the
introduction of English to the islands as the primary language of
government, education, business, industry and, in future decades, among
upper-class families and educated individuals.
END OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

In1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act, which
providedfor the creation of the Philippine Assembly,with membersto be elected
by Filipino males (women did not have the vote until after the 1937 suffrage
plebiscite).Thisact was superseded by the 1916 JonesAct (Philippine Autonomy
Act),which contained the first formal and official declarationof the United States
government's commitment to eventuallygrant independenceto the Philippines.
The 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act (Philippine Independence Act) created the
Commonwealthof the Philippinesthe following year
,increasing self-governancein
advance of independence, and established a process towards full Philippine
independence (originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed by
World War II)
.The United States granted independence in 1946, following World
War IIand the Japanese occupation of the Philippines,through the Treaty of
END OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

1898
FORM OFGOVERNMENT
1902
PHILIPPINEASSEMBLY
1937
SUFFRAGE ANDQUALIFICATIONS
1901
MUNICIPALGOVERNMENT
1901
PROVINCIALGOVERNMENT
1902
PREVAILING POLITICALCULTURE

TheUnited StatesMilitary Governmentof the Philippine Islands was a military
governmentin the Philippines established by the United Stateson August 14,
1898, a day after the capture of Manila, with General Wesley Merritt acting
as militarygovernor.
Duringmilitary rule (1898–1902), the U.S.military commander governed the
Philippines under the authority of the U.S.president as Commander-in-Chief
of the United StatesArmed Forces.
After the appointment of a civil Governor-General, the procedure developed
that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American
control,responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian.
FORM OF GOVERNMENT

General Merritt was succeeded by General Otis as military governor,who in
turnwas succeeded by General MacArthur.Major General Adna Chaffee was
the final military governor.The position of military governorwas abolished in
July 1902, after which the civil Governor-Generalbecame the sole executive
authority in thePhilippines.
Under the military government, an American-style school system was
introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were re-
established, including a supreme court; and local governments were
established in towns and provinces.The first local election was conducted by
General Harold W.Lawton on May 7,1899, in Baliuag,Bulacan.
FORM OF GOVERNMENT

The Philippine Assembly (sometimes called the Philippine National Assembly)
was the lower house of the Philippines from 1907 to 1916, when it was
renamed the House of Representatives of the Philippines. The Philippine
Assembly was the firstnational legislative body fully chosen by elections.
TheAssembly was created by the 1902 Philippine Organic Act of the United
States Congress,which established the InsularGovernmentof the Philippines.
Along with an upper house (the appointed Philippine Commission), it formed
the bicameral Philippine Legislature during the American colonial period. In
1916, the Jones Act replaced the Philippine Organic Act and the Assembly
became the current Houseof Representativesof the Philippines.
PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY

The first Philippine Assembly elections were held on July 30, 1907.[These
were the first nationwide elections everheld in the Philippines.The Assembly
was inaugurated on October 16,1907 with SergioOsmeña as Speakerof the
Assembly, Manuel L.Quezon as majority leader
, and Vicente Singson as
minority leader
.
The inauguration of the assembly marked a "turning point in the country’s
history, for its creation markedthe commencement of Filipino participation in
self-governance and a big leap towards self-determination."
PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY

The National Assembly in the Philippines announced the plebiscite in 1937,
which would decide whether or not women should gain the right to vote.
Multiple women's movement started during 1910 which led to the plebiscite
in 1937 where women voted for or against for women's suffrage rights.
Filipino women workedhard to mobilize and fight for women's suffrage in the
early 1900s and gained victory after 447,725 out of 500,000 votesaffirmed
to havingwomen's right to vote.
Argumentsagainst women gaining the right to vote inthe Philippines were
stated due to the fact that it would ruinfamily unity,givingless power to the
husbandor man of the housein the family.
SUFFRAGE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF
SUFFRAGE

Prior to the plebiscite, electors voted on the approval of the new Philippine
constitution. Approximately 1,213,934 of the electors voted in favor of the
new constitution while 42,690 electors voted against. The new constitution,
which containsa provision for the mechanismof extendingthe right to vote to
women, was also the shortest constitution that was ratified during modern
times.Thisnew constitution contained only a small numberof 17 articles.
Before women gained the right to vote,they had no legal rights during that
time period. Evenwith the proper consent from their husbands, women still
could not obtain any legal rights.
SUFFRAGE

Governor General Dwight F.Davis made it legal for women to have some
legal rights when it came to disposition of property. Thisallowed for women
to own personal items within their marriage.
The issue concerning women's suffrage in the Philippines was settled in a
special plebiscite held on 30 April 1937. Ninety percent of voterswere in favor
of themeasure.
SUFFRAGE

Beginning in 1901, the military government was replaced by a civilian
government—theInsular Governmentof the Philippine Islands—with William
Howard Taft serving as its first Governor-General.Also,a series of insurgent
governmentsthat lacked significant international and diplomatic recognition
existedbetween 1898 and 1904.
The Insular Governmentof the Philippine Islands was a territorial government
of the United Statesthat was established in 1901 and was dissolved in1935.
The Insular Government was preceded by the United States Military
Government of the Philippine Islands and was followed by the
Commonwealth ofthe Philippines.
MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

The Philippines were acquired by the United Statesin1898 as a result of the
Spanish–American War
.In1902, the United States Congress passed the
Philippine Organic Act, which organized the government and served as its
basic law. Thisact provided for a governor-general appointed by the president
of the United States, as well as a bicameral Philippine Legislature with the
appointed Philippine Commission as the upper houseand a fully elected, fully
Filipino elected lower house,the Philippine Assembly.

Theterm "insular"refers to the fact that the government operated underthe
authorityof the U.S.Bureauof Insular Affairs.Puerto Ricoand Guamalso had
insular governmentsat this time.From 1901 to 1922, the U.S.SupremeCourt
wrestled with the constitutional status of these governments in the Insular
Cases. InDorr v.United States (1904), the court ruled that Filipinos did not
havea constitutional right to trial by jury.
Inthe Philippines itself, the term "insular"had limited usage.On banknotes,
postage stamps, and the coat of arms, the government referred to itself
simply as the "PhilippineIslands."

The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was replaced in 1916 by the Jones Law,
which ended the Philippine Commission and provided for both housesof the
Philippine Legislature to be elected. In1935, the Insular Government was
replaced by the Commonwealth.Commonwealth status was intended to last
ten years, during which the countrywould be prepared for independence.

The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular
Government, as the U.S.colonial administration was known. This was a form
of territorial government that reported to the Bureauof Insular Affairs. Theact
provided for a Governor-General appointed by the U.S.president and an
elected lower house,the Philippine Assembly.
Italso disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion. The United
Statesgovernment,in an effort to resolve the status of the friars,negotiated
with the Vatican. The churchagreed to sell the friars' estates and promised
gradual substitutionof Filipino and other non-Spanishpriests for the friars.It
refused, however
, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands
immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain.In1904 the administration
bought for $7.2million the majorpart of the friars' holdings,amountingto

Itrefused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands
immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain.In1904 the administration
bought for $7.2 million the major part of the friars' holdings, amounting to
some 166,000 hectares (410,000acres),of which one-half was in the vicinity
of Manila. Theland was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of themtenants
but the majority of themestate owners.
Insocio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period.
Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13%of which was
with the United States.By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos,66%of
which was with the United States.

A health care systemwas established which,by 1930, reduced the mortality
rate from all causes, including various tropical diseases, to a level similar to
that of the United States itself. The practices of slavery, piracy and
headhuntingwere suppressed but not entirely extinguished.
Two years after completion and publication of a census, a general election
was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly.An elected
Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower houseof a bicameral
legislature, with the Philippine Commission as the upper house.

Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine
Legislature passed resolutionsexpressing the Filipino desire for independence.
Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L.Quezon and Sergio Osmeña
enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912, which provided for
Philippine independence after eight years, but later changed their views,
opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of
independence. The nationalists demanded complete and absolute
independence to be guaranteed by the United States,since they feared that
too-rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might
cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands.The Jones Bill was rewritten
and passed Congressin1916 with a later date of independence.

1935
FORM OFGOVERNMENT
1935
BRANCHES OFTHE GOVERNMENT
1935
OTHER PROVISIONS
1935
THE COMMONWEALTH

The 1935 Constitution provided the legal basis of the Commonwealth
Government which was considered a transition government before the
grantingof the Philippine independence with American-inspired constitution;
the Philippine government would eventuallypattern its governmentsystem
after Americangovernment
The organization of constitutional Convention that would draw up the
fundamental law of the land based on the American model was one of the
salient provisions of the Tydings-McDuffie Act. Delegates to the convention
were subsequently elected in 1934. Inthe first meeting held on July 30 at the
session of the House of Representatives, Claro M. Recto was unanimously
elected as itsPresident.
FORM OF GOVERNMENT

Salient features of the 1935 Constitution include the following: a bicameral
legislature composed of a senate and Houseof Representatives. The President
is to be elected to a four-year term together with the Vice-President without
re-election; rights of suffrage by male citizens of the Philippines who are
twenty-one years of age or over and are able to read and write;extensionof
the right of suffrage to women within two years after the adoption of the
constitution.
FORM OF GOVERNMENT

The draft of the constitution was approved by the conventionon February8,
1935 and ratified by Pres.Roosevelt in WashingtonD.Con March 25,1935.
Elections were held in September 1935, Manuel L.Quezonwas elected as the
president of the Commonwealth. The 1935 Constitution provided the legal
basis of the Commonwealth Governmentwhich was considered a transition
government before the granting of the Philippine independence with
American-inspired constitution; the Philippine government would eventually
pattern its government system after American government. Ithas been said
that the 1935 Constitution was the best-written Philippine charter ever
.
FORM OF GOVERNMENT

Philippine independence was eventuallyachievedon July 4,1946. The 1935
Constitution, which featured a political system virtually identical to the
American one, became operative. The system called for a President to be
elected at large for a 4-year term (subject to one re-election), a bicameral
Congress,andan independentJudiciary.
BRANCHES OFGOVERNMENT

1940 Amendments
The amendments restored a two-chamber legislation. The appointments
commission was also restructured as a jointSenate-House body composed of
twelve Senators and twelve HouseMembers with the Senate President as ex-
officio Chairman.
OTHER PROVISIONS

On March 11,1947, the Filipino people ratified ina nationwide plebiscite the
"parityamendment" to the 1935 Constitution.
The plebiscite and the approval of three-quarters of the members of the
House and Senate, were required to amend the 13th article of the 1935
constitution which reserved the exploitation of natural resources only for
Filipinos.
OTHER PROVISIONS

Earlier, there were fraud and violent campaign tactics during the April 1946
election which resulted in the denial of the seats of some members of the
house and thesenate.
The definition of three-quarters became an issue because three-quarters of
the sitting members, not the full House and Senate, had approved the
amendment. The supreme court however, ruled in favor of the
administration's interpretation, enabling then president Manuel Roxas to gain
legislative approval on September 18,1946
OTHER PROVISIONS

Thus,the amendmentthat grantedUnited Statescitizensand corporations equal
rights with the Filipinosin theutilization and exploitationof its natural resources
and the operation of public utilitieswas approved.
The Philippine Trade Act, commonly known as the Bell Trade Act, passed by the
United StatesCongressin1946,and approved by the Philippinelegislature on July
2,two days before the Philippine independence, stipulated that free trade be
continued until 1954, thereafter
, tariffs would be increased 5 percent annually
until1974. Quotas were establishedfor Philippineproductsboth for free trade and
tariff periods. At the same time, there would be no restrictions on the entry of
United States products to the Philippines, nor would there be Philippine import
duties.ThePhilippinepeso was tied at a fixed rateto the United Statesdollar which
was 2 to 1.
OTHER PROVISIONS

The draft of the constitution was approved by the conventionon February 8,
1935 and ratified by Pres. Roosevelt in Washington D.Con March 25, 1935.
Elections were held in September 1935, Manuel L.Quezonwas elected as the
president of theCommonwealth.
The 1935 Constitution provided the legal basis of the Commonwealth
Government which was considered a transition government before the
granting of the Philippine independence with American-inspired constitution;
the Philippine government would eventuallypattern its government system
after American government.Ithas been said that the 1935 Constitution was
the best-written Philippine charter ever.
THECOMMONWEALTH

The Commonwealth was the culmination of efforts to secure a definitive
timetable for the withdrawal of American sovereigntyover the Philippines.
Early on,at the start of the American occupation, the United States had
established local governmentswith local elected town and provincial officials.
Afterward came a gradual expansion of national legislative representation,
beginningwith the Philippine Assembly (orLower House) in1907.
Itwas not until the Jones Law of 1916 that the pledge of eventual
independence—once Filipinos were ready for self-governance—was made.
The Jones Law led to the creation of an all-Filipino legislature composed of
the Philippine Senate and Houseof Representatives.
THECOMMONWEALTH

However, the position of Chief Executive—the Governor-General—and what
was considered the most important cabinet portfolio—Public Instruction
(precursor to the Department of Education)—were reserved for American
officials appointed by the President of the United States.Half of the Philippine
SupremeCourt was reservedfor Americans as well.
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided for a
presidential system of government with a unicameral legislature. Ithad the
power to enact laws for the Philippines, known as Commonwealth Acts,
through the NationalAssembly.
THECOMMONWEALTH

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