Conductometry is a measurement of electrolytic conductivity to monitor a progress of chemical reaction. Conductometry has notable application in analytical chemistry, where conductometric titration is a standard technique.Principle of the conductometric titrations theory states that for dilutions that are infinite, ions act independently and in the process contribute toward conductance of the solution. The principle behind this theory states that anions and cations have different conductance values.
This document presents information about the Donnan membrane effect and Donnan membrane equilibrium. It defines the Donnan membrane effect as occurring when diffusible solutes become unequally distributed between two compartments separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and electrolytes but impermeable to one ion species. It was discovered by Fredrick Donnan in 1911. The document then explains that the Donnan membrane equilibrium is reached when this distribution is balanced by diffusion, resulting in equal osmotic pressure but unequal ion concentrations. It derives the equation for Donnan membrane equilibrium and discusses its significance in biological systems like red blood cells, artificial kidneys, and industrial processes like tanning leather.
Cycloalkanes are organic compounds that consist solely of carbon and hydrogen arranged in a ring structure. They are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between their carbon atoms. Cycloalkanes have properties similar to alkanes but their cyclic structure gives them higher melting and boiling points compared to acyclic alkanes of similar molecular mass.
The document discusses the major pathways for skin penetration including the intercellular, intracellular, intrafollicular, and polar pathways. It also examines factors that affect skin penetration such as molecule size and skin conditions. Several types of penetration enhancers are covered, including those that modify the polar or non-polar routes, act through extraction of skin lipids, or affect the skin through enzymatic or vesicular mechanisms. In general, smaller molecules below 500 Daltons can more easily penetrate skin through these various routes and pathways.
This document provides background information on two titrimetric methods for analyzing chloride: a weight titration method using a chemical indicator and a volumetric titration method using potentiometric detection. The weight titration method involves standardizing a silver nitrate solution and then titrating samples to determine the mass of silver nitrate needed to reach the equivalence point. The potentiometric method uses a silver ring electrode to monitor the titration potential and determine the endpoint volume. Procedures for both the Fajans indicator method and potentiometric titration of samples are described.
Introduction
Ohm’s law.
Conductometric measurements.
Factor affecting conductivity.
Application of conductometry.
2.Conductometric titration-:
Introduction.
Types of conductometric tiration.
Advantages of conductometric tiration.
3.Recent devlopement
Conductometry:
is the simplest of the electroanalytical techniques; by Kolthoff in 1929.
Conductors are:
either metallic (flow of electrons) or electrolytic (movemenmt of ions).
Conductance of electricity:
migration of positively charged ions towards the cathode and negatively charged ones towards the anode
(i.e.) current is carried by all ions present in solution.
Conductance depends on the number of ions in solun.
Factors affecting conductance:
1- Temperature:
(1C increase in temperature causes 2 % increase in conductance).
2- Nature of ions
Size, molecular weight and number of charges.
3- Concentration of ions:
As the number of ions increases, the conductance increases.
4- Size of electrodes
Conductance is directly proportional to the cross sectional area (A).
Receptor Occupation Theory is a pharmacology theory discussed in a student's 5th semester pharmacology assignment. The document provides the assignment topic, subject, code, student name and details, and expresses gratitude at the end.
Conductometry is a measurement of electrolytic conductivity to monitor a progress of chemical reaction. Conductometry has notable application in analytical chemistry, where conductometric titration is a standard technique.Principle of the conductometric titrations theory states that for dilutions that are infinite, ions act independently and in the process contribute toward conductance of the solution. The principle behind this theory states that anions and cations have different conductance values.
This document presents information about the Donnan membrane effect and Donnan membrane equilibrium. It defines the Donnan membrane effect as occurring when diffusible solutes become unequally distributed between two compartments separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and electrolytes but impermeable to one ion species. It was discovered by Fredrick Donnan in 1911. The document then explains that the Donnan membrane equilibrium is reached when this distribution is balanced by diffusion, resulting in equal osmotic pressure but unequal ion concentrations. It derives the equation for Donnan membrane equilibrium and discusses its significance in biological systems like red blood cells, artificial kidneys, and industrial processes like tanning leather.
Cycloalkanes are organic compounds that consist solely of carbon and hydrogen arranged in a ring structure. They are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between their carbon atoms. Cycloalkanes have properties similar to alkanes but their cyclic structure gives them higher melting and boiling points compared to acyclic alkanes of similar molecular mass.
The document discusses the major pathways for skin penetration including the intercellular, intracellular, intrafollicular, and polar pathways. It also examines factors that affect skin penetration such as molecule size and skin conditions. Several types of penetration enhancers are covered, including those that modify the polar or non-polar routes, act through extraction of skin lipids, or affect the skin through enzymatic or vesicular mechanisms. In general, smaller molecules below 500 Daltons can more easily penetrate skin through these various routes and pathways.
This document provides background information on two titrimetric methods for analyzing chloride: a weight titration method using a chemical indicator and a volumetric titration method using potentiometric detection. The weight titration method involves standardizing a silver nitrate solution and then titrating samples to determine the mass of silver nitrate needed to reach the equivalence point. The potentiometric method uses a silver ring electrode to monitor the titration potential and determine the endpoint volume. Procedures for both the Fajans indicator method and potentiometric titration of samples are described.
Introduction
Ohm’s law.
Conductometric measurements.
Factor affecting conductivity.
Application of conductometry.
2.Conductometric titration-:
Introduction.
Types of conductometric tiration.
Advantages of conductometric tiration.
3.Recent devlopement
Conductometry:
is the simplest of the electroanalytical techniques; by Kolthoff in 1929.
Conductors are:
either metallic (flow of electrons) or electrolytic (movemenmt of ions).
Conductance of electricity:
migration of positively charged ions towards the cathode and negatively charged ones towards the anode
(i.e.) current is carried by all ions present in solution.
Conductance depends on the number of ions in solun.
Factors affecting conductance:
1- Temperature:
(1C increase in temperature causes 2 % increase in conductance).
2- Nature of ions
Size, molecular weight and number of charges.
3- Concentration of ions:
As the number of ions increases, the conductance increases.
4- Size of electrodes
Conductance is directly proportional to the cross sectional area (A).
Receptor Occupation Theory is a pharmacology theory discussed in a student's 5th semester pharmacology assignment. The document provides the assignment topic, subject, code, student name and details, and expresses gratitude at the end.
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
scedule of presentaion od educational ppsychology BS 3rd 2024 (Education)Regu...Kamran Abdullah
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
The use of ICT in education according to psychology.pptxKamran Abdullah
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
1st Semester Outcome All Subjects BS EDUCATION UOS.docxKamran Abdullah
BS EDUCATION
SEMESTER 1st
Session (2023-2027)
From March 2023 to July 2023
Important Question and their Answers Notes
Kamran Abdullah
EDUC51S23R004
SUBJECTS
1. ENGLISH…………………………………Ms Sana Umar
2. Instructional Methods………………Mr Akhyar Ahmed
3. Computer Application………………Ch Naveed Afzal
4. Introduction to Education ………Dr. Tariq Saleem Ghayyur
5. Pakistan Studies ……………………Mr Fazal Karim
6. Language and Linguistics ………Ms Naseem Kousar
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being introduced to Europe in the 16th century. Chocolate became popularized as a drink in Europe in the 17th century and the first chocolate factory was opened in England in the late 1600s.
This document provides details on a new software update that will be installed on all company computers. The update includes security patches that fix vulnerabilities, improved compatibility with newer operating systems, and new features to enhance the user experience. The update will be automatically pushed out to all devices overnight on Friday and is expected to take 30 minutes to complete on each computer. Users are instructed to make sure their computers are plugged in and up to date with backups before going home for the day.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
scedule of presentaion od educational ppsychology BS 3rd 2024 (Education)Regu...Kamran Abdullah
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
The use of ICT in education according to psychology.pptxKamran Abdullah
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Bs Education 3rd Semester (R)
2023-27
Subject Educational Psychology
Ms Saima
Institute of Education UOS
Final paper schedule
CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm)
Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm)
educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00)
English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)
1st Semester Outcome All Subjects BS EDUCATION UOS.docxKamran Abdullah
BS EDUCATION
SEMESTER 1st
Session (2023-2027)
From March 2023 to July 2023
Important Question and their Answers Notes
Kamran Abdullah
EDUC51S23R004
SUBJECTS
1. ENGLISH…………………………………Ms Sana Umar
2. Instructional Methods………………Mr Akhyar Ahmed
3. Computer Application………………Ch Naveed Afzal
4. Introduction to Education ………Dr. Tariq Saleem Ghayyur
5. Pakistan Studies ……………………Mr Fazal Karim
6. Language and Linguistics ………Ms Naseem Kousar
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being introduced to Europe in the 16th century. Chocolate became popularized as a drink in Europe in the 17th century and the first chocolate factory was opened in England in the late 1600s.
This document provides details on a new software update that will be installed on all company computers. The update includes security patches that fix vulnerabilities, improved compatibility with newer operating systems, and new features to enhance the user experience. The update will be automatically pushed out to all devices overnight on Friday and is expected to take 30 minutes to complete on each computer. Users are instructed to make sure their computers are plugged in and up to date with backups before going home for the day.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!