Distillation: Basic Principles and methodology of simple distillation,flash distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation & molecular distillation

1. DISTILLATION
 Distillation is a physical separation process used to
separate components of a mixture based on differences
in their boiling points.
 It is commonly used in industries, laboratories and
everyday application to purify liquids, recover solvents
or separate components of a mixture.

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PRINCIPLE OF DISTILLATION
 Each component of a mixture has a specific
boiling point. When the mixture is heated, the
components with the lower boiling point
vaporizes first.
 The vapour is then cooled in a condenser to
convert it back into a liquid form.
 By carefully controlling the heating and
condensation process, the components can be
separated.

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APPLICATION OF DISTILLATION
 Purification of chemicals
 Alcohol Production
 Isolating active ingredients
 Extraction of aromatic compounds.
 Separation of crude oils

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TYPES OF DISTILLATION
1. Simple Distillation
2. Flash Distillation
3. Fractional Distillation
4. Distillation Under Reduced Pressure
5. Steam Distillation
6. Molecular Distillation

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SIMPLE DISTILLATION
Principle
 The process is based on the differences in boiling points of components in a
mixture.
 The liquid with lower boiling point vaporizes first when the mixture is
heated, leaving behind other components.
 The vapour is then condensed back into liquid e collected separately.
 The effectiveness of simple distillation is optimal when boiling points of
components differs by at least 25°C.

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Construction
 Distillation Flask: Holds the liquid mixture to be separated.
 Heat Source: Heat the mixture to induce boiling.
 Condenser: Cools the vapour back into liquid.
 Receiving Flask: Collects the condensed liquid.
 Thermometer: Monitors the temperature to ensure proper
separation.

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Working
 The liquid mixture in distillation flask is
heated.
 The component with lower boiling point
vaporizes first.
 The vapour passes through the condenser,
where it cools and condenses Into liquid.
 The condensed liquid is collected in the
receiving flask
 The process continues allowing for
separation of components.

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Advantages
 Simple setup
 Cost effective
 Minimum Energy Utilization
Disadvantages
 Inefficient for mixtures with close boiling point.
 Not suitable for heat- sensitive substances
Application
 Water purification
 Purification of organic solvents
 Alcohol Distillation.

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FLASH DISTILLATION
PRINCIPLE
 The process operates on the principle that when a heated liquid a sudden reduction
in pressure, it partially mixture undergoes Vaporizes.
 This rapid vaporization occurs because the reduced pressure lowers the boiling point
of mixture's components.

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CONSTRUCTION
 Feed: Contains the liquid mixture to be separated.
 Pump: Transfers the liquid mixture from feed to the heater.
 Heater: Elevates the temperature of the liquid mixture
 Pressure Reducing Valve: Lowers the pressure of the heated liquid mixture as it enters the flash
chambers.
 Flash Chamber: A vessel where mixture undergoes flash vaporization resulting in the separation
of vapour e liquid phases.

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WORKING
 The liquid mixture is pumped from the feed reservoir
into the heater, where it is heated to a specific
temperature.
 The heated mixture passes the pressure reducing
value, causing a sudden drop in pressure.
 A portion of liquid instantly vaporizes due to reduced
pressure.
 The vapour and liquid phases separates within the
flash chamber
 The vapour phase is collected from the top of the
drum, while the liquid phase is collected from the
bottom.

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Advantages
 Simple Design
 Low Operating Cost
 Fast Separation
Application
 Petroleum Refining
 Chemical Processing
 Food Processing
Disadvantages
 Limited Separation
 Not suitable for Heat-Sensitive Materials.

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FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Principle
 When the mixture is allowed to heat, the partial condensation of the vapour is
allowed to occur in a fractionating column
 The ascending vapours allowed escapes from the column while Condensing vapour
return back to the flask.

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CONSTRUCTION
 Distillation flask: A round bottom flask that hold the liquid mixture
 Fractionating Column: A vertical column that separates the vapour phase from liquid phase.
 Condenser: A coil or tube that condenses the vapour back Into a liquid
 Collection Vessel: A vessel that collects the distilled fractions
WORKING
 The mixture is heated in the distillation flask.
 The component with low boiling vaporizes frost and escaped from fractionating column e collected
in the receiver.
 The component with high boiling point condensed back into distillation flask through Fractionating
column.

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Advantages
 Efficient separation
 High Purity
 Suitable for both laboratory & industrial process.
Disadvantages
 Complex Setup
 Time Consuming
Applications
 Petroleum Industry
 Pharmaceutical Industry
 Food Industry

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DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE
PRINGPLE
 Distillation under reduced pressure, also known as vacuum distillation is based on
the principle that the boiling point Of a liquid decreases as surrounding pressure
decreases.
 By reducing the pressure, the liquid can be vaporized at a lower temperature, which
helps to prevent thermal degredation and preserve the quality of the product.

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CONSTRUCTION
 Distillation Flask: A vessel where feed
mixture is healed vaporized,
 Condenser: Condensed vapors back into
liquid
 Vacuum Pump: A device that creates and
maintains the reduced pressure
environment.
 Collection Vessel: A container where
distilled product is collected.

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WORKING
 The feed mixture is introduced into the distillation flask.
 The feed mixture is heated, causing the liquid to vaporize.
 The vacuum pump creates a reduced pressure environment, which facilitates
vaporization at low temperature
 The vapour rises into condenser, where it condensed back into liquid.
 The distilled product is collected into the collection vessel.

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Advantages
 Lower Temperature
 Increased Efficiency
 Reduced Energy Consumption
Application
 Chemical Processing
 Food Processing
 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Disadvantages
 Higher Equipment cost
 Increased complexity

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STEAM DISTILLATION
PRINCIPLE
 Steam distillation is a technique used to purify or isolate heat-sensitive compounds.
 It utilizes steam to separate a mixture of two or more liquids based on their differences
in boiling points
CONSTRUCTION
 Distillation Flask: A Vessel where feed mixture is heated & vaporized.
 Steam Generator: A device that produces steam.
 Condenser: Device that condensed vapour back into liquid.
 Collection Vessel: Container where distilled product is received.

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WORKING
 The feed mixture is introduced into the
distillation flask.
 Steam is injected into the distillation flask,
causing the more volatile component to
vaporize.
 The vapour rises into condenser, where it is
condensed back into liquid.
 The condensed liquid is separated into two
or more layers based on their densities.

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Advantages
 Low temperature requirement
 Increased Efficiency
 Reduced Energy consumption
Disadvantages
 Higher equipment cost
 Complexity.
Application
 Food Processing
 Chemical Processing
 Pharmaceutical Processing.

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