Pharmaceutical dosage form concept and classification
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This document discusses dosage forms for pharmaceutical drugs. It defines a drug as a substance used to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease in humans or animals. It states that dosage forms are carriers that deliver drug molecules to the site of action in the body or make drugs more palatable. The document classifies different types of dosage forms.
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dosage forms and route of drug administration
The document discusses different dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It describes how drugs are formulated with excipients into various dosage forms for efficacious delivery. The main dosage forms covered are solid forms like powders, granules, tablets, capsules; semi-solid forms like ointments, creams; and liquid forms like syrups, suspensions, emulsions. Each dosage form has unique characteristics depending on factors like physical appearance, how it is administered, and frequency of dosing. Common routes of administration include oral, topical, and injectable forms.
Liquid dosage form
1. The document discusses liquid dosage forms, which provide advantages over solid forms like faster absorption.
2. Liquid dosage forms are classified as monophasic containing one phase like syrups, or biphasic containing two phases like suspensions and emulsions.
3. Key liquid dosage forms are described including their composition, preparation, and uses both internally and externally. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms are also outlined.
Liquid manufacturing
This document discusses the manufacturing of liquid dosage forms. Liquids can be monophasic, containing a single phase, or biphasic, containing two immiscible phases like suspensions and emulsions. Key components include active ingredients, vehicles, surfactants, preservatives, colors, and flavors. Manufacturing involves accurately measuring and mixing components according to their solubility and physical properties. For monophasic liquids, soluble compounds are dissolved in a vehicle while insoluble compounds require mixing to form a uniform suspension. Biphasic liquids like emulsions use wet or dry gum methods to properly combine oil and water phases into a stable final product.
introduction to dosages form
1. The document discusses different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal dosage forms.
2. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
3. The document provides examples of each dosage form and explains their composition, use, advantages, and route of administration. The classification of dosage forms is also described based on physical form and route of administration.
Solid Dosage Forms
This document discusses various types of solid dosage forms, with a focus on tablets and capsules. Tablets can be film coated, enteric coated, effervescent, sublingual, buccal, troches, chewable, or modified/slow release. Capsules can be hard or soft shell and contain solids or oils. Powders can be simplex, complex, indivisi or divisi. The document provides examples and describes how to write prescriptions for different solid dosage forms.
Ointment
This document discusses ointments, which are semisolid preparations intended for local or transdermal delivery of active substances for skin application. It defines ointments and describes their types, classifications based on penetration and therapeutic use, ideal properties of bases, methods of preparation including mechanical incorporation and fusion. It also discusses factors influencing dermal absorption such as skin and drug properties and the vehicle used. The document concludes that ointments have significant treatment potential and demand will continue to rise for dermatological products addressing skin diseases and protection.
Pharmaceutical dosage forms
This document discusses various dosage forms used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It begins by defining active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients. It then describes different types of solid, liquid, and semisolid dosage forms including tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams, ointments, pastes, elixirs, and syrups. Specific details are provided about tablet ingredients and manufacturing processes like compression and coating. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of common dosage forms and how drugs are formulated into products for administration.
Parenterals
The document discusses parenterals, which are sterile preparations intended for administration through layers of skin or mucous membranes. It defines parenterals and outlines their advantages like 100% bioavailability and ability to administer to unconscious patients. The document also discusses the various routes of parenteral administration, types of parenterals like powders, solutions, and emulsions. It describes the formulation, layout, and quality control testing of parenterals. Specifically, it provides details on the areas involved in parenteral production, types of small and large volume parenterals, and common quality tests like leaker, clarity, pyrogenic, sterility, and content uniformity testing.
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dosage forms and route of drug administration
The document discusses different dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It describes how drugs are formulated with excipients into various dosage forms for efficacious delivery. The main dosage forms covered are solid forms like powders, granules, tablets, capsules; semi-solid forms like ointments, creams; and liquid forms like syrups, suspensions, emulsions. Each dosage form has unique characteristics depending on factors like physical appearance, how it is administered, and frequency of dosing. Common routes of administration include oral, topical, and injectable forms.
Liquid dosage form
1. The document discusses liquid dosage forms, which provide advantages over solid forms like faster absorption.
2. Liquid dosage forms are classified as monophasic containing one phase like syrups, or biphasic containing two phases like suspensions and emulsions.
3. Key liquid dosage forms are described including their composition, preparation, and uses both internally and externally. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms are also outlined.
Liquid manufacturing
This document discusses the manufacturing of liquid dosage forms. Liquids can be monophasic, containing a single phase, or biphasic, containing two immiscible phases like suspensions and emulsions. Key components include active ingredients, vehicles, surfactants, preservatives, colors, and flavors. Manufacturing involves accurately measuring and mixing components according to their solubility and physical properties. For monophasic liquids, soluble compounds are dissolved in a vehicle while insoluble compounds require mixing to form a uniform suspension. Biphasic liquids like emulsions use wet or dry gum methods to properly combine oil and water phases into a stable final product.
introduction to dosages form
1. The document discusses different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal dosage forms.
2. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
3. The document provides examples of each dosage form and explains their composition, use, advantages, and route of administration. The classification of dosage forms is also described based on physical form and route of administration.
Solid Dosage Forms
This document discusses various types of solid dosage forms, with a focus on tablets and capsules. Tablets can be film coated, enteric coated, effervescent, sublingual, buccal, troches, chewable, or modified/slow release. Capsules can be hard or soft shell and contain solids or oils. Powders can be simplex, complex, indivisi or divisi. The document provides examples and describes how to write prescriptions for different solid dosage forms.
Ointment
This document discusses ointments, which are semisolid preparations intended for local or transdermal delivery of active substances for skin application. It defines ointments and describes their types, classifications based on penetration and therapeutic use, ideal properties of bases, methods of preparation including mechanical incorporation and fusion. It also discusses factors influencing dermal absorption such as skin and drug properties and the vehicle used. The document concludes that ointments have significant treatment potential and demand will continue to rise for dermatological products addressing skin diseases and protection.
Pharmaceutical dosage forms
This document discusses various dosage forms used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It begins by defining active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients. It then describes different types of solid, liquid, and semisolid dosage forms including tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams, ointments, pastes, elixirs, and syrups. Specific details are provided about tablet ingredients and manufacturing processes like compression and coating. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of common dosage forms and how drugs are formulated into products for administration.
Parenterals
The document discusses parenterals, which are sterile preparations intended for administration through layers of skin or mucous membranes. It defines parenterals and outlines their advantages like 100% bioavailability and ability to administer to unconscious patients. The document also discusses the various routes of parenteral administration, types of parenterals like powders, solutions, and emulsions. It describes the formulation, layout, and quality control testing of parenterals. Specifically, it provides details on the areas involved in parenteral production, types of small and large volume parenterals, and common quality tests like leaker, clarity, pyrogenic, sterility, and content uniformity testing.
Powders and granules
This document discusses powders and granules used in pharmaceutical formulations. It defines powders and granules and discusses their advantages. Particle size and shape are described. Hard and soft gelatin capsules are summarized, including their manufacturing and filling methods. Sustained release and enteric coated capsules are briefly outlined. Microencapsulation techniques like coacervation and pan coating are introduced. Spray drying is also mentioned as a microencapsulation method.
Solid dosage forms ppt
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
Pharmaceutical Emulsion
Pharmaceutical Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable mixtures of two immiscible liquids stabilized by an emulsifying agent. They can be oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions depending on the dispersed and continuous phases. Emulsifying agents like surfactants, hydrocolloids, and solid particles form protective films around droplets and increase viscosity to prevent coalescence. Stability issues include creaming, cracking, and phase inversion. Methods to enhance stability are reducing droplet size, increasing viscosity, using emulsifying agents, and controlling storage temperature.
Pharmaceutical excipients
This document discusses various types of pharmaceutical excipients used in drug formulations. It defines excipients as pharmacologically inactive substances formulated alongside active pharmaceutical ingredients. Excipients provide bulk, facilitate drug absorption and stability, aid manufacturing, and improve handling. Common excipients include fillers, binders, disintegrants, coatings, preservatives, antioxidants, and solvents. Each excipient type has distinct functions and ideal properties. Proper excipient selection is important to ensure drug efficacy, stability, safety, and to avoid complications.
Granules - Pharmaceutics
Granules are aggregations of fine powder particles that are roughly spherical in shape. They are produced to improve powder flowability, enhance compressibility, reduce toxicity, and prevent caking. There are three main granulation methods: wet granulation, dry granulation, and granulation by crystallization. Wet granulation is most common and involves mixing powder with a liquid to form a paste, then granulating and drying the paste. Granules are sieved after drying to achieve a uniform size distribution suitable for their intended use as a final or intermediate pharmaceutical product. Quality tests such as dissolution and friability are performed to ensure granule properties are suitable.
Fast dissolving tablets
This document defines and discusses fast dissolving tablets (FDTs). FDTs disintegrate rapidly in the mouth without water. Their history dates back to the 1970s when scientists developed Zydis, an early FDT formulation. FDTs provide advantages like accurate dosing, easy administration for patients who can't swallow, and a faster onset of action compared to normal tablets. They are made through freeze drying or spray drying which creates a highly porous structure for rapid dissolution. While FDTs offer benefits, their use is limited by formulation challenges like bitter tasting drugs and large doses. The future of FDTs depends on overcoming these difficulties.
Introduction to Dosage form
The document discusses various types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules which provide accurate dosing and protection of drugs. Liquid forms like syrups provide quick absorption but stability can be an issue. Semi-solids like ointments and creams are used for external application. Dosage forms aim to deliver drugs safely and effectively based on factors like taste-masking, sustained release, and site of action within the body.
parenteral dosage form
The document discusses parenteral dosage forms. Parenterals are sterile solutions or suspensions of drugs administered directly into veins, muscles, or under the skin. They do not utilize the alimentary canal and must meet general requirements including stability, sterility, isotonicity, and being free of pyrogens, toxins, and foreign particles. Evaluation tests for parenterals include sterility, pyrogen, clarity, and leakage tests.
Classical dosage form
This document discusses classical dosage forms, which include pills, lozenges, mixtures, inhalations, powders, glycerites, throat paints, elixirs, draughts, granules, solutions, pessaries, tinctures, and syrups. It provides details on the composition, preparation, uses, and examples of each type of classical dosage form. Classical dosage forms were commonly used in ancient times but have been replaced by more advanced forms in modern times due to various disadvantages like poor stability or ease of administration.
Introduction to dosage form
Kirandeep Kaur
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutics
ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab
Excipients
Excipients are inactive substances formulated with active pharmaceutical ingredients to create drug products. They serve important purposes like bulking up formulations, ensuring consistent drug release and stability, and determining properties of the final dosage form like tablet size and dissolution rate. Common excipients include diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, and glidants. Diluents increase volume and include substances like lactose, starch and calcium phosphate. Binders promote adhesion while disintegrants facilitate breaking of tablets. Lubricants prevent adhesion during compression and glidants promote powder flow. Proper excipient selection is crucial for an efficacious and robust drug product.
MODIFIED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
This seminar discusses modified release drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction defining modified release as systems that provide drug release in a distinct form from conventional dosage forms, either delaying or extending release. It then covers various types of modified release systems like extended release, delayed release, repeat action and targeted release. Some key technologies for achieving extended release are also summarized, like coated granules, embedding in eroding matrices, multi-tablet systems, and osmotic pumps. The seminar concludes with discussing evaluation of these systems through in vitro/in vivo correlations and dissolution studies.
Liquid dosage forms ppt
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
Pharmaceutical suspensions... a brief review
This document provides information on suspensions, including:
- Definitions of suspensions and their advantages over other dosage forms.
- Classification of suspensions based on factors like concentration, particle size, and sedimentation.
- Guidelines for formulating stable suspensions, such as using suspending agents and controlling flocculation.
- Methods for evaluating properties of suspensions like sedimentation, viscosity, and particle size over time to assess stability.
- Common suspending agents used to increase viscosity and prevent caking or sedimentation.
Aerosol types , mechanisms
The document provides an overview of pharmaceutical aerosols, including their definition, types, components, propellants, containers, valves, manufacturing process, and drug delivery to the lungs. Key points include:
- Aerosols contain active ingredients that are released as a fine dispersion upon activation of a valve. They are used for topical, nasal, oral, or inhalation applications.
- Components include propellants, containers, valves/actuators, and product concentrate. Common propellants are hydrocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, compressed gases like carbon dioxide.
- Manufacturing involves filling containers with concentrate then propellant using pressure or cold filling to minimize contamination. Metered dose inhalers precisely deliver
Pharmaceutical Suspensions
The document discusses suspensions, including definitions, classifications, properties, advantages, disadvantages, formulation methods, components, and general formulation procedures. Some key points:
- A suspension is a heterogeneous system with insoluble particles dispersed uniformly throughout a liquid medium. Suspending agents help maintain uniform dispersion.
- Suspensions can be classified based on physical state, proportion of solids, behavior of dispersed phase, particle size, and general type (oral, topical, parenteral).
- Important properties include easy redispersion, no sediment compaction, optimal viscosity, and stability.
- Common formulation methods are precipitation, dispersion, controlled flocculation, and use of structured vehicles. Key components are suspending
Tablets
This document provides information about tablets, including their definition, advantages, disadvantages and types. It discusses the main components of tablets, including active ingredients and excipients. It describes different types of tablets based on their route of administration and production process. The purposes and examples of various excipients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants and coloring agents are outlined. Granulation is introduced as a process to prevent segregation and improve flow of powder mixtures that are then compressed into tablets.
Parenteral formulations
Parenterals are formulated as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, powders, or nano systems. They contain an active ingredient, vehicle, and added substances to maintain stability and sterility. Added substances include solubilizers, antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, buffers, tonicity contributors, and protectants. Parenterals are formulated to be sterile and in stable forms like suspensions, solutions, emulsions or powders for reconstitution to facilitate easy administration while maintaining purity and therapeutic activity. They undergo quality testing for leakage, clarity, pyrogenicity and sterility.
Wet granulation
Wet granulation is a process that uses a granulating liquid like ethanol or water to mix powder particles. It involves mixing powders and a binder solution, sieving the wet mixture, drying the granules, and sieving the dry granules. Common methods are shear granulation, fluid bed granulation, and spheronization which forms spheres or pellets. Wet granulation produces granules that compress well and result in tablets with consistent properties, though it uses more energy than dry granulation and powders must be stable with water.
Powders
pharmaceutical powders belongs to solid dosage form their preparation ,classification and dispensing of powders involving special problems
Drug stability
Drug stability refers to the ability of a drug product to retain its properties over time. There are several types of stability, including physical, chemical, and microbiological stability. Chemical stability can be impacted by degradation pathways like oxidation, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation. Photodegradation from sunlight can also impact stability, leading to discoloration or loss of properties, so photostabilization techniques are used. Accelerated stability studies subject drug preparations to high stresses like heat, humidity, and light to rapidly predict a product's shelf life.
Chemical kinetics
This document discusses chemical kinetics, which is the study of reaction rates. It defines kinetics and lists some of its applications in pharmaceutical sciences like drug stability, dissolution, and pharmacokinetics. It then describes the molecularity and common types of reactions like unimolecular, bimolecular, and termolecular. The rest of the document discusses factors that influence reaction rates such as temperature, solvents, ionic strength, and dielectric constant. It also covers reaction orders, methods for determining order, and concepts like half-life. Catalysis is mentioned as another factor that can increase reaction rates.
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Powders and granules
This document discusses powders and granules used in pharmaceutical formulations. It defines powders and granules and discusses their advantages. Particle size and shape are described. Hard and soft gelatin capsules are summarized, including their manufacturing and filling methods. Sustained release and enteric coated capsules are briefly outlined. Microencapsulation techniques like coacervation and pan coating are introduced. Spray drying is also mentioned as a microencapsulation method.
Solid dosage forms ppt
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
Pharmaceutical Emulsion
Pharmaceutical Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable mixtures of two immiscible liquids stabilized by an emulsifying agent. They can be oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions depending on the dispersed and continuous phases. Emulsifying agents like surfactants, hydrocolloids, and solid particles form protective films around droplets and increase viscosity to prevent coalescence. Stability issues include creaming, cracking, and phase inversion. Methods to enhance stability are reducing droplet size, increasing viscosity, using emulsifying agents, and controlling storage temperature.
Pharmaceutical excipients
This document discusses various types of pharmaceutical excipients used in drug formulations. It defines excipients as pharmacologically inactive substances formulated alongside active pharmaceutical ingredients. Excipients provide bulk, facilitate drug absorption and stability, aid manufacturing, and improve handling. Common excipients include fillers, binders, disintegrants, coatings, preservatives, antioxidants, and solvents. Each excipient type has distinct functions and ideal properties. Proper excipient selection is important to ensure drug efficacy, stability, safety, and to avoid complications.
Granules - Pharmaceutics
Granules are aggregations of fine powder particles that are roughly spherical in shape. They are produced to improve powder flowability, enhance compressibility, reduce toxicity, and prevent caking. There are three main granulation methods: wet granulation, dry granulation, and granulation by crystallization. Wet granulation is most common and involves mixing powder with a liquid to form a paste, then granulating and drying the paste. Granules are sieved after drying to achieve a uniform size distribution suitable for their intended use as a final or intermediate pharmaceutical product. Quality tests such as dissolution and friability are performed to ensure granule properties are suitable.
Fast dissolving tablets
This document defines and discusses fast dissolving tablets (FDTs). FDTs disintegrate rapidly in the mouth without water. Their history dates back to the 1970s when scientists developed Zydis, an early FDT formulation. FDTs provide advantages like accurate dosing, easy administration for patients who can't swallow, and a faster onset of action compared to normal tablets. They are made through freeze drying or spray drying which creates a highly porous structure for rapid dissolution. While FDTs offer benefits, their use is limited by formulation challenges like bitter tasting drugs and large doses. The future of FDTs depends on overcoming these difficulties.
Introduction to Dosage form
The document discusses various types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules which provide accurate dosing and protection of drugs. Liquid forms like syrups provide quick absorption but stability can be an issue. Semi-solids like ointments and creams are used for external application. Dosage forms aim to deliver drugs safely and effectively based on factors like taste-masking, sustained release, and site of action within the body.
parenteral dosage form
The document discusses parenteral dosage forms. Parenterals are sterile solutions or suspensions of drugs administered directly into veins, muscles, or under the skin. They do not utilize the alimentary canal and must meet general requirements including stability, sterility, isotonicity, and being free of pyrogens, toxins, and foreign particles. Evaluation tests for parenterals include sterility, pyrogen, clarity, and leakage tests.
Classical dosage form
This document discusses classical dosage forms, which include pills, lozenges, mixtures, inhalations, powders, glycerites, throat paints, elixirs, draughts, granules, solutions, pessaries, tinctures, and syrups. It provides details on the composition, preparation, uses, and examples of each type of classical dosage form. Classical dosage forms were commonly used in ancient times but have been replaced by more advanced forms in modern times due to various disadvantages like poor stability or ease of administration.
Introduction to dosage form
Kirandeep Kaur
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutics
ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab
Excipients
Excipients are inactive substances formulated with active pharmaceutical ingredients to create drug products. They serve important purposes like bulking up formulations, ensuring consistent drug release and stability, and determining properties of the final dosage form like tablet size and dissolution rate. Common excipients include diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, and glidants. Diluents increase volume and include substances like lactose, starch and calcium phosphate. Binders promote adhesion while disintegrants facilitate breaking of tablets. Lubricants prevent adhesion during compression and glidants promote powder flow. Proper excipient selection is crucial for an efficacious and robust drug product.
MODIFIED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
This seminar discusses modified release drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction defining modified release as systems that provide drug release in a distinct form from conventional dosage forms, either delaying or extending release. It then covers various types of modified release systems like extended release, delayed release, repeat action and targeted release. Some key technologies for achieving extended release are also summarized, like coated granules, embedding in eroding matrices, multi-tablet systems, and osmotic pumps. The seminar concludes with discussing evaluation of these systems through in vitro/in vivo correlations and dissolution studies.
Liquid dosage forms ppt
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
Pharmaceutical suspensions... a brief review
This document provides information on suspensions, including:
- Definitions of suspensions and their advantages over other dosage forms.
- Classification of suspensions based on factors like concentration, particle size, and sedimentation.
- Guidelines for formulating stable suspensions, such as using suspending agents and controlling flocculation.
- Methods for evaluating properties of suspensions like sedimentation, viscosity, and particle size over time to assess stability.
- Common suspending agents used to increase viscosity and prevent caking or sedimentation.
Aerosol types , mechanisms
The document provides an overview of pharmaceutical aerosols, including their definition, types, components, propellants, containers, valves, manufacturing process, and drug delivery to the lungs. Key points include:
- Aerosols contain active ingredients that are released as a fine dispersion upon activation of a valve. They are used for topical, nasal, oral, or inhalation applications.
- Components include propellants, containers, valves/actuators, and product concentrate. Common propellants are hydrocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, compressed gases like carbon dioxide.
- Manufacturing involves filling containers with concentrate then propellant using pressure or cold filling to minimize contamination. Metered dose inhalers precisely deliver
Pharmaceutical Suspensions
The document discusses suspensions, including definitions, classifications, properties, advantages, disadvantages, formulation methods, components, and general formulation procedures. Some key points:
- A suspension is a heterogeneous system with insoluble particles dispersed uniformly throughout a liquid medium. Suspending agents help maintain uniform dispersion.
- Suspensions can be classified based on physical state, proportion of solids, behavior of dispersed phase, particle size, and general type (oral, topical, parenteral).
- Important properties include easy redispersion, no sediment compaction, optimal viscosity, and stability.
- Common formulation methods are precipitation, dispersion, controlled flocculation, and use of structured vehicles. Key components are suspending
Tablets
This document provides information about tablets, including their definition, advantages, disadvantages and types. It discusses the main components of tablets, including active ingredients and excipients. It describes different types of tablets based on their route of administration and production process. The purposes and examples of various excipients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants and coloring agents are outlined. Granulation is introduced as a process to prevent segregation and improve flow of powder mixtures that are then compressed into tablets.
Parenteral formulations
Parenterals are formulated as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, powders, or nano systems. They contain an active ingredient, vehicle, and added substances to maintain stability and sterility. Added substances include solubilizers, antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, buffers, tonicity contributors, and protectants. Parenterals are formulated to be sterile and in stable forms like suspensions, solutions, emulsions or powders for reconstitution to facilitate easy administration while maintaining purity and therapeutic activity. They undergo quality testing for leakage, clarity, pyrogenicity and sterility.
Wet granulation
Wet granulation is a process that uses a granulating liquid like ethanol or water to mix powder particles. It involves mixing powders and a binder solution, sieving the wet mixture, drying the granules, and sieving the dry granules. Common methods are shear granulation, fluid bed granulation, and spheronization which forms spheres or pellets. Wet granulation produces granules that compress well and result in tablets with consistent properties, though it uses more energy than dry granulation and powders must be stable with water.
Powders
pharmaceutical powders belongs to solid dosage form their preparation ,classification and dispensing of powders involving special problems
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Drug stability
Drug stability refers to the ability of a drug product to retain its properties over time. There are several types of stability, including physical, chemical, and microbiological stability. Chemical stability can be impacted by degradation pathways like oxidation, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation. Photodegradation from sunlight can also impact stability, leading to discoloration or loss of properties, so photostabilization techniques are used. Accelerated stability studies subject drug preparations to high stresses like heat, humidity, and light to rapidly predict a product's shelf life.
Chemical kinetics
This document discusses chemical kinetics, which is the study of reaction rates. It defines kinetics and lists some of its applications in pharmaceutical sciences like drug stability, dissolution, and pharmacokinetics. It then describes the molecularity and common types of reactions like unimolecular, bimolecular, and termolecular. The rest of the document discusses factors that influence reaction rates such as temperature, solvents, ionic strength, and dielectric constant. It also covers reaction orders, methods for determining order, and concepts like half-life. Catalysis is mentioned as another factor that can increase reaction rates.
Coarse dispersion emulsion
This document discusses emulsions. An emulsion is an unstable system consisting of two immiscible liquid phases, one dispersed as globules in the other stabilized by an emulsifying agent. The emulsifying agent places itself at the interface between the phases and stabilizes the emulsion. Emulsions can be oil-in-water, water-in-oil, or multiple emulsions. They are identified through tests like dilution, dye, conductivity, and cobalt chloride filter paper tests. Emulsifying agents prevent coalescence of the dispersed phase globules through reducing interfacial tension and forming a rigid interfacial film. Properties of ideal emulsifying agents and their selection using the HLB scale are discussed. Factors affecting
Coarse dispersion suspension
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a biphasic liquid dosage form where insoluble particles are dispersed uniformly throughout the external phase. The ideal properties of a suspension include small and uniform particle size, easy re-suspension of particles, and stability without settling or cake formation during shelf life. Suspensions offer advantages like improved drug stability and bioavailability compared to other dosage forms. However, issues like physical instability and sedimentation can present challenges. The document also discusses theories like DLVO that explain particle interactions, approaches to achieving stability, and factors that influence settling.
Colloids
Colloids are dispersions of particles between 1-1000 nanometers in diameter. Thomas Graham first distinguished colloids from crystalloids based on their ability to diffuse through membranes. Colloids exhibit unique optical, kinetic, and electrical properties due to their intermediate size. They scatter light, undergo Brownian motion, carry surface charges, and more. The behavior and stability of colloidal dispersions can be influenced by electrolytes, protective macromolecules, and coacervation of oppositely charged particles.
Micromeritics
Micromeritics involves the study of powder particle characteristics such as size, shape, and surface area. Particle size can be determined using various methods like optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, and conductivity, which measure properties such as projected diameter, sieve diameter, and Stokes diameter. Particle size distributions are important for applications like absorption, release, stability, and dosage uniformity. Other powder properties derived from particle characteristics include bulk density, tapped density, porosity, and flowability.
Deformation of solid
This document discusses deformation of solids under stress. It defines elastic deformation as temporary deformation that returns to the original shape when stress is removed. Plastic deformation is permanent and the material retains its deformed shape. Elastic deformation involves small amounts of strain and follows Hooke's law, while plastic deformation has larger strains and does not follow Hooke's law. The document also defines stress, strain, elastic modulus, Hooke's law, and the Heckel equation as they relate to deformation of solids.
Tablet dosage form
This document provides an overview of tablets, including their advantages and disadvantages, types, excipients used, manufacturing process, coating methods, and evaluation. Tablets are the most popular oral solid dosage form, comprising 70% of total medicines. They are easy to administer and stable, but some drugs are not suitable due to solubility or stability issues. Tablet types include immediate and sustained release, as well as those for oral, buccal, vaginal, and other routes of administration. Excipients like diluents, binders, and lubricants are necessary for tablet production. Granulation and compression are the main manufacturing steps. Tablet coating helps mask taste and protects the drug.
Complexation and protein binding
This document discusses complexation and protein binding. It defines complexes as molecules where some bonds cannot be described by classical valence theory. Complexation is the association of two molecules to form a non-covalently bonded entity with defined stoichiometry. Ligands interact with central metal ions or atoms in metal complexes. Protein binding is the formation of drug-protein complexes, which can impact drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and action. Factors like drug and protein properties, concentrations, and interactions can influence protein binding. Common blood proteins that bind drugs include human serum albumin, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins.
Complexation and protein binding
This document discusses complexation and protein binding. It defines complex compounds as molecules where some bonds cannot be described by classical valence theory. Complexation is the association of two molecules to form a non-covalently bonded entity with a stoichiometry. Ligands interact with central metal ions or atoms via coordinate bonds to form metal complexes. Protein binding is the formation of drug-protein complexes. Factors affecting protein binding include the drug's physicochemical properties, protein concentration and binding sites, drug interactions, and patient characteristics like age and disease state. Kinetics of protein binding influence drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
Capsule
Capsules are solid dosage forms that enclose the drug substance within a soluble shell, usually made of gelatin. There are two main types: hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules. Hard capsules have a two-piece shell and are made through a dipping and drying process to form the capsule halves, which are then trimmed, joined, and polished. They can encapsulate various solid and semisolid drugs. Soft capsules have an outer shell surrounding a liquid or semisolid inner fill and provide various advantages over traditional capsules like easy swallowing and improved bioavailability.
Suspension
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a biphasic liquid dosage form where insoluble particles are dispersed uniformly throughout the external phase. The ideal properties of a suspension include small and uniform particle size, easy re-suspension of particles, and stability during shelf life. Suspensions have advantages like improved drug stability and bioavailability compared to other dosage forms. However, issues like sedimentation, compaction and ensuring accurate dosing can be challenges. The document then covers topics like particle size, suspending agents, wetting agents, viscosity modifiers and methods for evaluating suspension stability.
Surface & interfacial phenomenon
The document discusses concepts related to surface and interfacial phenomena. It defines key terms like interface, surface, surface tension, and interfacial tension. It also describes forces like cohesive and adhesive forces that act on surfaces and interfaces. Further, it discusses methods to determine surface and interfacial tensions and covers topics like adsorption, types of adsorbents and adsorbates, and effects of adsorption on surface tension. Finally, it provides an overview of surfactants including their structure, types, applications, and how to select surfactants based on hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values.
Gases state matter
Gases have several defining characteristics including expansibility, compressibility, diffusibility, and exerting pressure on container walls. The document discusses gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, Gay-Lussac's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, and the ideal gas equation. It also describes the kinetic molecular theory of gases and deviations from ideal gas behavior for real gases. Critical phenomena for liquefying gases are defined, including critical temperature, pressure, and volume. Common liquefaction methods are also listed.
Solution
This document discusses liquid oral solutions, including their definition, types, advantages, disadvantages and formulation considerations. Key points include:
- Pharmaceutical solutions are homogeneous liquid preparations where the API and excipients are dissolved in a solvent system. Common types include oral, otic, ophthalmic, topical and parenteral solutions.
- Advantages include flexible dosing, easier swallowing and rapid onset of action. Disadvantages include potential issues with drug and excipient stability, taste masking and accuracy.
- Important formulation considerations for solutions include the solvent, preservatives, antioxidants, coloring agents, buffers, sweetening agents and other excipients to modify properties like viscosity, density and isot
Solid
This document discusses various topics related to solid state chemistry including:
1. The two main types of solids - crystalline and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids exist as crystals with characteristic shapes while amorphous solids lack ordered structure.
2. Classification of crystals based on bonding - ionic, molecular, network covalent, and metallic crystals.
3. Concepts of isotropy, anisotropy, crystal morphology, symmetry, polymorphism, and phase diagrams.
4. Liquid crystals as intermediate states between liquids and solids with structures between ordered and disordered.
Liquid state
This document discusses various intermolecular forces and properties of liquids. It describes three main types of intermolecular forces - dipole-dipole attractions, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding. It then explains several properties of liquids including vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity, optical activity, and refractive index. Measurement methods are provided for determining these various properties.
Preformulation
This document discusses preformulation studies, which examine the physicochemical properties of drugs and excipients before formulation to optimize the dosage form design. It covers fundamental properties like spectroscopy, solubility, melting point and assay. Derived properties include microscopy, flow properties, drug-excipient compatibility and drug stability studies. Preformulation helps ensure quality, uniformity and minimize costs and errors in product development and regulatory filings.
Cadd
The document discusses various topics in computational aided molecular design (CAMD) including structural biology, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, natural products chemistry, molecular recognition, guest-host chemistry, molecular design, information technology, and computational techniques. Specifically, it provides examples of using CAMD steps like database searching, molecular docking, and property prediction to design new enzyme inhibitors, clinical reagents, and catalysts for applications in drug design, agriculture, materials science, and more.
Heat transfer and its application 1
Heat is a form of energy that can flow into or out of a system via various mechanisms. There are three main mechanisms of heat flow: conduction through direct contact of materials, convection through the mixing and movement of heated portions of a fluid, and radiation through electromagnetic waves. Common applications of heat transfer include evaporation, distillation, drying, crystallization, and sterilization. Heat transfer equipment like tubular heaters, floating head heaters, and heat exchangers facilitate heat exchange between fluids or between fluids and their environments.
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Chapter 2
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