Liquid state of matter

1. Kiran C Rodge

2. Intermolecular Forces in Liquid
Dipole-
Dipole
attractions
London
dispersion
Forces
Hydrogen
Bonding

3. Dipole-Dipole attractions
 Exist in only Polar Solvents
 Strongest among intermolecular forces

4. London Dispersion Forces
 Exist in only Non Polar Solvents
 Due to temporary charge imbalances

5. Hydrogen Bonding
Two requirements
 Must be covalent bond between an H atom& either
F,O or N.
 Interaction of the H atom in this kind of polar bond
with alone pair of electrons on a nearby atom like
F,O or N.

6. Properties of Liquid

7. Vapour Pressure
The pressure exerted by the Vapour in equilibrium
with the liquid at a fixed temperature..

8. Vapour Pressure Determination Method
1) Static Method

9. Vapour Pressure Determination Method
2) Dynamic Method

10. Surface Tension
The force in dynes acting along the surface of liquid at
right angle to any line 1cm in length

11. Surface Tension Determination Method
1) Capillary rise Method

12. Surface Tension Determination Method
2) Ring detachment Method

13. Surface Tension Determination Method
3) Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

14. Surface Tension Determination Method
4) Drop Formation Method
mg = 2𝜋 𝑟𝛾

15. Surface Tension Determination Method
a) Drop Weight Method

16. Surface Tension Determination Method
b) Drop count Method

17. Viscosity
The index to resistance to flow the liquids over the
stationary surface….(η)

18. Viscosity Determination Method
Ostwald Viscometer

19. Optical Activity
Ordinary light--The emerging beam of light having oscillations
in all direction is said to be Ordinary light.
Plane Polarized Light--The emerging beam of light having
oscillations in a single plane is said to be plane polarized light.

20. Optical Activity
• Optical Activity-- A compound that can rotate the
plane of polarized light is called optically active. This
property of a compound is called optical activity.

21. Optical Activity
• Levorotatory- A compound which rotates the plane-
polarized light to the left (anticlockwise), is said to be
levorotatory.
• Dextrorotatory- A compound which rotates the plane-
polarized light to the right (clockwise), is said to be
dextrorotatory.

22. Measurement Optical Activity

23. Measurement Optical Activity

24. Specific Rotation
The specific rotation can be defined as the observed angle
of rotation at a concentration of 1 g/ml and path length of
1 dm.

25. Refractive Index
• The refractive index (n) of a substance is defined as the ratio of the
velocity of light in vacuum or air, to that in the substance.

26. Refractive Index
• Snelle's law-

27. Measurement of Refractive
Index
• Abbe’s Refractometer

28. Measurement of Refractive
Index
• Abbe’s Refractometer