The document outlines various analytical methods used in pharmaceutical analysis, including atomic absorption and spectroscopy techniques, and discusses key concepts such as acid-base theories and titration methods. It also covers different types of detectors in gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), detailing their functions and applications. Additional topics include methods for determining nitrogen content and moisture in substances.

1. PHARMACEUTICAL
ANALYSIS
By Pharmacist: Pawan Dhamala

2. Principal of Analytical Methods
Absorption Methods: Atomic Absorption Method, Ultraviolet & Visible
Method, IR
Emission Methods: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, Flame
Spectroscopy, Fluorimetry (@ EF)

3. Base on molecular level
• Atomic spectroscopy: Atomic absorption spectroscopy , Flame
photometry
• Molecular spectroscopy: UV, IR, Fluorimetry

4. Acid Base Titrations
• Lewis Acid: Electron Acceptor (LA)
• Lewis base : Electron doner
• Bronsted –Lowry concept Acid: Proton doner
• Bronsted –Lowry concept Base: Proton acceptor
• Arrhenius acid: gives H+ ions in water.
• Arrhenius base: gives OH- ions in water.

5. • Normality: The number of gram equivalent of the solute in 1 Litre of
the solution.
• Molarity:The number of moles of solute per litre of solution.
• Molality: The number of moles of the solute in 1 kg of the solution.

6. @ My Apple is Red & Your
Banana is Yellow.

7. PRIMARY STANDARDS
TITRATION METHOD Primary Standard
Acid-Base reactions Na2CO3, Na2B3O7 , C8H5KO4
Complex formation reactions AgNO3, NaCl
Precipitation reactions AgNO3, KCl
Redox reactions K2Cr2O7, Na2C2O4 , I2

9. • The colour change for methyl red is …………………… when PH
changes from acidic to alkaline.
A. Colourless to pink
B. Yellow to red
C. Red to blue
D. Red to Yellow

10. Iodine Titration IoDimetry= Direct method
Iodometry=Indirect method

11. • The titration of liberated iodine in chemical reaction is know as:
A. Iodometry
B. Iodinometry
C.Iodonometry
D.Iodimetry
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12. Types of Non-Aqueous Solvents
Aprotic
Solvent
• CCL4
• Benzene
• Toluene
Protophilic
solvents
• Liq.
Ammonia
• Amines
• Ether
• Ketones
Protogenic
Solvents
• Hydrofluoric
acid
• Acetic acid
• Formic acid
• Sulfuric acid
Amphiprotic
solvents
• Water
• Alcohol
• Acetic acid

13. Precipitation titration
• Mohr’s Method
Indicator: Chromate (@ MC)
Endpoint: brick ppt of silver chromate
• Volhard’s method (Back Titration)
Indicator: Ferric ions (@ VF)
Endpoint: Reddish colour
Fajan’s method:
Indicator: Fluorescein
Endpoint: Reddish colour

14. Indicators of Complex titration
1. Murexide
2. Solochrome titration
3. Calmagite
4. Pyrocatechol violet

15. Kjedahal method
• Used to determine the nitrogen content is organic and inorganic
substances.
• This method is also used to estimate protein content in food.
The kjedahal method is used to determine:
A.Oxygen
B.Sulphur
C.Nitrogen
D.Chlorine
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16. Karl Fischer Titration:
• Used to determine quantity of water present in a given analyte.
The Karl Fischer method is used to determine:
A.Oxygen
B.Sulphur
C.Moisture
D.Chlorine

18. • Quick identification of a compound is possible with the help
of………..
A. Mass Spectra
B. NMR Spectra
C. IR Spectra
D. UV Spectra
• The vibrational frequency of Amine………
A. 3300-3350
B. 1720-1740
C. 3400-3700
D. 1700-1725
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19. Gas Chromatography Detectors
• Electron Capture Detectors (ECD)
• Flame ionization Detectors (FID)
• Flame Photometric Detectors (FPD)
• Hall electrolytic conductivity Detector
• Nitrogen-phosphorus Detector
• Photo-Ionization Detector (PID)
• Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)
@ EFFGHIJKLMNOPQRST
Normal Phase
SP=Polar &
 MP= Non-Polar
Reverse Phase
SP=Non-Polar &
MP=Polar

20. • Activation time of TLC Plate is……………
A. 120-130 degree for 30 min
B. 30-40 degree for 1 hrs
C. 200 degree for 3 hrs
D. None
• Which of the following is Not a type of detector used in GC?
A. Electron capture detector
B. Thermal conductivity detector
C. UV visible spectrometric detector
D. Photo ionization detector

21. HPLC DETECTORS
• UV-Visible Spectrometer (most widely used)
• Refractive Index Detector
• Fluorescent Detector
• Conductometric Detector
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