A field study assessing the impact of on site valerie mc-carthy_slideshareValerie McCarthy
A field study assessing the impact of on-site wastewater treatment systems on surface water quality in a Co. Monaghan catchment at the INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT & DISPOSAL SYSTEMS TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN, IRELAND Monday 10th & Tuesday 11th September, 2012
15a considerations for performing flowing fluid electrical conductivity (ffec...leann_mays
FFEC surveys provide a rapid method to characterize fluid-transmitting fractures in deep boreholes. The method involves circulating a baseline fluid and monitoring changes to electrical conductivity profiles over time as higher salinity fluid enters fractures. Multiple pumping rates can help determine properties of individual fractures like transmissivity. However, the method assumes ideal conditions like infinite-acting radial flow that may not apply in deep boreholes. Alternative methods involving tracer injection or circulation are also discussed.
16 lbnl deep borehole research summary dobson lbnlleann_mays
The document summarizes research being conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) related to deep borehole disposal of nuclear waste. It discusses 6 projects: 1) modeling the geologic framework for deep boreholes, 2) measuring permeability in fractured rock cores, 3) seismic imaging of fractures, 4) modeling thermal, hydrologic, chemical processes, 5) laboratory experiments on borehole damage zones and seals, and 6) modeling seals and the disturbed zone using thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling. The research aims to further scientific understanding of deep borehole disposal concepts through field data collection, lab experiments, and computational modeling.
Sandia National Laboratories researchers presented a preliminary salt design concept for disposing of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel in salt geologic settings. They proposed direct disposal of glassified high-level waste in stainless steel canisters and using robust steel overpacks for spent nuclear fuel. Waste packages would be emplaced transversely in just-in-time constructed drifts and immediately backfilled with crushed salt to limit radiation exposure and provide stability. Thermal analysis indicated waste package spacing of around 8 meters for spent fuel and 3 to 7.7 meters for high-level waste would be sufficient to limit temperatures. The design aims to simplify handling and take advantage of salt's ability to self-heal around the waste packages.
The document summarizes contaminated sediment management plans for several sites in the Great Lakes region. It discusses sediment remediation projects in Thunder Bay North Harbour, Peninsula Harbour, and the St. Clair River. For each site, it provides details on the nature of contamination, sediment sampling results, sediment management options considered, and the selected remediation approach. It also outlines implementation schedules and long-term monitoring plans. Key challenges to Great Lakes sediment remediation projects are high costs and increasing cost uncertainties over the stages of a project.
This document summarizes a research project report on the causes of borehole failures at Egerton University. 42% of boreholes drilled at the university had failed. The objectives were to determine if failure was due to deterioration of casings/screens, changes to aquifer recharge, or water quality issues. Methodology included analyzing corrosion risks, incrustation, borehole design, bio-fouling, aquifer problems, and maintenance/monitoring. Findings suggested adopting thermoplastic pipes to replace steel susceptible to corrosion, providing alternative water sources to meet demand, enhancing rainwater harvesting, only drilling after fully studying groundwater parameters, and considering artificial recharge to replenish aquifers.
10 sfwst – disposal in argillite r&d barrier material degradation and int...leann_mays
The document summarizes research being conducted by Sandia National Laboratories and Los Alamos National Laboratories on disposal of nuclear waste in deep geologic repositories. It discusses several modeling and experimental efforts, including reactive transport modeling to study the effects of decay heat on engineered barrier systems, clay interaction experiments to understand clay-metal interactions during corrosion of waste packages, and international collaborations on projects like FEBEX-DP to characterize the bentonite-concrete interface using X-ray computed tomography. It also summarizes preliminary thermodynamic modeling of steel corrosion and reactive transport modeling of the Closure Test Drift to simulate cement-water interactions.
The document describes a plan to inter-compare the PFLOTRAN and RepoTREND reactive transport codes. The plan involves:
1) A batch waste form simulation to compare radionuclide release from a instantly breaching nuclear waste form.
2) A full simulation of a generic salt repository with a mined drift, shaft, and aquifer to compare breakthrough curves and dose calculations.
3) PFLOTRAN has provided first results for the batch simulation showing radionuclide source terms and cumulative release over time. The next step is setting up the full repository simulation in PFLOTRAN.
A field study assessing the impact of on site valerie mc-carthy_slideshareValerie McCarthy
A field study assessing the impact of on-site wastewater treatment systems on surface water quality in a Co. Monaghan catchment at the INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT & DISPOSAL SYSTEMS TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN, IRELAND Monday 10th & Tuesday 11th September, 2012
15a considerations for performing flowing fluid electrical conductivity (ffec...leann_mays
FFEC surveys provide a rapid method to characterize fluid-transmitting fractures in deep boreholes. The method involves circulating a baseline fluid and monitoring changes to electrical conductivity profiles over time as higher salinity fluid enters fractures. Multiple pumping rates can help determine properties of individual fractures like transmissivity. However, the method assumes ideal conditions like infinite-acting radial flow that may not apply in deep boreholes. Alternative methods involving tracer injection or circulation are also discussed.
16 lbnl deep borehole research summary dobson lbnlleann_mays
The document summarizes research being conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) related to deep borehole disposal of nuclear waste. It discusses 6 projects: 1) modeling the geologic framework for deep boreholes, 2) measuring permeability in fractured rock cores, 3) seismic imaging of fractures, 4) modeling thermal, hydrologic, chemical processes, 5) laboratory experiments on borehole damage zones and seals, and 6) modeling seals and the disturbed zone using thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling. The research aims to further scientific understanding of deep borehole disposal concepts through field data collection, lab experiments, and computational modeling.
Sandia National Laboratories researchers presented a preliminary salt design concept for disposing of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel in salt geologic settings. They proposed direct disposal of glassified high-level waste in stainless steel canisters and using robust steel overpacks for spent nuclear fuel. Waste packages would be emplaced transversely in just-in-time constructed drifts and immediately backfilled with crushed salt to limit radiation exposure and provide stability. Thermal analysis indicated waste package spacing of around 8 meters for spent fuel and 3 to 7.7 meters for high-level waste would be sufficient to limit temperatures. The design aims to simplify handling and take advantage of salt's ability to self-heal around the waste packages.
The document summarizes contaminated sediment management plans for several sites in the Great Lakes region. It discusses sediment remediation projects in Thunder Bay North Harbour, Peninsula Harbour, and the St. Clair River. For each site, it provides details on the nature of contamination, sediment sampling results, sediment management options considered, and the selected remediation approach. It also outlines implementation schedules and long-term monitoring plans. Key challenges to Great Lakes sediment remediation projects are high costs and increasing cost uncertainties over the stages of a project.
This document summarizes a research project report on the causes of borehole failures at Egerton University. 42% of boreholes drilled at the university had failed. The objectives were to determine if failure was due to deterioration of casings/screens, changes to aquifer recharge, or water quality issues. Methodology included analyzing corrosion risks, incrustation, borehole design, bio-fouling, aquifer problems, and maintenance/monitoring. Findings suggested adopting thermoplastic pipes to replace steel susceptible to corrosion, providing alternative water sources to meet demand, enhancing rainwater harvesting, only drilling after fully studying groundwater parameters, and considering artificial recharge to replenish aquifers.
10 sfwst – disposal in argillite r&d barrier material degradation and int...leann_mays
The document summarizes research being conducted by Sandia National Laboratories and Los Alamos National Laboratories on disposal of nuclear waste in deep geologic repositories. It discusses several modeling and experimental efforts, including reactive transport modeling to study the effects of decay heat on engineered barrier systems, clay interaction experiments to understand clay-metal interactions during corrosion of waste packages, and international collaborations on projects like FEBEX-DP to characterize the bentonite-concrete interface using X-ray computed tomography. It also summarizes preliminary thermodynamic modeling of steel corrosion and reactive transport modeling of the Closure Test Drift to simulate cement-water interactions.
The document describes a plan to inter-compare the PFLOTRAN and RepoTREND reactive transport codes. The plan involves:
1) A batch waste form simulation to compare radionuclide release from a instantly breaching nuclear waste form.
2) A full simulation of a generic salt repository with a mined drift, shaft, and aquifer to compare breakthrough curves and dose calculations.
3) PFLOTRAN has provided first results for the batch simulation showing radionuclide source terms and cumulative release over time. The next step is setting up the full repository simulation in PFLOTRAN.
07 international collaboration activities in disposal r and d relevance to r ...leann_mays
1) The document discusses DOE's participation in various international R&D collaborations related to nuclear waste disposal, including projects in Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, China, and other countries.
2) These collaborations support the GDSA program by furthering scientific understanding of key disposal processes, improving process models, and providing data to validate GDSA models.
3) Specific collaborations discussed include the Mont Terri project, DECOVALEX, SKB task forces, and a planned HotBENT project, with details provided on how they contribute to modeling and understanding disposal system behavior.
This document discusses efforts to model groundwater flow near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) salt repository using the d3f++ and PFLOTRAN codes. It summarizes work to update an existing coarse-scale model of the WIPP site to include density-driven flow and improve the mesh and parameterization. Challenges included the old mesh's irregularity and aspect ratios as well as representing an evolving water table. Both codes struggled with the original mesh. Simpler 2D benchmark problems were suggested to better compare the codes' capabilities before further work on the full basin-scale model.
The document summarizes work related to corrosion of spent nuclear fuel canisters. It discusses experiments conducted at Sandia National Laboratories to study stress corrosion cracking of the canisters, including studies of brine stability, pitting damage quantification and the pit-to-crack transition process. It also outlines planned work for fiscal year 2018, including continued coupon tests under simulated storage conditions and microelectrochemical mapping of stressed samples to study the effects of stress on corrosion susceptibility.
The document summarizes an assessment of existing experimental data and constitutive models for predicting the behavior of crushed salt backfill during reconsolidation in a salt repository. It finds that while several thermo-mechanical models have been developed, the experimental database is incomplete, particularly for the low porosity range under relevant conditions. It recommends future work to complete the database through improved experiments and to calibrate and benchmark models against experimental results to enable reliable predictions of long-term behavior and hydraulic properties.
The document summarizes a collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) to develop a common set of Features, Events, and Processes (FEPs) relevant to the disposal of heat-generating waste in salt repositories. It outlines the objectives of developing a generic FEP matrix and catalog, as well as an online FEP database and knowledge archive. Recent work includes completing a full set of approximately 450 generic FEPs organized by thermal-hydrological-chemical-mechanical-biological processes and host rock features, and defining over 2,000 associated processes for screening and modeling.
The document summarizes the Actinide and Brine Chemistry in a Salt Repository (ABC Salt V) workshop held in March 2017. It provides an overview of the workshop sessions which covered updates on the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and international salt repositories, salt research project updates, microbial effects, corrosion and sorption studies, modeling and solubility studies, temperature effects, and actinide redox chemistry and solubility. Key discussions focused on data gaps in solubility models and understanding actinide redox processes under repository conditions. The workshop facilitated productive discussions between international researchers and showed continued progress is being made in salt repository research despite challenges.
04 computational thermo mechanics of crystalline rock salt for nuclear waste ...leann_mays
This document summarizes the work of Dr. Steve Sun and his research group on computational modeling of thermo-mechanics in crystalline rock salt for nuclear waste disposal. Their work involves developing multi-scale and multi-physics models to predict the thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical responses of salt subjected to moisture and stress. At the grain-scale, they use crystal plasticity simulations. At the aggregate scale, they model effects like grain boundary fracture. They also use computational homogenization and machine learning to develop data-driven models to predict field-scale responses while accounting for phenomena at lower scales. Their goal is to predict long-term behavior of salt-based nuclear waste repositories from first principles using a hierarchical multi-scale
The document summarizes radiological consequence analyses for a hypothetical high-level waste repository in bedded salt formations in Germany. It describes work packages analyzing the safety concept and developing a safety demonstration concept. Test cases are analyzed to verify applicability of radiological indicators and models. The base case scenario and sensitivity cases with reduced diffusion and convergence are modeled. Results show the repository system can provide long-term containment and negligible radiological impacts due to the geological barrier and engineered barriers like shaft and drift seals and compacted salt backfill. Sensitivity studies aid understanding key parameters and processes.
17 laboratory testing approach for intermediate scale borehole heater test mi...leann_mays
Sandia National Laboratories is preparing to conduct laboratory testing and analysis related to an intermediate scale borehole heater test. The testing will involve analyzing rock core samples, gases, and brines before, during, and after the test to observe the effects of heating. Specific analyses will include measuring core properties like porosity and pore size, as well as analyzing gas and brine compositions through techniques like gas chromatography, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS. Preliminary brine analysis of three samples found them to have a Na-Mg-Cl composition typical of WIPP brines. The laboratory work aims to provide detailed data on material interactions and micro-mechanical processes during heating to inform long-term repository performance.
This document summarizes the RepoTREND code package and its intercomparison with PFLOTRAN for modeling radionuclide transport in a salt repository system. RepoTREND includes modules for modeling near-field processes like canister corrosion and radionuclide mobilization, as well as transport through the near field and far field. It describes initial CLAYPOS and LOPOS models run for the test case, finding generally good agreement with PFLOTRAN results except for Am-241. The LOPOS models with an additional shaft showed increased outflow for some radionuclides but the shaft acts mainly as a sorbing buffer. Suggestions are made to modify the test case for higher model output comparison
HPHT LWD & EWL formation testing SPWLA 2006alanmchardy
This document summarizes the comprehensive formation evaluation of an exploration well drilled offshore Norway in challenging HP/HT conditions. A formation pressure while drilling (FPWD) tool was deployed and obtained pressure measurements within 5 bars of downhole conditions. Wireline formation testing failed in some zones but obtained successful samples and pressure measurements in others. Rock and fluid samples analyzed with a reservoir characterization tool identified fluid types and properties like hydrogen sulfide concentrations. Dual packer element wireline tests in HPHT conditions provided permeability measurements that matched core data and early production information. The evaluation faced difficulties from temperature over 180°C, pressure over 800 bars, and an oil-based mud, but successfully characterized the reservoirs despite challenges.
EPA reviewed DOE's 2014 application to recertify the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) for radioactive waste disposal. EPA conducted a completeness review and requested four sensitivity studies from DOE to address issues. The studies found that mean total releases increased under some modified assumptions but did not exceed limits. As a result, EPA recertified WIPP in July 2017 while recommending areas for DOE to improve in future applications.
This document summarizes discussions from a workshop on salt repository research. It addresses key issues regarding the reconsolidation of crushed salt backfill material used in nuclear waste repositories. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Understanding the relevant mechanisms (e.g. dislocation creep, pressure solution creep) and conditions (e.g. porosity, temperature) that influence reconsolidation.
2) Identifying gaps in experimental data on reconsolidation, especially at low porosities and relevant load conditions, to improve model validation.
3) Evaluating existing reconsolidation models through detailed investigation and benchmarking to calibration and identify their applicable ranges.
4) Proposing a project to address deficits in
A GIS-based approach for detecting pollution sources and bioavailability of m...Pooria Ebrahimi
This document discusses a study analyzing metal pollution in sediments from Chabahar Bay, Iran. 19 sediment samples were collected and analyzed for concentrations of metals like copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, and iron. Sediment samples from 5 stations were subjected to sequential extraction analysis to determine the chemical forms and potential bioavailability of metals. Geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical analyses including contamination indices, cluster analysis, and correlation were used to identify pollution sources and spatial patterns of metal contamination in the bay. The results suggest the most contaminated sediments are located in the southeast of the bay, with contamination decreasing towards the northwest. Organic matter content is high likely due to discharges from
This document summarizes a presentation on actinide and brine chemistry in salt repositories. It discusses the rationale for studying actinide/brine systems in salt repositories, including regulatory requirements to address low probability scenarios. It also discusses how repository design and geotechnical issues impact actinide/brine chemistry through factors like brine availability and redox conditions. Finally, it provides an overview of various activities related to actinide/brine chemistry, including the NEA Pitzer database and upcoming workshops on the topic.
Key aspects of reservoir evaluation for deep water reservoirsM.T.H Group
The document summarizes key aspects of reservoir evaluation for deep water projects. It discusses challenges including geomechanics, reservoir characterization of thin beds and compartmentalization, and flow assurance requiring accurate fluid characterization. Reservoir characterization is identified as the biggest risk due to complex lithology, thin beds, and low contrast pay. Accurate fluid analysis and asphaltene characterization can help determine reservoir connectivity. Operator priorities include minimizing operational risk through rig efficiency and completion/production reliability. Reservoir evaluation is critical for deep water projects due to significant costs.
43 international collaboration skb ebs task force overview jove-colon sand2...leann_mays
This document summarizes work being done by the SKB Task Force related to modeling the engineered barrier system for a spent nuclear fuel repository. It discusses several tasks focused on thermomechanical modeling of bentonite clay buffer and backfill material using data from experiments at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory. The tasks aim to improve understanding and modeling of bentonite clay homogenization, water transport, gas transport, and the bentonite-rock interface using benchmarks from experiments. The ultimate goal is to better predict the long-term behavior of buffer/backfill materials under normal and abnormal conditions.
2010-2012 GROUNDWATER PLUME AND SOURCE INVESTIGATION IN CAPPED MSW LANDFILL & CHLORINATED SOLVENT DEEP VERTICAL PROFILING
Kandiyohi County Landfill, SW-79
New London, Minnesota
Additional investigative and possible corrective action measures appeared warranted to remediate volatile organic compound (VOC) contamination in the groundwater at the property lines of a municipal solid waste landfill in West Central Minnesota. This work was required by the Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency (MPCA) in 2010. The landfill owner had to
develop and implement a plan that would define the extent of the plume and establish an effective long term groundwater monitoring system.
The source area of the VOCs appeared to be a 23 acre unlined section of the landfill, called the Old Phase I Disposal Area. Preliminary corrective action discussions included total excavation and relocation of the waste material within the Old Phase I Disposal Area to a new lined space on site. Initial cost estimates ranged from 3 to 4 million dollars to complete the relocation of the waste in this area.
Video available at https://youtu.be/ELoWK4yUfr8
Due diligence reviews of mineral resource estimatesPeter Ravenscroft
The document discusses strategies for quickly finding weaknesses in mineral resource estimates during due diligence reviews. It recommends taking a top-down approach focused on key value drivers like volume, density, and grade. Potential sources of inaccuracy and imprecision are identified using the JORC Table 1 framework. High priority issues for volume, density and grade that could introduce bias or uncertainty are summarized. The document emphasizes focusing on issues that could materially impact value, rather than insignificant details, to reach robust conclusions within tight timeframes for multi-billion dollar investment decisions.
The document describes plans for a proposed CaMI Field Research Station (FRS) in Alberta, Canada. The FRS would conduct research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) and containment and monitoring technologies. Plans for the FRS include controlled injection of 1000 tonnes/year of CO2 at depths of 300m and 500m to study detection thresholds and gas migration. Monitoring technologies like seismic surveys, well logging, and geochemical analysis would evaluate CO2 behavior and impacts on groundwater. The FRS would also provide opportunities for university and industry collaboration on CCS challenges like conformance and containment verification.
Drilling horizontal wells is the common mode of operation for field development in permeability-challenged unconventional reservoirs such as an organic shale. Assumptions are made regarding the homogeneity of the reservoir as wells are drilled away from the vertical pilot well. It is assumed that the reservoir characteristics remain uniform and that the structure is known to remain in a constant orientation based on the dip information at the pilot wellbore. Experience tells us that these assumptions can lead to wells placed out of zone and in rocks with much different reservoir quality and stress magnitude, which can adversely affect the well’s production potential. Lateral measurements and petrophysical interpretations can be used to define variations in reservoir and completion quality, which can be used to optimally place perforation clusters in similar rock to increase production vs. peer geometric wells. A methodology to integrate data from many sources enables a better understanding of the variability and structural challenges of these complex reservoirs. This integrated methodology has been refined using learnings from various case studies that show increased production compared with results from geometric completions.
Kevin is currently the Chief Petrophysicist at Rock Oil Company. Recently, Kevin retired from Schlumberger as a Senior Petrophysicist based in Houston, TX with nearly 27 years of experience in petrophysics and rock physics, after graduating from the University of Tulsa with a degree in Petroleum Engineering. While at Schlumberger, he worked in the Production Technology Integration Center focusing on unconventional resource plays, mainly in the Eagle Ford and Permian basins. Additional areas of expertise have been deep water and shelf structures in the Gulf of Mexico, tight gas sands in South TX and Rockies, Alaska, Permian Basin, Unconventional Gas & Oil shales, Coal Bed Methane and international (Australia, Brazil, Argentina, United Kingdom, France, Nigeria, Angola, Turkey and Saudi Arabia).
Kevin is a guest lecturer since 2012 at Rice University for a graduate level petroleum geology class entitled “Economic Geology – Petroleum”.
07 international collaboration activities in disposal r and d relevance to r ...leann_mays
1) The document discusses DOE's participation in various international R&D collaborations related to nuclear waste disposal, including projects in Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, China, and other countries.
2) These collaborations support the GDSA program by furthering scientific understanding of key disposal processes, improving process models, and providing data to validate GDSA models.
3) Specific collaborations discussed include the Mont Terri project, DECOVALEX, SKB task forces, and a planned HotBENT project, with details provided on how they contribute to modeling and understanding disposal system behavior.
This document discusses efforts to model groundwater flow near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) salt repository using the d3f++ and PFLOTRAN codes. It summarizes work to update an existing coarse-scale model of the WIPP site to include density-driven flow and improve the mesh and parameterization. Challenges included the old mesh's irregularity and aspect ratios as well as representing an evolving water table. Both codes struggled with the original mesh. Simpler 2D benchmark problems were suggested to better compare the codes' capabilities before further work on the full basin-scale model.
The document summarizes work related to corrosion of spent nuclear fuel canisters. It discusses experiments conducted at Sandia National Laboratories to study stress corrosion cracking of the canisters, including studies of brine stability, pitting damage quantification and the pit-to-crack transition process. It also outlines planned work for fiscal year 2018, including continued coupon tests under simulated storage conditions and microelectrochemical mapping of stressed samples to study the effects of stress on corrosion susceptibility.
The document summarizes an assessment of existing experimental data and constitutive models for predicting the behavior of crushed salt backfill during reconsolidation in a salt repository. It finds that while several thermo-mechanical models have been developed, the experimental database is incomplete, particularly for the low porosity range under relevant conditions. It recommends future work to complete the database through improved experiments and to calibrate and benchmark models against experimental results to enable reliable predictions of long-term behavior and hydraulic properties.
The document summarizes a collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) to develop a common set of Features, Events, and Processes (FEPs) relevant to the disposal of heat-generating waste in salt repositories. It outlines the objectives of developing a generic FEP matrix and catalog, as well as an online FEP database and knowledge archive. Recent work includes completing a full set of approximately 450 generic FEPs organized by thermal-hydrological-chemical-mechanical-biological processes and host rock features, and defining over 2,000 associated processes for screening and modeling.
The document summarizes the Actinide and Brine Chemistry in a Salt Repository (ABC Salt V) workshop held in March 2017. It provides an overview of the workshop sessions which covered updates on the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and international salt repositories, salt research project updates, microbial effects, corrosion and sorption studies, modeling and solubility studies, temperature effects, and actinide redox chemistry and solubility. Key discussions focused on data gaps in solubility models and understanding actinide redox processes under repository conditions. The workshop facilitated productive discussions between international researchers and showed continued progress is being made in salt repository research despite challenges.
04 computational thermo mechanics of crystalline rock salt for nuclear waste ...leann_mays
This document summarizes the work of Dr. Steve Sun and his research group on computational modeling of thermo-mechanics in crystalline rock salt for nuclear waste disposal. Their work involves developing multi-scale and multi-physics models to predict the thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical responses of salt subjected to moisture and stress. At the grain-scale, they use crystal plasticity simulations. At the aggregate scale, they model effects like grain boundary fracture. They also use computational homogenization and machine learning to develop data-driven models to predict field-scale responses while accounting for phenomena at lower scales. Their goal is to predict long-term behavior of salt-based nuclear waste repositories from first principles using a hierarchical multi-scale
The document summarizes radiological consequence analyses for a hypothetical high-level waste repository in bedded salt formations in Germany. It describes work packages analyzing the safety concept and developing a safety demonstration concept. Test cases are analyzed to verify applicability of radiological indicators and models. The base case scenario and sensitivity cases with reduced diffusion and convergence are modeled. Results show the repository system can provide long-term containment and negligible radiological impacts due to the geological barrier and engineered barriers like shaft and drift seals and compacted salt backfill. Sensitivity studies aid understanding key parameters and processes.
17 laboratory testing approach for intermediate scale borehole heater test mi...leann_mays
Sandia National Laboratories is preparing to conduct laboratory testing and analysis related to an intermediate scale borehole heater test. The testing will involve analyzing rock core samples, gases, and brines before, during, and after the test to observe the effects of heating. Specific analyses will include measuring core properties like porosity and pore size, as well as analyzing gas and brine compositions through techniques like gas chromatography, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS. Preliminary brine analysis of three samples found them to have a Na-Mg-Cl composition typical of WIPP brines. The laboratory work aims to provide detailed data on material interactions and micro-mechanical processes during heating to inform long-term repository performance.
This document summarizes the RepoTREND code package and its intercomparison with PFLOTRAN for modeling radionuclide transport in a salt repository system. RepoTREND includes modules for modeling near-field processes like canister corrosion and radionuclide mobilization, as well as transport through the near field and far field. It describes initial CLAYPOS and LOPOS models run for the test case, finding generally good agreement with PFLOTRAN results except for Am-241. The LOPOS models with an additional shaft showed increased outflow for some radionuclides but the shaft acts mainly as a sorbing buffer. Suggestions are made to modify the test case for higher model output comparison
HPHT LWD & EWL formation testing SPWLA 2006alanmchardy
This document summarizes the comprehensive formation evaluation of an exploration well drilled offshore Norway in challenging HP/HT conditions. A formation pressure while drilling (FPWD) tool was deployed and obtained pressure measurements within 5 bars of downhole conditions. Wireline formation testing failed in some zones but obtained successful samples and pressure measurements in others. Rock and fluid samples analyzed with a reservoir characterization tool identified fluid types and properties like hydrogen sulfide concentrations. Dual packer element wireline tests in HPHT conditions provided permeability measurements that matched core data and early production information. The evaluation faced difficulties from temperature over 180°C, pressure over 800 bars, and an oil-based mud, but successfully characterized the reservoirs despite challenges.
EPA reviewed DOE's 2014 application to recertify the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) for radioactive waste disposal. EPA conducted a completeness review and requested four sensitivity studies from DOE to address issues. The studies found that mean total releases increased under some modified assumptions but did not exceed limits. As a result, EPA recertified WIPP in July 2017 while recommending areas for DOE to improve in future applications.
This document summarizes discussions from a workshop on salt repository research. It addresses key issues regarding the reconsolidation of crushed salt backfill material used in nuclear waste repositories. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Understanding the relevant mechanisms (e.g. dislocation creep, pressure solution creep) and conditions (e.g. porosity, temperature) that influence reconsolidation.
2) Identifying gaps in experimental data on reconsolidation, especially at low porosities and relevant load conditions, to improve model validation.
3) Evaluating existing reconsolidation models through detailed investigation and benchmarking to calibration and identify their applicable ranges.
4) Proposing a project to address deficits in
A GIS-based approach for detecting pollution sources and bioavailability of m...Pooria Ebrahimi
This document discusses a study analyzing metal pollution in sediments from Chabahar Bay, Iran. 19 sediment samples were collected and analyzed for concentrations of metals like copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, and iron. Sediment samples from 5 stations were subjected to sequential extraction analysis to determine the chemical forms and potential bioavailability of metals. Geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical analyses including contamination indices, cluster analysis, and correlation were used to identify pollution sources and spatial patterns of metal contamination in the bay. The results suggest the most contaminated sediments are located in the southeast of the bay, with contamination decreasing towards the northwest. Organic matter content is high likely due to discharges from
This document summarizes a presentation on actinide and brine chemistry in salt repositories. It discusses the rationale for studying actinide/brine systems in salt repositories, including regulatory requirements to address low probability scenarios. It also discusses how repository design and geotechnical issues impact actinide/brine chemistry through factors like brine availability and redox conditions. Finally, it provides an overview of various activities related to actinide/brine chemistry, including the NEA Pitzer database and upcoming workshops on the topic.
Key aspects of reservoir evaluation for deep water reservoirsM.T.H Group
The document summarizes key aspects of reservoir evaluation for deep water projects. It discusses challenges including geomechanics, reservoir characterization of thin beds and compartmentalization, and flow assurance requiring accurate fluid characterization. Reservoir characterization is identified as the biggest risk due to complex lithology, thin beds, and low contrast pay. Accurate fluid analysis and asphaltene characterization can help determine reservoir connectivity. Operator priorities include minimizing operational risk through rig efficiency and completion/production reliability. Reservoir evaluation is critical for deep water projects due to significant costs.
43 international collaboration skb ebs task force overview jove-colon sand2...leann_mays
This document summarizes work being done by the SKB Task Force related to modeling the engineered barrier system for a spent nuclear fuel repository. It discusses several tasks focused on thermomechanical modeling of bentonite clay buffer and backfill material using data from experiments at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory. The tasks aim to improve understanding and modeling of bentonite clay homogenization, water transport, gas transport, and the bentonite-rock interface using benchmarks from experiments. The ultimate goal is to better predict the long-term behavior of buffer/backfill materials under normal and abnormal conditions.
2010-2012 GROUNDWATER PLUME AND SOURCE INVESTIGATION IN CAPPED MSW LANDFILL & CHLORINATED SOLVENT DEEP VERTICAL PROFILING
Kandiyohi County Landfill, SW-79
New London, Minnesota
Additional investigative and possible corrective action measures appeared warranted to remediate volatile organic compound (VOC) contamination in the groundwater at the property lines of a municipal solid waste landfill in West Central Minnesota. This work was required by the Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency (MPCA) in 2010. The landfill owner had to
develop and implement a plan that would define the extent of the plume and establish an effective long term groundwater monitoring system.
The source area of the VOCs appeared to be a 23 acre unlined section of the landfill, called the Old Phase I Disposal Area. Preliminary corrective action discussions included total excavation and relocation of the waste material within the Old Phase I Disposal Area to a new lined space on site. Initial cost estimates ranged from 3 to 4 million dollars to complete the relocation of the waste in this area.
Video available at https://youtu.be/ELoWK4yUfr8
Due diligence reviews of mineral resource estimatesPeter Ravenscroft
The document discusses strategies for quickly finding weaknesses in mineral resource estimates during due diligence reviews. It recommends taking a top-down approach focused on key value drivers like volume, density, and grade. Potential sources of inaccuracy and imprecision are identified using the JORC Table 1 framework. High priority issues for volume, density and grade that could introduce bias or uncertainty are summarized. The document emphasizes focusing on issues that could materially impact value, rather than insignificant details, to reach robust conclusions within tight timeframes for multi-billion dollar investment decisions.
The document describes plans for a proposed CaMI Field Research Station (FRS) in Alberta, Canada. The FRS would conduct research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) and containment and monitoring technologies. Plans for the FRS include controlled injection of 1000 tonnes/year of CO2 at depths of 300m and 500m to study detection thresholds and gas migration. Monitoring technologies like seismic surveys, well logging, and geochemical analysis would evaluate CO2 behavior and impacts on groundwater. The FRS would also provide opportunities for university and industry collaboration on CCS challenges like conformance and containment verification.
Drilling horizontal wells is the common mode of operation for field development in permeability-challenged unconventional reservoirs such as an organic shale. Assumptions are made regarding the homogeneity of the reservoir as wells are drilled away from the vertical pilot well. It is assumed that the reservoir characteristics remain uniform and that the structure is known to remain in a constant orientation based on the dip information at the pilot wellbore. Experience tells us that these assumptions can lead to wells placed out of zone and in rocks with much different reservoir quality and stress magnitude, which can adversely affect the well’s production potential. Lateral measurements and petrophysical interpretations can be used to define variations in reservoir and completion quality, which can be used to optimally place perforation clusters in similar rock to increase production vs. peer geometric wells. A methodology to integrate data from many sources enables a better understanding of the variability and structural challenges of these complex reservoirs. This integrated methodology has been refined using learnings from various case studies that show increased production compared with results from geometric completions.
Kevin is currently the Chief Petrophysicist at Rock Oil Company. Recently, Kevin retired from Schlumberger as a Senior Petrophysicist based in Houston, TX with nearly 27 years of experience in petrophysics and rock physics, after graduating from the University of Tulsa with a degree in Petroleum Engineering. While at Schlumberger, he worked in the Production Technology Integration Center focusing on unconventional resource plays, mainly in the Eagle Ford and Permian basins. Additional areas of expertise have been deep water and shelf structures in the Gulf of Mexico, tight gas sands in South TX and Rockies, Alaska, Permian Basin, Unconventional Gas & Oil shales, Coal Bed Methane and international (Australia, Brazil, Argentina, United Kingdom, France, Nigeria, Angola, Turkey and Saudi Arabia).
Kevin is a guest lecturer since 2012 at Rice University for a graduate level petroleum geology class entitled “Economic Geology – Petroleum”.
Research poster - 2018 Battelle Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated Comp...Nick Jenshak
Co-Authored abstract and research poster that was accepted to the 2018 Battelle Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds under the title “Using Soil Gas Concentration Mapping to Predict Soil Vapor Extraction Radius of Influence Variances and Optimize Remedial System Design.”
Scour prediction at bridge piers in cohesive bed using gene expression progra...Mohd Danish
Accurate and reliable estimation of the scour depth at a bridge pier is essential for the safe and economical design of the bridge
foundation. The phenomenon of scour at the pier placed on sediments is extremely complex in nature. Only a limited number of
studies have been reported on local scour around bridge piers in cohesive sediment mainly due to the fact that scour modeling in
cohesive beds is relatively more complex than that in sandy beds. Recent research has made good progress in the development of
data-driven technique based on artificial intelligence (AI). It has been reported that AI-based inductive modeling techniques are
frequently used to model complex process due to their powerful and non-linear model structures and their increased capabilities
to capture the cause and effect relationship of such complex processes. Gene Expression Programming (GEP) is one of the AI
techniques that have emerged as a powerful tool in modeling complex phenomenon into simpler chromosomal architecture. This
technique has been proved to be more accurate and much simpler than other AI tools. In the present study, an attempt has been
made to implement GEP for the development of scour depth prediction model at bridge piers in cohesive sediments using
laboratory data available in literature. The present study reveals that the performance of GEP is better than nonlinear regression
model for the prediction of scour depth at piers in cohesive beds
IRJET- Multi Layered Soil Column Analysis for WastewaterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effectiveness of using a multi-layered soil column system to treat domestic wastewater. The system consists of layers of soil, charcoal, sawdust and iron scraps placed in acrylic tubes. Greywater is passed through the layers, where various physical, chemical and biological processes help treat pollutants. Key pollutants like BOD, COD, nutrients and microbes are reduced as the greywater percolates through the soil mixture and permeable filter layers. The document describes the experimental setup, materials used, treatment mechanisms involved and design of the soil column apparatus used in the study.
This presentation summarizes the ongoing Canada-wide SWM pond sediment chemistry study, which Francine Kelly-Hooper began in 2005. The results demonstrate that most sediments would require regulated waste management due to exceedences of the Ontario Regulation 153/04 soil standards. Non-hazardous landfill disposal is currently the most common practice, which is extremely expensive and environmentally unsustainable. However, the chemistry data also demonstrates that the sediments would meet Ontario biosolids guidelines and Ontario Nutrient Management Act land application requirements if matched to the appropriate recipient site. This is the premise for the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's first approval of a field pilot study that will use SWM pond sediment as topsoil amendment materials on tree nursery soils.
The progress report summarizes the following:
- Overall project progress and results from studies on radioactivity in the environment, single use ion exchange treatment, and a pipe loop study.
- A recommendation to locate the groundwater treatment facility at the San Angelo Water Treatment Plant based on factors like capital and operating costs.
- Preliminary results indicating other treatment options like nanofiltration and reverse osmosis may be more cost effective and provide improved water quality.
- Next steps outlined for further pilot testing of reverse osmosis membrane technology.
A study was carried out to determine the distribution and behaviour of nitrogen (N) compounds (nitrite, nitrate, ammonia,
dissolved and particulate organic nitrogen) in Sungai Terengganu estuary (TRE). Surface water samples were collected
during ebb neap and spring tides for the longitudinal survey along the salinity gradient. The results indicated that all N
compounds behave non-conservatively with addition during both tidal cycles, except for nitrate which exhibited removal
behaviour during spring tide. In general, higher concentration of N compounds was observed during spring tide compared
to neap tide. It is suggested that during spring tide, stronger water turbulence resulted in resuspension of nutrients in
bottom sediment and lead to the increase in N compounds concentrations in the surface water. The diurnal survey for the
freshwater station showed that the concentrations of N compounds follow the ebb and flood variations, whereas for the
coastal station the reverse trend was observed. Comparisons with a previous study under similar tidal conditions show
there was an increase in nitrite and ammonia concentrations in TRE, which was probably due to increase in discharge
from the rapid development activities around this area. In addition, the presence of a breakwater at the lower part of
the estuary may also contribute to the high nutrient content in the estuary due to restricted outflow of nutrients to the
coastal area. Overall, the results from this study highlighted the importance of monitoring the N compounds for future
protection of the estuary.
The document discusses a project by the African Petroleum Producers Association (APPA) to harmonize the stratigraphic nomenclature of sedimentary basins across several African countries. The project involves compiling and correlating geological and geophysical data from APPA member countries to build a revised geological model and harmonized nomenclature for three zones: the Intracratonic Zone, Gulf of Guinea Zone, and West Africa Zone. Key deliverables will include study reports, datasets, and utilizing TGS's Facies Map Browser platform to deliver the project data. Associated studies on topics like petrophysics, sequence stratigraphy, and play fairway analysis are also planned.
This document provides an overview and summary of a presentation on viewing ocean observations in a global context. It discusses requirements-driven ocean observations, high quality data collection, and delivering information to end users. The presentation covers topics like essential ocean variables, phenomena to monitor, scientific questions to address regarding climate change and human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry. It also discusses the role of organizations like GOOS and key conferences in coordinating global ocean observing efforts.
Chloride concentrations in rivers in snow-affected urban watersheds are increasing in all seasons, outpacing the rate of urban growth. A study found that 29% of sites examined had chloride levels higher than the EPA chronic criteria on over 100 days per year. Increased road salt application due to expansion of impervious surfaces and de-icing is causing chloride to accumulate and be slowly released throughout the year. From the 1940s to 1980s, annual road salt usage doubled from 9.6 to 19.6 million metric tons and has increased 3.9% per year since while urban area grew 2.8% annually. Recommendations include training workers, pre-wetting salt, calibrated spreaders, and considering alternative de
Fluorescence spectroscopy as a monitoring technique for a MBR water reclamati...Jeffrey Scott
This document summarizes a research project using fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor water quality in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) water reclamation system. The research aims to determine if fluorescence spectroscopy can detect membrane fouling, failures, and hourly changes in MBR effluent. Preliminary findings showed the MBR was compromised, limiting initial conclusions. Future work will collect data from a properly functioning MBR to investigate if specific fluorescence peaks can indicate parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, nutrients, and total organic carbon. The research will help evaluate fluorescence spectroscopy as a sensitive monitoring technique for MBR systems.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of soaking on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of lateritic soils along the Ibadan-Oyo highway in Nigeria. Samples were taken from two locations and tested for various geotechnical properties before and after soaking. The results showed significant decreases in CBR of up to 78% after soaking, even with small increases in moisture content. The document concludes that adequate drainage systems must be designed for highways using these soils to prevent water ingress and maintain soil strength. Samples from one location had better properties and were used to stabilize weaker samples from the other location, but soaking still greatly reduced the CBR of all soils.
Correlation between Soil Properties and External Corrosion Growth rate of Car...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Conceptual Site Model Development and Environmental Molecular DiagnosticsAntea Group
This was presented at the 2019 Clemson Hydrogeology Symposium. Its full title is Conceptual Site Model Development and Environmental Molecular Diagnostics Use for PlumeStop(R) Liquid Activated Carbon(TM) Application at a Trichlorofluoromethane Groundwater Plume.
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF SOIL AND ITS STABILITY USING NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTSIRJET Journal
This document discusses using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing (UPV) to determine the strength and stability of soil in a non-destructive manner. The study mixes black soil with different stabilizers and uses UPV to measure the pulse velocity through compacted soil samples. Higher velocities indicate denser, stronger soil. Correlations are made between pulse velocity and dry density from standard compaction tests. The study aims to evaluate how stabilizers change the engineering properties of black soil and determine if they can be used as soil stabilizers. UPV provides a quick, non-destructive alternative to conventional compaction tests for analyzing soil properties.
SEDIMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AVARAGERE LAKE, DAVANAGERE CITY - A CASE STUDYAM Publications
Avaragere Lake in Davangere was studied for chemical and physical parameters at five locations, for a period of six months (April 2014 to Sep 2014). Lake has been subjected to human interferences regularly and water quality was to be getting deteriorated profoundly. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the stretch: agriculture, discharging of sewage waste etc was generating serious threat to the biota of the lake by altering the physical, chemical and biological concentration of the lake system. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source.
Monthly data’s been collected. Different parameters studied were pH, Conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content. The results obtained from the above study indicate that the water of Avaragere Lake organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content shows very low concentrations even at nanogram. Manganese and iron concentrations of sediment sample in avaragere lake shows high level of pollution and ecological balance of Lake is totally disturbed.
The document describes the aquatic program at the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). It provides details on the aquatic science team and their roles. It also outlines the aquatic sites which include streams, rivers, and lakes. The document discusses the types of aquatic organismal and biogeochemical observations that will be collected, as well as the instrumentation used. It provides information on the sampling frequency for different measurements at stream and lake sites. Finally, it discusses some of the challenges of the aquatic program.
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Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
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Welcome to PFAS Contaminant Trends and
Facility Management Considerations (Part 1)
Moderator: Melanie Kito, P.E., Lead Remedial Technical Manager
Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest
Speaker: Michael H. Flinn, PhD, PMP
Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions
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SAFETY FIRST!
Please take note of the exits in
case of an emergency.
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CREDITS & PRESENTATIONS
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Introduction
• The purpose of this presentation is to provide information developed from an
evaluation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
empirical data collected during site inspections during 2014 and 2015 at 17 fire
training areas on 13 closed or realigned Air Force installations
• PFOS-based aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) last used at the locations in 1992
• The goal is to provide preliminary findings related to trends in PFOS/PFOA
behavior in soil and groundwater to promote discussion for improving contaminant
site characterization and mitigation
• Data were collected for site characterization, not for a controlled study
• Collected datasets were filtered to selectively remove some qualified data to obtain
the most consistent and highest quality data as necessary for the evaluation
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PFOS/PFOA Characteristics
Characteristic Perfluorooctane Sulfonate
(PFOS)
Perfluorooctanoic Acid
(PFOA)
Trichloroethene
(TCE)
Formula C8F17O3S- ** C8HF15O2
^^ C2HCl3
#
Molecular Weight 499.12 g/mol** (anion) 414.07 g/mol^^ 131.39 g/mol#
Density 1.25 g/cm3* (acid) 1.79 g/cm3 @ 20° C^^ 1.46 g/cm3 @ 20° C#
Water solubility 519 mg/l @ 20° C~ (salt)
680 mg/l @ 25° C~ (salt)
3,400 mg/l @ 20° C`
9,500 mg/l @25° C`
1,280 mg/l @ 25° C#
Octanol-Water Partitioning
Coefficient (log Kow)
4.49 (est.)^ (acid) 4.81 (est.)^^ 2.61#
Organic Carbon Partitioning
Coefficient (log Koc)
2.57- (salt) 2.06- 2.42=
Vapor Pressure
2.5 X 10-6 mm Hg @ 20° C! (salt)
2.0 X 10-3 mm Hg @ 25° C^ (acid)
1.7 X 10-2 mm Hg @ 20° C!
3.2 X10-2 mm Hg @ 25° C^^ 69 mm Hg @ 25° C#
** https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3736298#section=Top
• www.chemicalland21.com
^ https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid (Secondary Source)
^^ https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9554#section (Secondary Source)
~ Environmental Risk Evaluation Report Pg. 3, Environment Agency, UK 2004
` Environmental fate and effects of poly and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), CONCAWE Pg.
91, Brussels, Belgium 2016
# https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/trichloroethylene (Secondary Source)
- Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS),perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts;
The EFSA Journal,
= EPA Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, J. Russell Boulding, ed. Ann Arbor
Press, Inc., Chelsea, MI. Pg. 88, 1996
! Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet – PFOS and PFOA, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, March 2014
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Installation Location Map
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Data Available for Analysis
• Depth to Water
• Well Screen Interval
• Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity unit – NTU)
• pH
• Dissolved oxygen concentration (mg/l)
• Temperature (C°)
• Groundwater sample source (existing well, geoprobe, new well, temporary well,
undeveloped grab)
• Soil sample depth
• Soil type (grouped into clay, silt, sand, gravel)
• Concentration of PFOS and PFOA in groundwater (µg/l) and soil (mg/kg – converted to
µg/kg)
• Data qualifiers
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Groundwater Sample Summary
• PFOS
• PFOA
Source # NQ B J Q U UJ
Existing Well 136 94 1 11 1 27 2
Geoprobe 8 5 0 3 0 0 0
New Well 62 32 0 13 0 17 0
Temporary Well 7 7 0 0 0 0 0
Undeveloped
Grab
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Total Samples 214 138 1 28 1 44 2
Source # NQ B J Q U UJ
Existing Well 136 89 0 32 0 15 0
Geoprobe 8 8 0 0 0 0 0
New Well 62 41 0 9 0 12 0
Temporary Well 7 6 0 0 0 1 0
Undeveloped
Grab
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Total Samples 214 144 0 42 0 28 0
• Depth to water ranged from
2.7 – 258.5 feet BGS
• [PFOS] ranged from
nondetect (LOQ @ 0.03
µg/l) to 7,150 µg/l (AVG =
66.13 µg/l – NQ and J data)
• [PFOA] ranged from
nondetect (LOQ @ 0.03
µg/l) to 3,820 µg/l (AVG =
36.58 µg/l – NQ and J data)
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Correlation of Groundwater PFOS/PFOA Concentration to Turbidity
• Very high turbidity appears to increase PFOS/PFOA concentrations
• Greater PFOS concentrations suggests a higher affinity for sediment than PFOA
PHA (0.07 ug/l)
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Correlation of Groundwater PFOS/PFOA
Concentration to pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• PFOS/PFOA concentrations decrease with increasing pH and [DO] with [PFOA] trending higher
than [PFOS]
• Explained by transformation of PFOS to PFOA related to metabolism of fuel products, followed by
migration into more oxygenated area
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Correlation of Groundwater PFOS/PFOA Concentration to Temperature
• Bimodal temperature groupings
• Decreasing PFOS/PFOA
concentration trend with
increasing temperature
Increased diffusion/
advection?
Increased biochemical
transformation (Q10 rule)?
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Soil Sample Summary
• PFOS
• PFOA
Source # NQ J B Q U UJ
Clay 110 44 23 4 0 38 1
Gravel 29 14 4 0 0 11 0
Sand 407 119 49 4 0 217 18
Silt 85 25 13 4 2 41 0
Unk. or Fill 38 29 5 0 0 4 0
Total Samples 669 231 94 12 2 311 19
Source # NQ J B Q U UJ
Clay 110 49 16 0 0 44 1
Gravel 29 6 3 0 0 20 0
Sand 407 55 57 0 0 269 26
Silt 85 13 10 0 0 62 0
Unk. or Fill 38 8 6 0 0 22 2
Total Samples 669 131 92 0 0 417 29
• Samples ranged from 0 – 180 feet below
ground surface (BGS)
• [PFOS] ranged from nondetect (LOQ @
8.37 µg/kg) to 13,600 µg/kg (1 ft BGS -
soil type unknown) (AVG = 485.50 µg/kg
- NQ and J data)
• [PFOS] ranged from nondetect (LOQ @
17.38 µg/kg) to 1,450 µg/kg (sand) (AVG
= 72.80 µg/kg – NQ and J data)
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Frequency of Detection by Soil Type (NQ/J Data)
• Unknown or Fill Soils were biased high
because of sample depth
− 27 @ 1 foot = 71%
− 5 @ 5 feet = 13%
− 2 @ 10 feet = 5%
− 2 @ 15 feet = 5%
− 1 @ 50 feet = 2.5%
− 1 @ 100 feet = 2.5%
• Highest PFOS concentration (13,600
ug/kg) was at 1 foot BGS
• Shallow sample depths and lack of soil
description or description as fill suggest
these were located within the remediated
former FTAs
• Deepest NQ detection at 50 ft BGS
• Similar PFOS/PFOA detection frequency
in clay
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Depth of Contamination by Soil Type (NQ/J Data)
• Clay sample range (0-120 ft BGS)
- Deepest detection @ 35 ft BGS
• Gravel sample range (0-180 ft BGS)
- Deepest detection @ 25 ft BGS
• Sand sample range (1-180 ft BGS)
- Deepest detection @ 70 ft BGS
• Silt sample range (1-100 ft BGS)
- Deepest detection @ 45 ft BGS
• Data suggest that clays serves to retard
vertical migration of PFOS/PFOA
− PFOS/PFOA are large molecules whose
size may limit movement through clay
• Lower detection depths for gravel are
likely the result of rapid concentration
decrease below the quantification limit
due to greater water movement
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Contaminant Concentration by Soil Type (NQ/J Data)
• Highest average PFOS/PFOA concentrations found in silt and sand
• Silts – Possibly higher organic carbon concentration in silts
• Sand – Adherence of PFOS/PFOA to silica
CONCAWE (2016) cites PFOS surface sorption tests by Johnson (2007) that found decreasing sorption for the following: Ottawa (high
silica) sand > high iron sand > kaolinite > goethite
EPA Method 537 states that perfluorinated alkyl acids can “potentially adsorb to glass surfaces”
• Gravel – Smaller surface area per unit volume coupled with potentially greater water movement may reduce PFOS/PFOA
concentrations
• Clay – Electrochemical attraction and large PFOS/PFOA molecules prevent movement into clay matrix
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Comparison of Groundwater and Soil Contaminant
Concentrations
• High concentrations of
PFOS/PFOA in groundwater
may exceed the sorptive
capacity of soils
• PFOS/PFOA concentrations
below maximum sorptive
capacity may be retained
Potential for natural
attenuation or potential
secondary source?
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Correlation of Groundwater and Soil PFOS/PFOA Concentration
• Correlation between soil and groundwater concentrations is poor for PFOA
Greater PFOA solubility?
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PFOS/PFOA Concentration vs. GW and Soil Depth
• [PFOA] trends higher than [PFOS] with increasing
groundwater depth
PFOA more soluble than PFOS
• [PFOA] = 1.07 µg/l (NQ) at 250 feet
• [PFOS] = 0.11µg/l (NQ) at 250 feet 1 Concawe, Environmental fate and effects of poly and perfluoroalkyl
substances (PFAS). Report No. 8/16. Brussels, June 2016
• [PFOA] trends higher than [PFOS] with increasing
soil depth
Consistent with higher water solubility
PFOS binds more strongly than PFOA1
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Comparison of Soil and Groundwater
PFOS/PFOA Results
• Soil
– All values of PFOS/PFOA detected deeper
than 50 feet BGS were qualified data
– Estimated values of PFOS/PFOA were
detected at 70 feet BGS at KI Sawyer AFB
• Sample FT007P-006 (sand)
• PFOS = 15.30 µg/kg (J)
• PFOA = 10.10 µg/kg (J)
– No PFOS/PFOA was detected below 70
feet BGS
• Water
– Nonqualified concentrations
of PFOS/PFOA were
detected in groundwater at
depths up to 250 feet BGS at
George AFB
• Sample GW-023 at
FTA020P
• PFOS = 0.11 µg/l
• PFOA = 1.07 µg/l
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Comparison of
Quantitation Limits
• Much greater variability in soil
analyses
• Soil quantitation limit is @300 X
higher than water quantitation
limit for PFOS and @600 X
higher for PFOA
• How to account for the
undetected soil contaminants?
Contaminant
# of Soil
Nondetects
Avg. Soil LOQ
Concentration
(µg/kg)
Low Soil
LOQ
(µg/kg)
High Soil
LOQ
(µg/kg)
# of GW
Nondetects
Avg. GW LOQ
Concentration
(µg/l)
Low GW
LOQ
(µg/l)
High GW
LOQ
(µg/l)
PFOS 311 8.37 0.11 22.40 44 0.03 0.003 0.31
PFOA 417 17.38 0.07 27.00 28(27) 2.63(0.03) 0.004 73
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Accounting for Undetected PFCs In Soil
• Vadose Zone Models exist for estimating the impact of soil
contaminants to groundwater
– SESOIL (1981 – A.D. Little)
– Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (1996 – ADEQ)
– VLEACH (1997 – Dynamac/CH2M Hill)
– Others
• Data rarely collected at the site inspection phase
• Models rely on assumptions or default values (e.g.
homogenous soils)
• Estimate contaminant behavior in the vadose zone based
on chemical and soil properties
50 feet BGS
(GEORGE-FT019P-003)
?
0.09 µg/l
Total PFC
88.90 µg/kg
Total PFC
120 feet BGS
FTA019 MW FT05
Organic carbon distribution
coefficient (KOC)
Henry’s Law constant (KH)
Vapor Pressure
Water solubility
Free air diffusion coefficient
Contaminant half life
Dry bulk soil density
Effective porosity
Soil organic carbon content
Soil volumetric water content
Temperature
• Current models were not developed to address PFOS/PFOA
– Certain PFOS/PFOA characteristics are not available, not known, or not applicable
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Data Extrapolation (Example - Former George AFB)
• Assumptions are inherent in
contaminant location data
• Contaminant data curves can be
extrapolated to estimate
concentrations at depth
– Doing so can help provide a fuller
understanding of site conditions
• Example: George AFB FTA 19
– PFCs detected at 120 ft BGS in
downgradient monitor well FT05
– No nonqualified PFCs detections
deeper than 50 ft BGS in wells
GEORG-FT019P-001, 002, or
003
General GW
Flow Direction
0.03 µg/l PFOS and 0.06 PFOA
detected in groundwater at 120 ft BGS
88.90 µg/kg PFOA
detected in soil at
50 ft BGS
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Depth (x)
Modeled [PFOS] with
Depth (ug/kg)
Modeled [PFOA] with
Depth (ug/kg) Soil Type
0 7120.00 230.00 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
5 4427.82 177.34 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
10 2753.60 136.74
Inorganic silts and very fine sands;
silty or clayey fine sands or clayey
silts with high plasticity
15 1712.42 105.43
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
20 1064.93 81.29
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
25 662.26 62.68
30 411.85 48.33
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
35 256.12 37.27
40 159.28 28.73
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
45 99.05 22.16
25.20 50 61.60 17.08
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines 63.70
55 38.31 13.17
60 23.82 10.16
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
65 14.82 7.83
70 9.21 6.04
75 5.73 4.66
80 3.56 3.59 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
85 2.22 2.77
90 1.38 2.13
95 0.86 1.65
100 0.53 1.27 Clayey sands; sand clay mixtures
105 0.33 0.98
110 0.21 0.75
115 0.13 0.58
FT05=0.03 120 0.08 0.45 Clayey sands; sand clay mixtures FT03=0.06
125 0.05 0.35
Data Extrapolation (NQ, J and U) GEORG-FT019P-003
Actual total PFOS
concentration in
GW at depth
Actual total PFOS
concentration in
soil at depth
Actual total
PFOA
concentration
in soil at depth
Actual total
PFOA
concentration
in GW at
depth
Actual Modeled
Soil PFOS
(ug/kg)
25.20 @
50 ft BGS
61.60 @
50 ft BGS
Soil PFOA
(ug/kg)
63.70 @
50 ft BGS
17.08 @
50 ft BGS
GW PFOS
(ug/l)
0.03 @
120 ft BGS
0.08 @
120 ft BGS
GW PFOA
(ug/l)
0.06@
120 ft BGS
0.45 @
120 ft BGS
Y=C0*EXP(-0.095x) Y=C0*EXP(-0.052x)
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Depth
(x)
Modeled
[PFOS] with
Depth (ug/kg)
Modeled [PFOA]
with Depth
(ug/kg) Soil Type
0 4500.00 47.40 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
5 2912.69 29.48 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
10 1885.28 18.33 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures 23.60
15 1220.28 11.40 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
20 789.84 7.09 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
25 511.24 4.41
30 330.91 2.74
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
35 214.18 1.71
40 138.63 1.06
Inorganic clay of low to medium
plasticity
45 89.73 0.66
19.50 50 58.08 0.41
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
55 37.59 0.26
60 24.33 0.16
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
65 15.75 0.10
70 10.19 0.06 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
75 6.60 0.04
80 4.27 0.02 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
85 2.76 0.01
90 1.79 0.01
95 1.16 0.01
100 0.75 0.00 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
105 0.49 0.00
110 0.31 0.00
115 0.20 0.00
FT05=0.03 120 0.13 0.00 Clayey sands; sand clay mixtures FT03=0.06
125 0.09 0.00
Data Extrapolation (NQ, J and U) GEORG-FT019P-002
Actual total PFOS
concentration in
GW at depth
Actual total PFOS
concentration in
soil at depth
Actual total PFOA
concentration in
soil at depth
Actual total PFOA
concentration in
GW at depth
Actual Modeled
Soil PFOS
(ug/kg)
19.50 @
50 ft BGS
58.08 @
50 ft BGS
Soil PFOA
(ug/kg)
23.60 @
10 ft BGS*
18.33 @
10 ft BGS
GW PFOS
(ug/l)
0.03 @
120 ft BGS
0.13 @
120 ft BGS
GW PFOA
(ug/l)
0.06@
120 ft BGS
0.00 @
120 ft BGS
*PFOA was not detected below 10’
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Data Extrapolation (NQ, J and U) GEORG-FT019P-001
Actual total PFOS
concentration in
GW at depth
Actual total PFOS
concentration in
soil at depth
Actual total PFOA
concentration in
soil at depth
Actual total PFOA
concentration in
GW at depth
• PFOS increase likely represents lateral
migration from upgradient burn dish
area
• Infiltration from former O/W separator
may have led to greater removal of
more soluble PFOA
• Clay strata may be serving as a
confining layer
Initial [PFOA]
Depth
(x)
Modeled [PFOS]
with Depth
(ug/kg)
Modeled [PFOA]
with Depth (ug/kg) Soil Type
161.00 0 ND ND
5 15.50 161.00 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
10 57.62 49.72
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
15 111.09 15.35
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines 14.30
81.50 20 214.18 4.74
Inorganic clay of low to
medium plasticity
25 412.96 1.46
30 796.19 0.45
35 1535.08 0.14
40 2959.69 0.04 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
45 5706.38 0.01
50 11002.08 0.00
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
55 21212.38 0.00
60 40898.15 0.00 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
65 78852.95 0.00
70 152031.05 0.00
75 293120.78 0.00
80 565146.36 0.00 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures
85 1089620.50 0.00
90 2100823.62 0.00
95 4050455.99 0.00
100 7809410.38 0.00
Poorly graded sands; gravelly
sands, little or no fines
105 15056796.23 0.00
110 29029990.94 0.00
115 55970763.05 0.00
FT05=0.03 120 107913444.50 0.00 Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures FT03=0.06
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Summary
1. PFOA and PFAS are large molecules having high water solubility and low volatility
2. High turbidity may increase PFOS/PFOA concentrations (PFOS > PFOA)
3. Higher groundwater temperatures appears to decrease local PFOS/PFOA
concentrations likely due to greater biochemical activity
4. Relationship between PFOS/PFOA concentrations, pH, and DO suggests PFOS may
transform to PFOA, likely as a result of co-location with fuel contaminants
5. PFOA is more mobile than PFOS in both groundwater and soil (will go further and
deeper)
6. PFOS appears to be more likely to adsorb to soil media than PFOA
i. Sand > Silt > Clay > Gravel
7. Highest soil contaminant concentrations and greater depth found in sand and silt
i. PFOS has been shown to preferentially adsorb to sands
ii. Silt is more permeable than clay with higher carbon content than sand or gravel
8. Clays appear to retard vertical migration of both PFOS/PFOA
9. Contaminants will attenuate in soil, but will take longer and contaminant migration will be
greater before being reduced to below regulatory standard
10. A more precise soil analytical method is needed, with a much lower quantification
limit for PFOS/PFOA
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Summary (concluded)
11. No PFOS/PFOA detected in soil below 70 ft BGS
11. Limit of quantification for PFOS in soil @300 X greater than groundwater limit of
quantification and 600 X greater for PFOA
12. Greater variability for soil analyses
13. Soil data graphs indicate that PFOS/PFOA concentrations generally decline exponentially
with depth
12. Pending improved analytical methods for soil, data can be modeled to estimate soil
contaminant concentrations at depth
i. Extrapolated data, used in conjunction with other lines of evidence (i.e., operating history,
geologic substrata, groundwater contaminant concentrations) provide a general
understanding of subsurface contaminant concentrations
ii. Modeled results may be useful in conceptual site model development
13. Quantified concentrations of PFOS/PFOA were detected in groundwater over 250 ft
BGS
i. Soil modeling supports that surface PFOS/PFOA are capable of migrating to that depth
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I would like to express my appreciation to
the Air Force Civil Engineer Center Base
Realignment and Closure Branch
(AFCEC/CIB) for allowing the use of the site
inspection data provided in this presentation.
Acknowledgements
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References
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www.chemicalland21.com
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Mike Flinn, Ph.D., PMP
Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions
michael.flinn@cn-bus.com
(210) 323-4114
Contact Information