The document is a product guide for greenhouse growers that provides descriptions of various insecticides, miticides, fungicides, and other products for managing insects, mites, and plant pathogens. It lists the active ingredients, application rates, and target pests or diseases for each product. The products described include synthetic pyrethroids, neem oil, Bacillus thuringiensis, systemic insecticides, miticides, fungicides for foliar and root diseases, and disinfectants.
This document discusses remote sensing systems. It begins with an introduction to remote sensing as gathering information from objects without direct contact. It then covers the history of remote sensing from early aerial photography to modern satellite systems. The document outlines different types of remote sensing including passive methods like photography and radiometers and active methods like RADAR and LiDAR. It provides examples of remote sensing applications and techniques. Finally, it describes different optical, RADAR, and LiDAR remote sensing systems and how they work.
This document provides an overview of the basics of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about an object without direct contact. It discusses key components of the remote sensing process including data acquisition, the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, spectral signatures, and satellite platforms and orbits. Remote sensing draws from many areas and plays an important role in monitoring the Earth through satellite imagery.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing through a seminar presented by Ashwathy Babu Paul. It defines remote sensing as obtaining information about an object without physical contact through electromagnetic radiation. It describes the basic components and process of remote sensing systems including energy sources, sensor recording, transmission and processing. Various sensors and platforms are discussed along with advantages and applications in fields like agriculture, natural resource management, national security, geology, meteorology, and more. Challenges are addressed but advantages of remote sensing are said to far outweigh these.
The document is the table of contents for Volume II of a nursery product catalog. It lists various insecticides, miticides, and fungicides available for purchase along with brief descriptions of each product's active ingredients, mode of action, and application instructions. The products are intended for management of insects, mites, plant pathogens, and weeds affecting ornamental crops.
This document provides an overview manual on on-farm vermicomposting and vermiculture. It discusses the basics of caring for compost worms, including their needs for bedding, food, moisture, aeration and temperature control. Different system types are described, from simple windrows to more advanced flow-through reactors. The value of vermicompost and potential opportunities for farmers are also covered. The manual aims to help farmers understand if working with worms could provide benefits and assess associated efforts, resources and risks.
Manual of On-Farm Vermicomposting and Vermiculturex3G9
This document provides an overview manual on on-farm vermicomposting and vermiculture. It discusses the basics of caring for compost worms, including their needs for bedding, food, moisture, aeration and temperature control. Different system types are described, from simple windrows to more advanced flow-through reactors. The value of vermicompost and potential opportunities for farmers are also covered. The manual aims to help farmers better understand vermicomposting and assess its suitability for their operation.
This document provides a summary of and thanks to three individuals who provided input to the Golf Manual project team: Rick Tegtmeier of Elmcrest County Club, Brett Hetland of Brooks Golf Club, and Kevin Fletcher of Audubon International. It also includes photos from Elmcrest Country Club and a table of contents for the full manual on golf course waste management.
This document discusses remote sensing systems. It begins with an introduction to remote sensing as gathering information from objects without direct contact. It then covers the history of remote sensing from early aerial photography to modern satellite systems. The document outlines different types of remote sensing including passive methods like photography and radiometers and active methods like RADAR and LiDAR. It provides examples of remote sensing applications and techniques. Finally, it describes different optical, RADAR, and LiDAR remote sensing systems and how they work.
This document provides an overview of the basics of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about an object without direct contact. It discusses key components of the remote sensing process including data acquisition, the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, spectral signatures, and satellite platforms and orbits. Remote sensing draws from many areas and plays an important role in monitoring the Earth through satellite imagery.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing through a seminar presented by Ashwathy Babu Paul. It defines remote sensing as obtaining information about an object without physical contact through electromagnetic radiation. It describes the basic components and process of remote sensing systems including energy sources, sensor recording, transmission and processing. Various sensors and platforms are discussed along with advantages and applications in fields like agriculture, natural resource management, national security, geology, meteorology, and more. Challenges are addressed but advantages of remote sensing are said to far outweigh these.
The document is the table of contents for Volume II of a nursery product catalog. It lists various insecticides, miticides, and fungicides available for purchase along with brief descriptions of each product's active ingredients, mode of action, and application instructions. The products are intended for management of insects, mites, plant pathogens, and weeds affecting ornamental crops.
This document provides an overview manual on on-farm vermicomposting and vermiculture. It discusses the basics of caring for compost worms, including their needs for bedding, food, moisture, aeration and temperature control. Different system types are described, from simple windrows to more advanced flow-through reactors. The value of vermicompost and potential opportunities for farmers are also covered. The manual aims to help farmers understand if working with worms could provide benefits and assess associated efforts, resources and risks.
Manual of On-Farm Vermicomposting and Vermiculturex3G9
This document provides an overview manual on on-farm vermicomposting and vermiculture. It discusses the basics of caring for compost worms, including their needs for bedding, food, moisture, aeration and temperature control. Different system types are described, from simple windrows to more advanced flow-through reactors. The value of vermicompost and potential opportunities for farmers are also covered. The manual aims to help farmers better understand vermicomposting and assess its suitability for their operation.
This document provides a summary of and thanks to three individuals who provided input to the Golf Manual project team: Rick Tegtmeier of Elmcrest County Club, Brett Hetland of Brooks Golf Club, and Kevin Fletcher of Audubon International. It also includes photos from Elmcrest Country Club and a table of contents for the full manual on golf course waste management.
Worms for Bait or Waste Processing (Vermicomposting)Gardening
This document provides information for entrepreneurs interested in starting an earthworm enterprise for commercial purposes. It discusses the two main types of earthworm businesses - raising worms for bait or feed, and using worms to process organic waste into vermicompost. The key requirements for successfully raising earthworms commercially include maintaining optimal environmental conditions like moisture, oxygen, temperature and pH levels. The document also covers production methods, marketing earthworms and vermicompost, and financial considerations.
This review analyzes clinical trials comparing the antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine to placebo or no intervention for treating and preventing influenza A in adults. The review finds that both drugs are effective at relieving symptoms of influenza A, though amantadine causes more adverse side effects than rimantadine. Resistance of influenza viruses to amantadine is a growing problem. The review concludes that these drugs should only be used in emergencies when other options are not available due to their side effects and risk of increasing viral spread.
This document provides an overview of considerations for organic hog production. It discusses the importance of integrating livestock and crop production to create a sustainable system where manure can fertilize fields growing feed. The document also examines animal welfare issues, requirements under the USDA organic rule, and behaviors of hogs related to nesting, rooting, wallowing and foraging. It reviews options for pastured and housed production including pasture farrowing and finishing systems, deep straw farrowing shelters and open buildings. Husbandry practices that can reduce stress during handling and weaning are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of considerations for organic hog production. It discusses the importance of integrating livestock and crop production to create a sustainable system where manure can fertilize fields growing feed. The document also examines animal welfare issues, requirements under the USDA organic rule, and behaviors of hogs related to nesting, rooting, wallowing and foraging. It reviews options for pastured and housed production including pasture farrowing and finishing systems, deep straw farrowing shelters and open buildings. Husbandry practices that can reduce stress during handling and weaning are also discussed.
This document discusses considerations for organic hog production. It focuses on understanding hogs' natural behaviors like nesting and farrowing to help assess housing and management practices. Sows have strong instincts to build nests before farrowing and want space to follow behaviors like inspecting piglets and rearranging nests afterwards. Providing sows with adequate straw and space to follow these instincts can help reduce farrowing stress and issues. The document also discusses other behaviors like rooting and explores housing options and husbandry practices that aim to reduce stress in line with organic principles.
This document is a product index that:
1) Lists fertilizer, biological, and micronutrient products and their descriptions in 1-3 sentences each.
2) Provides contact information for technical/sales staff by region.
3) Lists crop-specific fertil
This document provides tips and guidance on building healthy soil for gardening. It recommends amending soil with compost or other organic matter before planting to improve soil structure and fertility. Signs of good compost include an earthy smell, dark color, fibrous texture and lack of weeds. The document provides guidelines on how much compost to mix into different soil types and garden beds. Maintaining healthy soil through organic amendments supports soil life and plant health while reducing the need for fertilizers and pesticides.
A Farmer’s Guide to Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production; by Tony Little
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
A Farmer's Guide to Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Ecigarette or vaping products visual dictionaryRogerQi2
Ecigarette or vaping products visual dictionary, E-cig & Vaping Products History, what will next generation vaping product look like? Hit me up! Roger sales035@buddyvape.com
Figondmd. 5 7 oktober 2015, de ree horst - edePruschaRasul
The document provides information about the 17th edition of the Dutch Medicines Days conference organized by the Federation of Innovative Drug Research in The Netherlands from October 5-7, 2015. It will include plenary lectures from top scientists, the Ariëns Award lecture, and the Dutch Galien award ceremony. There will be parallel sessions over the three days covering topics like regulatory sciences, medicinal chemistry, infectious diseases, and more. The organizers hope attendees will enjoy networking opportunities and the scientific program created by the scientific committee. Sponsor support has helped keep registration fees low to encourage participation.
This document provides supplemental information on compost teas. It distinguishes compost teas from other organic extracts such as compost leachates and compost extracts. Compost teas are actively brewed with microbial food and catalyst sources to extract and grow beneficial microbes from compost over 24-36 hours, while extracts simply soak compost in water. Methods of producing compost tea range from passive fermentation to continuous-flow systems using pumps, pipes, and tanks. Standards for analyzing microbial content of compost teas and lists of labs that perform such analysis are also included.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for a guide on saving seed from vegetable crops. It summarizes key concepts for choosing crop varieties, annual and biennial life cycles, basic botanical terms, mating systems like inbreeding and outbreeding, and general guidelines for soil preparation, spacing, disease and pest management, harvesting, processing, storing, and testing seed viability. The introduction explains that the guide aims to teach farmers and gardeners skills for preserving crop diversity and regional seed systems.
A Seed Saving Guide for Gardeners and Farmers
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
The Organic Backyard: A Guide to Applying Organic Farming Practices to Your H...Fayina19z
This document provides a guide for applying organic farming practices in home and community gardens. It was created by the Canadian Organic Growers Perth-Waterloo-Wellington chapter based on their Organic Backyard workshop series. The guide covers topics such as understanding your garden site, building healthy soil, managing weeds and pests, and crop rotation. It aims to help small-scale gardeners grow food using organic techniques developed for farmers.
The Organic Backyard: A Guide To Applying Organic Farming Practices To Your H...Fayme4q
This document provides a guide for applying organic farming practices in home and community gardens. It was created by the Canadian Organic Growers Perth-Waterloo-Wellington chapter based on their Organic Backyard workshop series. The guide covers topics such as understanding your garden site, building healthy soil, managing weeds and pests organically, and practicing crop rotation. The goal is to help more people grow their own organic food and build the local organic food system.
An Evaluation of the Multipurpose of the Jatropha Curcas Oil for Industrial U...ZX7
This document reviews the multipurpose oil seed crop Jatropha curcas for industrial uses. It discusses the plant's taxonomy, botanical description, distribution, ecological requirements, propagation methods, and chemical composition. The seed's toxicity is also examined. A wide range of potential uses for Jatropha products are explored, including as a hedge, fertilizer, food, soap, pesticide, energy source (including biodiesel), and for medicinal purposes. The review concludes by discussing Jatropha's potential conservation benefits.
Kaolin Clay for Management of Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter in GrapesGardening
The document discusses the use of kaolin clay particle films as a means of managing the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), an efficient vector of Pierce's disease in grapes. Kaolin clay particle films, when applied as the product Surround, create a physical barrier on plant surfaces that repels insects through visual cues and irritation. Research has shown Surround can effectively suppress several grape pests, including GWSS, and is most effective when integrated into a whole farm system approach including soil health, beneficial habitat and nutrient management.
This review analyzed studies on the use of neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) like oseltamivir and zanamivir to prevent and treat influenza in healthy adults. The review found that:
1) NIs have limited effectiveness in preventing influenza-like illnesses when used routinely, but oseltamivir and zanamivir can reduce symptomatic influenza by around 60%.
2) When used to treat influenza after symptoms appear, both oseltamivir and zanamivir can shorten the duration of symptoms by around 1 day.
3) Oseltamivir is associated with side effects like nausea, while zanamivir can cause diarrhea.
4) Due to their low effectiveness,
Sheryl Williams spends her day utilizing various emerging technologies to enhance her life as a digital pioneer. These technologies include a smart clock that monitors her sleep patterns, clothing that can track her vital signs, and interactive surfaces in her home that allow her to check her schedule, access recipes in the kitchen, and keep food hot or cold. She is also able to video conference with others and use augmented reality devices like Google Glass to stay connected with family and students. Various sensors and chips help monitor her health and balance. The document suggests that technologies like these will help baby boomers and younger generations alike to continue being digital pioneers as our lives become more enhanced with new innovations.
The document provides an overview of landscape design principles including:
1) Landscape design involves considering the 3D space of a site including floors, walls, and ceilings and determining appropriate functions and themes.
2) Bubble diagrams are used to define spaces and ensure the landscape design makes full use of the available area.
3) Choosing plants suited to the climate, design, and intended use of spaces allows the landscape to achieve its greatest potential and provide enjoyment.
Worms for Bait or Waste Processing (Vermicomposting)Gardening
This document provides information for entrepreneurs interested in starting an earthworm enterprise for commercial purposes. It discusses the two main types of earthworm businesses - raising worms for bait or feed, and using worms to process organic waste into vermicompost. The key requirements for successfully raising earthworms commercially include maintaining optimal environmental conditions like moisture, oxygen, temperature and pH levels. The document also covers production methods, marketing earthworms and vermicompost, and financial considerations.
This review analyzes clinical trials comparing the antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine to placebo or no intervention for treating and preventing influenza A in adults. The review finds that both drugs are effective at relieving symptoms of influenza A, though amantadine causes more adverse side effects than rimantadine. Resistance of influenza viruses to amantadine is a growing problem. The review concludes that these drugs should only be used in emergencies when other options are not available due to their side effects and risk of increasing viral spread.
This document provides an overview of considerations for organic hog production. It discusses the importance of integrating livestock and crop production to create a sustainable system where manure can fertilize fields growing feed. The document also examines animal welfare issues, requirements under the USDA organic rule, and behaviors of hogs related to nesting, rooting, wallowing and foraging. It reviews options for pastured and housed production including pasture farrowing and finishing systems, deep straw farrowing shelters and open buildings. Husbandry practices that can reduce stress during handling and weaning are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of considerations for organic hog production. It discusses the importance of integrating livestock and crop production to create a sustainable system where manure can fertilize fields growing feed. The document also examines animal welfare issues, requirements under the USDA organic rule, and behaviors of hogs related to nesting, rooting, wallowing and foraging. It reviews options for pastured and housed production including pasture farrowing and finishing systems, deep straw farrowing shelters and open buildings. Husbandry practices that can reduce stress during handling and weaning are also discussed.
This document discusses considerations for organic hog production. It focuses on understanding hogs' natural behaviors like nesting and farrowing to help assess housing and management practices. Sows have strong instincts to build nests before farrowing and want space to follow behaviors like inspecting piglets and rearranging nests afterwards. Providing sows with adequate straw and space to follow these instincts can help reduce farrowing stress and issues. The document also discusses other behaviors like rooting and explores housing options and husbandry practices that aim to reduce stress in line with organic principles.
This document is a product index that:
1) Lists fertilizer, biological, and micronutrient products and their descriptions in 1-3 sentences each.
2) Provides contact information for technical/sales staff by region.
3) Lists crop-specific fertil
This document provides tips and guidance on building healthy soil for gardening. It recommends amending soil with compost or other organic matter before planting to improve soil structure and fertility. Signs of good compost include an earthy smell, dark color, fibrous texture and lack of weeds. The document provides guidelines on how much compost to mix into different soil types and garden beds. Maintaining healthy soil through organic amendments supports soil life and plant health while reducing the need for fertilizers and pesticides.
A Farmer’s Guide to Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production; by Tony Little
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
A Farmer's Guide to Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Ecigarette or vaping products visual dictionaryRogerQi2
Ecigarette or vaping products visual dictionary, E-cig & Vaping Products History, what will next generation vaping product look like? Hit me up! Roger sales035@buddyvape.com
Figondmd. 5 7 oktober 2015, de ree horst - edePruschaRasul
The document provides information about the 17th edition of the Dutch Medicines Days conference organized by the Federation of Innovative Drug Research in The Netherlands from October 5-7, 2015. It will include plenary lectures from top scientists, the Ariëns Award lecture, and the Dutch Galien award ceremony. There will be parallel sessions over the three days covering topics like regulatory sciences, medicinal chemistry, infectious diseases, and more. The organizers hope attendees will enjoy networking opportunities and the scientific program created by the scientific committee. Sponsor support has helped keep registration fees low to encourage participation.
This document provides supplemental information on compost teas. It distinguishes compost teas from other organic extracts such as compost leachates and compost extracts. Compost teas are actively brewed with microbial food and catalyst sources to extract and grow beneficial microbes from compost over 24-36 hours, while extracts simply soak compost in water. Methods of producing compost tea range from passive fermentation to continuous-flow systems using pumps, pipes, and tanks. Standards for analyzing microbial content of compost teas and lists of labs that perform such analysis are also included.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for a guide on saving seed from vegetable crops. It summarizes key concepts for choosing crop varieties, annual and biennial life cycles, basic botanical terms, mating systems like inbreeding and outbreeding, and general guidelines for soil preparation, spacing, disease and pest management, harvesting, processing, storing, and testing seed viability. The introduction explains that the guide aims to teach farmers and gardeners skills for preserving crop diversity and regional seed systems.
A Seed Saving Guide for Gardeners and Farmers
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
The Organic Backyard: A Guide to Applying Organic Farming Practices to Your H...Fayina19z
This document provides a guide for applying organic farming practices in home and community gardens. It was created by the Canadian Organic Growers Perth-Waterloo-Wellington chapter based on their Organic Backyard workshop series. The guide covers topics such as understanding your garden site, building healthy soil, managing weeds and pests, and crop rotation. It aims to help small-scale gardeners grow food using organic techniques developed for farmers.
The Organic Backyard: A Guide To Applying Organic Farming Practices To Your H...Fayme4q
This document provides a guide for applying organic farming practices in home and community gardens. It was created by the Canadian Organic Growers Perth-Waterloo-Wellington chapter based on their Organic Backyard workshop series. The guide covers topics such as understanding your garden site, building healthy soil, managing weeds and pests organically, and practicing crop rotation. The goal is to help more people grow their own organic food and build the local organic food system.
An Evaluation of the Multipurpose of the Jatropha Curcas Oil for Industrial U...ZX7
This document reviews the multipurpose oil seed crop Jatropha curcas for industrial uses. It discusses the plant's taxonomy, botanical description, distribution, ecological requirements, propagation methods, and chemical composition. The seed's toxicity is also examined. A wide range of potential uses for Jatropha products are explored, including as a hedge, fertilizer, food, soap, pesticide, energy source (including biodiesel), and for medicinal purposes. The review concludes by discussing Jatropha's potential conservation benefits.
Kaolin Clay for Management of Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter in GrapesGardening
The document discusses the use of kaolin clay particle films as a means of managing the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), an efficient vector of Pierce's disease in grapes. Kaolin clay particle films, when applied as the product Surround, create a physical barrier on plant surfaces that repels insects through visual cues and irritation. Research has shown Surround can effectively suppress several grape pests, including GWSS, and is most effective when integrated into a whole farm system approach including soil health, beneficial habitat and nutrient management.
This review analyzed studies on the use of neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) like oseltamivir and zanamivir to prevent and treat influenza in healthy adults. The review found that:
1) NIs have limited effectiveness in preventing influenza-like illnesses when used routinely, but oseltamivir and zanamivir can reduce symptomatic influenza by around 60%.
2) When used to treat influenza after symptoms appear, both oseltamivir and zanamivir can shorten the duration of symptoms by around 1 day.
3) Oseltamivir is associated with side effects like nausea, while zanamivir can cause diarrhea.
4) Due to their low effectiveness,
Sheryl Williams spends her day utilizing various emerging technologies to enhance her life as a digital pioneer. These technologies include a smart clock that monitors her sleep patterns, clothing that can track her vital signs, and interactive surfaces in her home that allow her to check her schedule, access recipes in the kitchen, and keep food hot or cold. She is also able to video conference with others and use augmented reality devices like Google Glass to stay connected with family and students. Various sensors and chips help monitor her health and balance. The document suggests that technologies like these will help baby boomers and younger generations alike to continue being digital pioneers as our lives become more enhanced with new innovations.
The document provides an overview of landscape design principles including:
1) Landscape design involves considering the 3D space of a site including floors, walls, and ceilings and determining appropriate functions and themes.
2) Bubble diagrams are used to define spaces and ensure the landscape design makes full use of the available area.
3) Choosing plants suited to the climate, design, and intended use of spaces allows the landscape to achieve its greatest potential and provide enjoyment.
Color In Garden Design For Montrose Botanicalsherylwil
The document discusses color theory and how to describe colors using standardized systems. It explains that colors have three main qualities - hue (the name of the color family), value (the lightness or darkness), and chroma (the intensity or saturation). The Munsell and Royal Horticulture Society (RHS) systems provide standards for describing colors. The document then discusses how to use different color qualities like hue, value, chroma, and contrast to achieve different effects in garden design.
The document discusses the co-evolution of flowering plants and their pollinators over millions of years. It provides examples of highly specialized mutual dependencies that have developed between certain plants and pollinators, such as yuccas and yucca moths, passionflowers and butterflies. Many flowers have evolved traits like nectar guides, nectar spurs, and pollen structures that match the morphology of specific pollinator species in order to facilitate efficient pollination.
Division is a method of plant propagation where the crown of the plant is separated into smaller pieces for propagation or rejuvenation. Each divided piece must have at least one bud and some roots. Benefits of division include acquiring several new plants and rejuvenating mature plants. Certain species like lavender and rosemary cannot be divided as they do not form crowns. The timing of division depends on when the plant blooms - spring bloomers are divided in fall and fall bloomers in spring, avoiding periods of active growth. Plants are divided when they have outgrown their space or have decreased flowering over years. Perennials form clumps over time and dividing allows producing several plants from one.
1. The document discusses how to take and care for different types of cuttings from plants, including softwood, semi-ripe, hardwood, leaf, root, and succulent cuttings.
2. It explains the optimal timing for taking each type of cutting based on the plant's stage of woodiness.
3. Instructions are provided for taking cuttings, treating them with rooting hormone, and maintaining the proper environment for root development.
This document provides an overview of seed collecting and starting, including the basics of flower and seed anatomy, harvesting seeds, cleaning and storing seeds, breaking dormancy through stratification and scarification, germinating seeds using paper towels or outdoor winter sowing, and tips on timing and care for seedlings. The agenda covers plant reproduction, identifying seeds and seed parts, techniques for collecting, cleaning and storing seeds, and methods for stratifying, scarifying and germinating seeds indoors or outdoors over winter.
The document discusses different types of sprinklers and considerations for selecting sprinklers for irrigation systems. It covers spray vs rotor sprinklers, appropriate uses for each type, installation details, pressure requirements, and techniques for adjusting sprinkler radius and precipitation rates. Key factors discussed include sprinkler spacing, precipitation rates, pressure requirements, mixing sprinkler types on a single valve, and trajectory of water discharge.
1. Precipitation rate (PR) is the rate at which sprinkler heads apply water and should be consistent within a zone. Matching PRs requires using heads of the same type, manufacturer, and precipitation rate.
2. PR can be calculated using either the total area method by dividing total GPM by total area, or the individual head method using sprinkler spacing and pattern.
3. Reducing the radius of spray heads lowers the GPM according to manufacturer charts, but the GPM stays the same for rotors so the nozzle must be changed to match the new radius.
This document discusses sizing pipes and valves for an irrigation system. It notes that the safety limit for pipe velocity is 5 feet per second and provides an example of sizing pipes in reverse from the critical circuit length farthest from the valve. In the example, 3/4 inch pipe is sized for the first section supplying one head, 1 1/4 inch pipe for two heads, 1 1/2 inch pipe for three heads, and 2 inch pipe for four heads to keep velocity below 5 feet per second for each section. The document advises sizing additional circuits by splitting into smaller sections for lower water volumes and smaller pipe sizes.
This document summarizes different types of backflow preventers used in irrigation systems. It describes atmospheric vacuum breakers, pressure vacuum breakers, reduced pressure backflow preventers, double check backflow preventers, and their applications based on flow rate and installation requirements. Selection of backflow preventers and sizing of mainlines and valves are discussed based on flow demands and allowable pressure losses.
Sprinkler spacing should provide 100% overlap of watered areas. Exceptions can allow for slightly farther spacing to accommodate odd shapes, but at least 80% of heads should be head-to-head. Maximum spacing is the sprinkler radius multiplied by 60%. Smaller radius sprinklers may require radius adjustment devices to reduce spacing below 50% of the radius. Uniform spacing is important for even water coverage, with gradual changes in spacing. Square, triangular, and rectangular patterns are common, with different recommended spacing percentages based on wind conditions.
The document provides a model ordinance for water-efficient landscape design to help Colorado communities promote water conservation. It was developed by the Colorado Department of Local Affairs to encourage the use of drought-tolerant landscaping. The model ordinance includes standards for landscape design, plant selection, irrigation systems, and other best practices to ensure water-efficient landscapes while preserving communities' character. It is meant to serve as an alternative or supplement to other landscape codes and support local master plans and conservation goals.
This document summarizes drought resistant turf grass species for Colorado. It discusses the drought responses and resistance mechanisms of various grasses, including avoidance, tolerance and escape. It provides examples of grasses with different resistance strategies, such as Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue. Tables list the water needs and rankings of different grasses. Recommended varieties of Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue and buffalograss are outlined for drought resistance and heavy use. Developing a turf-type saltgrass is also discussed.
This document provides guidance on designing and installing a low-volume drip irrigation system. It begins by introducing drip irrigation and its advantages over other methods. It then discusses evaluating your site conditions like soil type, slopes, and microclimates. The document provides a step-by-step process for 1) designing plantings, 2) designing the drip system, 3) installing it, 4) scheduling irrigation times, and 5) maintaining the system. It includes details on laying out distribution lines, valves, controllers, and troubleshooting potential issues. The overall document is a comprehensive manual for planning and implementing a water-efficient drip irrigation system.
This document provides a worksheet to calculate irrigation schedules based on precipitation rates and historical evapotranspiration (ET) data. It includes examples of calculating run times for different irrigation zones based on desired water amounts and precipitation rates. It also demonstrates scheduling irrigation to apply up to 1 inch of water per application based on monthly ET demands, accounting for soil water holding capacity and rooting depth. The optimal schedule is to irrigate zones once per week or once every 8 days to apply 1 inch of water at a time.
The document discusses selecting turf grasses and care based on water needs and site usage. Higher quality bluegrass and tall fescue require more water but provide aesthetic benefits, while buffalograss requires less water but is dormant in fall and spring. The amount of water used typically exceeds what the grasses need, and expectations can be adjusted to reduce watering. Different grasses have varying annual water requirements ranging from 14 to 34 inches depending on the type and quality expected.
Mulching provides several benefits including reducing evaporation by 25-50%, stabilizing soil moisture, preventing compaction, controlling weeds and moderating soil temperatures. When using wood/bark chip mulch, a 3-4 inch depth is standard for best weed control and eliminating compaction. Mulching around trees helps protect them from lawn mower damage but mulch should be kept 6 inches away from tree trunks. Grass clippings also make a good mulch for vegetable and flower beds when applied in thin layers.
The document provides 10 tips for saving water through small changes to irrigation practices. The tips include evaluating expectations, adjusting irrigation controllers for the season, determining precipitation rates for zones, applying water at 80% of estimated needs, turning off sprinklers in rain, soaking compacted areas in cycles, hand watering dry spots, using good horticultural practices, observing plants for water needs, and heavily mulching. Following these tips can lead to significant water savings through low-cost adjustments.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
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4. Product Description
Description of products listed for management of insects, mites and plant pathogens
Insecticides, Miticides
Azatin® XL – Insect Growth Regulator
Signal Word: Caution REI: 4 hours
Application rates: 8-16 fluid ounces per 100 gallons; 21 fluid ounces per acre.
Azatin XL is a botanical insecticide/insect growth regulator containing azadirachtin. It can be applied as a foliar spray or
drench. Azatin XL can be used alone as an insect growth regulator or in a tank mix with products such as Decathlon or
Marathon.
Azatin is a registered trademark of Certis USA.
Decathlon® 20 WP – Synthetic Pyrethroid
Signal Word: Caution REI: 12 hours
Application rates: 1.3 to 1.9 ounces per 100 gallons.
Decathlon is a wettable powder formulation and is also available in water soluble packaging. Decathlon can be used alone
for control of a wide range of crawling and flying insect pests on ornamental crops, or in a tank mix with products such as
Azatin XL or Marathon for additional activity.
Decathlon is a registered trademark of OHP, Inc.
Deliver® – Biological Insecticide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 4 hours
Application rates: 1/4 to 1 1/4 pounds per 100 gallons.
Deliver is a microbial insecticide containing Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki. That is effective for control of caterpil-
lar pests such as loopers, leafrollers, European corn borer and cutworms.
Deliver is a registered trademark of Certis USA.
JudoTM – Greenhouse and Nursery Ornamental Miticide/Insecticide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 12 hours
Application rates: 2 to 4 fluid ounces per 100 gallons.
Judo is a liquid flowable translaminar miticide/insecticide that is applied as a foliar spray. Judo is active against all develop-
ment stages of a wide range of mites and whiteflies. Residual activity is 30 or more days.
Judo is a trademark of OHP, Inc.
Marathon® 1% G – Systemic Insecticide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 0–12 hours (read label)
Application rates: See label for application rates.
Marathon 1% Granular systemic insecticide is applied topically to the growing media or incorporated prior to planting.
Marathon has systemic activity (8–10 weeks control).
Marathon is a registered trademark of OHP, Inc.
1
5. Marathon® 60WP G&N in WSP – Systemic Insecticide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 0–12 hours (read label)
Application rates: One 20-gram packet can be used to drench varying numbers of containers based on diameter, volume or
plant size.
Marathon 60WP is a wettable powder formulation in water soluble packaging. It is applied as a drench, via chemigation and
subirrigation. Marathon 60WP has systemic activity (8–10 weeks control) when applied to the root zone.
Marathon is a registered trademark of OHP, inc.
Marathon® II – Systemic and Translaminar Insecticide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 0–12 hours (read label)
Application rates: Foliar, 1.7 fluid ounces (50 ml) per 100 gallons; drench, 1.7 fluid ounces (50 ml) can be used to drench
varying numbers of containers based on diameter, volume or plant size.
Marathon II is a liquid flowable formulation. It can be applied as a drench, via chemigation, subirrigation and as a foliar spray.
Marathon II has systemic activity when applied to the root zone (8–10 weeks control) and translaminar activity when
sprayed (14–28 days control).
Marathon is a registered trademark of OHP, Inc.
Pylon® – Miticide/Insecticide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 12 hours
Application rates: 2.6 -10 fluid ounces per 100 gallons.
Pylon is an excellent miticide to be used as the foundation of your mite program and to be implemented as a rotational
miticide in your existing miticide program. Pylon provides mite control for 14 to 28 days with excellent residual. Pylon has
excellent translaminar systemic activity and is tank mix compatible with fungicides and insecticides.
Pylon is a registered trademark of BASF Corp.
Triact® 70 – Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
Signal Word: Caution REI: 4 hours
Application rates: 1/2 to 1 gallon per 100 gallons.
Triact 70 is an effective insecticide and fungicide used as a rotational component of an insect, mite or plant disease control
program.
Triact is a registered trademark of Certis USA.
Fungicides
Aliette® WDG – Fungicide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 12 hours
Application rates: Foliar spray, 1 1/4 to 5 pounds per 100 gallons. Drench, 6.4-12.8 ounces per 100 gallons, applied to 400
square feet.
Aliette is a wettable powder formulation containing aluminum tris (fosetyl – AL). Aliette is a systemic preventive and cura-
tive fungicide that controls several major diseases of ornamental plants. Aliette also enhances the relationship between the
plant’s root system and beneficial soil organisms. Aliette can be applied as a foliar spray, soil drench, or incorporated into
the soil.
Aliette is a registered trademark of Bayer Environmental Science
2
6. OHP Chipco® 26019 N/G – Fungicide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 12 hours
Application rates: Foliar spray, 1-2 pounds per 100 gallons; drench, 6 1/2 ounces per 250 gallons, and apply 1-2 pints per
square foot.
OHP Chipco 26019 N/G is a wettable powder formulation containing iprodione. OHP Chipco 26019 N/G is a contact cu-
rative and preventive fungicide that inhibits germination of fungal spores and growth of fungal mycelium. OHP Chipco 26019
N/G may be applied to a wide range of ornamental plants as a foliar spray, drench or dip.
Chipco is a registered trademark of Bayer Environmental Science
CompassTM O 50WDG – Strobilurin Fungicide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 12 hours
Application rates: Foliar spray, 1-4 ounces per 100 gallons; drench, 1/2 - 2 ounces per 100 gallons.
Compass O 50WDG prevents or controls a wide range of foliar and root diseases of ornamental crops. Compass O is
absorbed by the waxy layer and moves within the treated leaves. It is also active through vapor movement.
Compass is a trademark of Bayer Environmental Science.
FenStopTM – Fungicide
Signal Word: Warning REI: 12 hours
Application rates: Foliar spray, 7-14 fluid ounces per 100 gallons; drench, 7-14 fluid ounces in 50-100 gallons of water applied
to 400 square feet.
FenStop is used primarily as a foliar spray to prevent and control downy mildews and aerial phytophthora on greenhouse
ornamentals. It is also labeled for use as a drench to control pythium and phytophthora root rots.
FenStop is a trademark of Bayer Environmental Science.
OHP 6672TM – Ornamental Fungicide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 12 hours
4.5 L application rates: Foliar spray, 10-20 fluid ounces per 100 gallons; drench, 20 fluid ounces per 100 gallons of water ap-
plied to 800 square feet.
50 W application rates: Foliar spray, 8-24 ounces per 100 gallons; drench, 12-16 ounces per 100 gallons of water applied at
1-3 pints per square foot.
OHP 6672 controls a broad range of ornamental diseases including anthracnose, black spot, botrytis, leaf spot, powdery
mildew and scab to name a few.
OHP 6672 is a trademark of OHP, Inc.
SextantTM – Fungicide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 12 hours
Application rates: Foliar spray, 1-2.5 quarts per 100 gallons; drench, 13 fluid ounces per 100 gallons of water applied using
1-2 pints per square foot.
Sextant is a liquid flowable formulation containing iprodione. Sextant is a contact curative and preventive fungicide that
inhibits germination of fungal spores and growth of fungal mycelium. Sextant may be applied to a wide range of ornamental
plants as a foliar spray, drench or dip.
Sextant is a trademark of OHP, Inc.
SoilGardTM 12G – Microbial Fungicide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 4 hours
Application rates: Drench, 1/2 to 2 pounds per 100 gallons. Also may be incorporated prior to planting.
SoilGard is a greenhouse, nursery and interiorscape microbial fungicide. SoilGard controls damping–off and root rot patho-
gens on ornamental and food crops. SoilGard works as a preventative and will protect noninfected plants for months.
SoilGard is a trademark of Certis USA.
3
7. Strike® 50 WDG – Greenhouse and Nursery Systemic Fungicide
Signal Word: Caution REI: 12 hours
Application rates: 1-2 ounces per 100 gallons, except as noted for specific diseases.
Stike will control or prevent many fungal diseases on ornamental plants in the greenhouse and nursery environments.
Diseases include flower blight, leaf blight/spot, powdery mildew, rusts and tip blights. Strike works from inside the plant to
actively control diseases before symptoms occur and will provide residual control for 30 days or more.
Strike is a registered trademark of OHP, Inc.
Triact® 70 – Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
Signal Word: Caution REI: 4 hours
Application rates: 1/2 to 1 gallon per 100 gallons.
Triact 70 is an effective insecticide and fungicide used as a rotational component of an insect, mite or plant disease control
program.
Triact is a registered trademark of Certis USA.
Specialty Products
Cycocel® – Plant Growth Regulant
Signal Word: Caution REI: 12 hours
Application rates: 200-4000 ppm (0.22-2.17 fluid ounces per gallon); general rate is 750-1500 ppm (0.87-1.63 fluid ounces
per gallon)
The most experienced and reliable plant growth regulator on the market today, Cycocel (chlormequat) may be used on
any crop in the greenhouse. Cycocel is most commonly used on poinsettias, hibiscus, azaleas and geraniums to reduce stem
elongation, for inducing early flowering, for improving flowering, for compacting plants or for producing earlier budded
plants with multiple buds per shoot.
Cycocel alone (or tank mixed with B–Nine) will help to create beautiful plants in any setting.
Cycocel is a registered trademark of BASF Corp.
B–Nine is a registered trademark of Chemtura Corp.
SuffusionTM – Wetting, Penetrating, Re-Wetting Agent
Signal Word: Caution REI: N/A
Application rates: May be incorporated, drenched, or applied in irrigation water -see label.
Suffusion offers uniformity to the water media relationship. Growing media that receives water uniformly also effectively
creates air to water ratios that are also consistent. All this helps to provide the optimum growing environment for your
plants, avoiding plant stress and enhancing utilization of the complete growing media volume.
Suffusion is a trademark of AmegA Sciences.
TriathlonTM – Greenhouse Disinfectant
Signal Word: Warning REI: N/A
Application rates: 1 1/2 teaspoons to 1 tablespoon per gallon of water.
Triathlon is used to sanitize and disinfect greenhouse hard surfaces, work areas and benches, pots, tools, walkways and
evaporative coolers. Triathlon controls fungi, bacteria and algae, and should be used as part of an integrated plant disease
management program.
Triathlon is a trademark of OHP, Inc.
4
8. Aphids
Order Homoptera, Family Aphididiae
Aphids are sucking insects that feed on plant fluids. The presence of aphids or white
cast–off skins on leaves or flowers may reduce plants value. Heavy infestations will re-
duce plant growth. Honeydew produced by aphids makes leaves and fruits sticky and is a
substrate for black sooty fungus. Many aphid species transmit viruses affecting vegetable
and ornamental plants.
Aphid developmental stages are egg, nymph and adult. In greenhouses and tropical areas,
adults are all females that produce live young. Outdoors, aphids overwinter as eggs,
which hatch in the spring as females. Adult aphids may or may not have wings. The best
temperatures for development vary with the species. For example the chrysanthemum
aphid develops best at 68˚F (20˚C), the green peach aphid at 73˚F (23˚C), and the melon
aphid at temperatures above 75˚F (24˚C). Plant nutrition affects aphid development and
size. Moisture stress often increases aphid numbers. Temperatures above 86˚F (30˚C)
and humidities above 85% reduce green peach aphid longevity and reproduction.
Marathon® 60 WP G&N in WSP – Systemic Insecticide
Mix one 20 gram packet in the appropriate amount of water for drenching containers of different sizes (see label).
Marathon® 1% Granular – Systemic Insecticide
See label for application rates for different container sizes; OR Apply 15 ounces per 1000 ft2.
Marathon® II – Systemic and Translaminar Insecticide
Apply 1.7 fluid ounces (50 ml) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray; OR mix 1.7 fluid ounces in the appropriate amount of water
for drenching containers of different sizes (see label).
Azatin® XL – Insect Growth Regulator
Apply 10 to 16 fluid ounces per 100 gallons to target nymphs. Tank mix with Decathlon to target nymphs and adults.
Decathlon® 20 WP – Synthetic Pyrethroid
Apply 1.9 ounces (54 grams) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Caterpillars (worms)
Order Lepidoptera, Several families such as Noctuidae, Tortricidae, Pyralidae, Arctiidae
Plant injury is caused only by the larval (worm) stages. Larvae are chewing insects
and can eat entire leaves and flowers, bore into stems and roll/tie leaves. Nearly all
parts of the plant can be infested. Cutworm larvae may be in the growing media or
beneath pots.
Lepidoptera developmental stages are egg, larva (number of instars depends on the
species), pupa, adult (moth). Development from egg to adult is about 30 days, but
varies depending upon the species and temperature. Plants high in nitrogen may be
more heavily damaged.
5
9. Azatin® XL – Insect Growth Regulator
Apply 10 to 16 fluid ounces per 100 gallons to target larvae. Tank mix with Decathlon to target larvae and adults.
Decathlon® 20 WP – Synthetic Pyrethroid
Apply 1.9 ounces (54 grams) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Deliver® – Biological Insecticide
Apply 0.25 – 1.5 pounds per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Pylon® – Miticide/Insecticide
Apply 2.6 – 6.4 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Fungus Gnats
Order Diptera, Family Sciaridae
Fungus gnat adults are small midge–like flies that cause no direct plant damage. However, the larvae can feed on roots or root
hairs, stunting or killing young plants. Fungus gnats have been associated with several plant pathogens. Larval feeding damage
may provide an entry point for plant pathogens.
Fungus gnat developmental stages are egg, larva (four instars), pupa, adult. Development
from egg to adult takes about 12 days (80˚F, 27˚C) to 27 days (55˚F, 13˚C). High grow-
ing medium moisture and organic matter (composted manure, bark, leaf litter) are most
favorable for fungus gnats. Adults are usually seen near the growing medium surface, but
may be seen resting on plants. Larvae are in the growing medium or in plant stems below
the medium surface.
Marathon® 60 WP G&N in WSP – Systemic Insecticide
Mix one 20 gram packet in the appropriate amount of water for drenching containers
of different sizes (see label).
Marathon® 1% Granular – Systemic Insecticide
See label for application rates for different container sizes; OR Apply 15 ounces per 1000 ft2.
Marathon® II – Systemic and Translaminar Insecticide
Apply 1.7 fluid ounces (50 ml) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray; OR mix 1.7 fluid ounces in the appropriate amount of water
for drenching containers of different sizes (see label).
Azatin® XL – Insect Growth Regulator
Apply 8 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a drench to target larvae. Tank mix with Decathlon and apply as a sprench to target
larvae and adults.
Decathlon® 20 WP – Synthetic Pyrethroid
Apply 1.9 ounces (54 grams) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Pylon® – Miticide/Insecticide
Apply 5.2 – 10 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a sprench to target larvae.
6
10. Shore Flies
Order Diptera, Family Ephydridae
Shore fly adults are small flies that resemble fruit flies in size and shape, but have black bodies with red
eyes. When at rest white spots can be seen on the wings. Both adults and larvae feed on algae, bacteria
and protozoa. Direct feeding injury to plants is rare, but adults may help to spread plant pathogens.
Shore fly development stages are egg, larva, pupa and adult. Development time from egg to adult is
about 10 days (93°F, 34°C) to 16 days (73°F, 23°C). Larvae and adults are found in areas with algae
– growing media surfaces, benches and floors. Adults often occur in large numbers, and will produce
black fecal spots on leaves, plug tray surfaces, etc. This is unsightly at best, and the fecal spots can con-
tain one or more plant pathogens.
Azatin® XL – Insect Growth Regulator
Apply 8 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a drench or sprench to target larvae. Tank mix with Decath-
lon and apply as a sprench to target both larvae and adults.
Decathlon® 20 WP – Synthetic Pyrethroid
Apply 1.9 ounces (54 grams) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray to target adults.
Triathlon™ – Greenhouse Disinfectant
To remove algae from walkways and other hard surfaces use 1 1/2 teaspoons Triathlon per gallon of water. To disinfect and
sanitize evaporative cooling pads, treat every other week with one fluid ounce Triathlon per 30 gallons of water.
Leafminers
Order Diptera, Family Agromyzidae
Primary leafminer injury is from the larvae feeding within leaves, making a narrow winding trail,
or mine. Larval mines disfigure ornamental plants and vegetable plants may have reduced yields
if populations are high. During heavy infestations, larvae may produce leaf mines in flowers.
Adult leafminer flies puncture leaves for feeding and egg–laying, and the small white spots will
indicate leafminer activity. Leafminers have a very wide host plant range.
Leafminers develop from egg to adult in 14 days (95˚F, 35˚C) to 64 days (59˚F, 15˚C). Other spe-
cies have different lower and upper limits for development, but development trends are similar.
The developmental stages are egg, larva (three instars), and pupa (depending on the species, this
stage may occur on or off the plant). Leafminers generally do best when plants are high
in nitrogen.
Marathon® 60 WP G&N in WSP – Systemic Insecticide
Mix one 20 gram packet in the appropriate amount of water for drenching containers of dif-
ferent sizes (see label).
Marathon® 1% Granular – Systemic Insecticide
See label for application rates for different container sizes; OR Apply 15 ounces per 1000 ft2.
Marathon® II – Systemic and Translaminar Insecticide
Apply 1.7 fluid ounces (50 ml) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray; OR mix 1.7 fluid ounces in the appropriate amount of water
for drenching containers of different sizes (see label).
7
11. Azatin® XL – Insect Growth Regulator
Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces per 100 gallons to target larvae. Tank mix with Decathlon to target larvae and adults.
Decathlon® 20 WP – Synthetic Pyrethroid
Apply 1.9 ounces (54 grams) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Mealybugs - Soft Scales - Armored Scales
Order Homoptera, Family Pseudococcidae – Order Homoptera, Family Coccidae – Order Homoptera, Family Diaspididae
Mealybugs are sucking insects that feed on plant fluids. Feeding weakens and may kill
plants. Honeydew produced by mealybugs can cover leaves and flowers, and is a substrate
for black sooty fungus.
Mealybug developmental stages are egg, nymph (females, four instars; males, five instars),
and adult. Egg to adult development takes about 60 days, but varies widely with individual
species. It may take up to one year in cool temperatures. Adult males are totally differ-
ent looking than females, resembling small midge–like insects.
Soft and armored scale insects are sucking pests that feed on plant fluids. Feeding weak-
ens and may kill plants. Honeydew produced by soft scales can cover leaves and flowers,
and is a substrate for black sooty fungus. Armored scales do not produce honeydew.
Soft and armored scale developmental stages are egg (or live nymph), nymph (females,
three instars; males, five instars), and adult. Adult males are totally different looking than
females, resembling small midge–like insects. Females of some species reproduce without
mating (parthenogenesis). Soft scale development from egg to adult is about 60 days, and
armored scale development is about 180 days, but varies widely with individual species.
Marathon® 60 WP G&N in WSP – Systemic Insecticide
Mix one 20 gram packet in the appropriate amount of water for drenching containers of different sizes (see label).
Marathon® 1% Granular – Systemic Insecticide
See label for application rates for different container sizes; OR Apply 15 ounces per 1000 ft2.
Marathon® II – Systemic and Translaminar Insecticide
Apply 1.7 fluid ounces (50 ml) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray; OR mix 1.7 fluid ounces in the appropriate amount of water
for drenching containers of different sizes (see label). The addition of a surfactant to the spray mixture may improve control.
Azatin® XL – Insect Growth Regulator
Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces per 100 gallons to target nymphs. Tank mix with Decathlon to target nymphs and adults.
Triact® 70 – Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
Mix 1 – 2 gallons per 100 gallons and apply as a foliar spray.
Decathlon® 20 WP – Synthetic Pyrethroid
Apply 1.9 ounces (54 grams) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
8
12. Root Mealybugs
Order Homoptera, Family Pseudococcidae
Root mealybugs are in the Genus Rhizoecus. They are sucking pests similar to other mealy-
bugs that feed on stems and leaves, but are adapted to feed on plant roots. Adults resemble
small insects that have been rolled in white flour. Adults and their cottony egg masses are
usually on the outside of the root ball, and can be seen when the plant is lifted from the
container.
Damage symptoms are non specific and usually involve slow or stunted plant growth,
resulting in generally unhealthy looking plants. Plants that are root bound or under environ-
mental or nutritional stress seem to be more susceptible to root mealybugs.
Females (there are no males) lay eggs in cottony masses, which hatch into tiny crawlers. The crawler stage is the most impor-
tant for root mealybug dispersal among plants – often in irrigation water, but also in potting media. The initial infestation is often
from purchasing infested plants. The life cycle from egg to adult is from 2–4 months. Adults can live nearly 60 days and produce
three batches of eggs.
Marathon® 60 WP G&N in WSP – Systemic Insecticide
Mix one 20 gram packet in the appropriate amount of water for drenching containers of different sizes (see label).
Using a soil wetting agent such as Suffusion prior to a drench application may improve control.
Marathon® II – Systemic and Translaminar Insecticide
Apply 1.7 fluid ounces (50 ml) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray; OR mix 1.7 fluid ounces in the appropriate amount of water
for drenching containers of different sizes (see label). Using a soil wetting agent such as Suffusion prior to a drench application
may improve control.
Thrips
Order Thysanoptera, Family Thripidae
Thrips feed by rasping and sucking plant fluids. Feeding injury distorts and discolors leaves
and flowers. Feeding on pollen causes premature senescence. Several species transmit
viruses, including tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and impatiens necrotic spot virus
(INSV). Western flower thrips prefer to feed in flowers, but will also survive on leaves.
They can occur and cause problems on nearly all greenhouse plants.
Thrips develop from egg to adult in 10–15 days (76˚–86˚F, 25˚–30˚C) to 57 days (54˚F,
12˚C). Hot and dry conditions are best for development. The developmental stages are
egg, larva (two instars), pseudopupa (two transformation stages, usually off the plant), and
adult. In general, any environmental stress that weakens plants makes them more thrips–
susceptible (e.g. moisture stress, mildew). Wet conditions retard development.
Marathon® 60 WP G&N in WSP – Systemic Insecticide
Mix one 20 gram packet in the appropriate amount of water for drenching containers of different sizes (see label).
Marathon® 1% Granular – Systemic Insecticide
See label for application rates for different container sizes; OR Apply 15 ounces per 1000 ft2.
9
13. Marathon® II – Systemic and Translaminar Insecticide
Apply 1.7 fluid ounces (50 ml) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray; OR mix 1.7 fluid ounces in the appropriate amount of water
for drenching containers of different sizes (see label).
Azatin® XL – Insect Growth Regulator
Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces per 100 gallons to target larvae. Tank mix with Decathlon to target larvae and adults.
Decathlon® 20 WP – Synthetic Pyrethroid
Apply 1.9 ounces (54 grams) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Whiteflies
Order Homoptera, Family Aleyrodidae
Whiteflies are sucking insects as adults and nymphs. Their presence detracts from plants’
value, and high numbers can reduce plant growth or vegetable yields. Silverleaf whiteflies can
cause leaf spotting, white stem and bract deformation on poinsettia. Honeydew from whiteflies
makes leaves and fruits sticky and is a substrate for black sooty fungus. Whiteflies can transmit
many plant viruses affecting vegetable and ornamental plants.
The developmental stages are egg, nymph, (three instars), pupa, and adult. Greenhouse white-
flies develop from egg to adult in 21 to 26 days (81˚F, 27˚C) and silverleaf whiteflies in 16 days
(86˚F, 30˚C) to 31 days (68˚F, 20˚C). All stages normally occur on undersides of leaves. Infesta-
tions are localized at first, spreading to all areas later.
Judo™ – Greenhouse and Nursery Ornamental Miticide/Insecticide
Apply 2 to 4 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Marathon® 60 WP G&N in WSP – Systemic Insecticide
Mix one 20 gram packet in the appropriate amount of water for drenching containers of different sizes (see label).
Marathon® 1% Granular – Systemic Insecticide
See label for application rates for different container sizes; OR Apply 15 ounces per 1000 ft2.
Marathon® II – Systemic and Translaminar Insecticide
Apply 1.7 fluid ounces (50 ml) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray; OR mix 1.7 fluid ounces in the appropriate amount of water
for drenching containers of different sizes (see label).
Azatin® XL – Insect Growth Regulator
Apply 10 to 16 fluid ounces per 100 gallons to target nymphs. Tank mix with Decathlon to target nymphs and adults.
Decathlon® 20 WP – Synthetic Pyrethroid
Apply 1.9 ounces (54 grams) per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
10
14. Spider Mites
Order Acari, Family Tetranychidae
Spider mites have rasping–sucking mouthparts. Feeding damage
appears a light–colored spots, or stipples on upper leaf surfaces.
Spider mites also produce webbing. Heavy infestations can kill
plants or cause leaves to drop off, and webbing can cover leaves
and flowers resulting in aesthetic injury.
Spider mite developmental stages are egg, larva, protonymph,
deutonymph, and adult. Development from egg to adult takes
about 8 days (77˚–95˚F, 25˚–35˚C) to 28 days (50˚–68˚F, 10˚–
20˚C). Hot and dry conditions are most favorable. Spider mite
development is affected by the host plant, plant nutrition, leaf age,
and moisture stress. Moisture stressed plants often have higher
spider mite populations. High moisture slows mite dispersal.
Spider mites are usually on undersides of leaves, but may be on/in flowers in heavy infestations.
Judo™ – Greenhouse and Nursery Ornamental Miticide/Insecticide
Apply 2 to 4 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Pylon® – Miticide/Insecticide
Apply 2.6 – 5.2 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Triact® 70 – Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
Mix 1 – 2 gallons per 100 gallons and apply as a foliar spray.
Tarsonemid Mites (Broad Mite, Cyclamen Mite)
Order Acarina, Family Tarsonemidae
Feeding injury by these tiny mites causes leaf distortion, stunting, and sometimes flower bud abortion. Both species have a
very wide host plant range. Because these mites are so tiny, an infestation is usually recognized by the feeding injury symptoms.
Broad mites are about 0.2mm long and cyclamen mites about 0.3mm long. Both species are colorless to light brown. Broad
mites are more active than cyclamen mites. Magnification is necessary to see them.
Female broad mites will lay 30 to 75 eggs and female cyclamen mites about 12 to 16. Developmental stages are egg, larva, rest-
ing pupa and adult. The development time from egg to adult ranges from one to three weeks. These mites do best in warm and
humid conditions.
Pylon® – Miticide/Insecticide
Apply 2.6 – 5.2 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Judo™ – Greenhouse and Nursery Ornamental Miticide/Insecticide
Apply 2 to 4 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Triact® 70 – Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
Mix 1 – 2 gallons per 100 gallons and apply as a foliar spray.
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15. Foliar Nematodes
Order Tylenchida, Family Aphelenchoididae
Foliar nematodes are tiny (0.5 to 1.0 mm) colorless roundworms in the Genus Aphelenchoi-
des. The four major species are: A. besseyi, A. blastophthorus, A. fragariae, and A. ritzembosi.
Foliar nematodes are free–living and can be found on plant leaves, stems, buds, and crowns of
numerous host plants. They also occur in the soil. Feeding injury causes a variety of symp-
toms that are often difficult to diagnose and can be confused with bacterial diseases. Injury
to leaves begins as water–soaked areas and proceeds to brown dead tissue. Damage usually
occurs between leaf veins, so depending on the plant species may be striped or patterned.
Two peak population periods are March – May and Nov – Jan. Female nematodes can
produce more than 100 eggs, which will hatch into larvae. Larvae can mature and begin
reproducing in about 2 weeks. Older larvae can become dormant in dry conditions and can
remain that way for months or years, resuming development when conditions become favor-
able. Nematodes move when there is a thin film of water on the plant surfaces. Spread is by
splashing water, and is made easier by close plant spacing.
General cultural controls are: disposing of infected plants; avoid overhead watering; use
proper spacing; no watering during darkness; reduce humidity; discard fallen leaves and use resistant varieties.
Pylon® – Miticide/Insecticide
Apply 5.2 – 10 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Foliar Diseases
Botrytis blight or gray mold can develop on any above ground plant part.
Favorable conditions for Botrytis development are cool wet weather, high humidity
(85%+), plant crowding and poor sanitation. Affected areas are tan, brown or gray
dead spots with the fungus often forming fuzzy masses of spores. Spores are called co-
nidia and are released with watering or simply by taking cuttings. These spores move
in the air and infect other plants when conditions are right.
To control Botrytis, avoid long periods of leaf wetness. This is a key to avoiding most
of the foliar diseases. Botrytis can occur all year round but can be a real problem in
late winter on many greenhouse crops. Disease problems can be reduced by modify-
ing irrigation, increasing air movement by modifying plant spacing to reduce humidity.
Sanitation is also critical. Remove all dead and dying plant tissues from the area prior
to starting another crop.
Fungicides for control:
Sextant™ or OHP Chipco® 26019 N/G – Fungicide
Apply 1–2 quarts per100 gallons as a foliar spray (Sextant);
Apply 1–2.5 lbs per 100 gallons as a foliar spray (OHP Chipco 26019 N/G)
Compass™ O 50 WDG – Strobilurin Fungicide
Apply 2–4 ounces per100 gallons as a foliar spray.
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16. OHP 6672™ 4 .5L or OHP 6672™ 50W – Ornamental Fungicide
Apply 10 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray (OHP 6672 4.5L); Apply 12 – 16 ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar
spray (OHP 6672 50W)
Triact® 70 – Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
Apply 0.5 to 1 gallon per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Powdery mildews are fungal pathogens that will form a white powdery growth on the surface of plant parts. This white
powdery fungal growth can be found on the flowers, leaves and stems of many plants.Young foliage is more often the site of
infection, rather than older tissue. Alternating periods of leaf wetness followed by warmer and drier conditions will promote
powdery mildew development. Different species of powdery mildew generally infect different host plants, although some spe-
cies have a large host range.
Powdery mildew management can be improved by providing good sanitation, and by increasing plant spacing to increase air
movement and minimize leaf wetness.
Fungicides for control:
Strike® 50 WDG – Greenhouse and Nursery Systemic Fungicide
Summer, apply 2 ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Winter, apply 1 ounce per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Compass™ O 50 WDG – Strobilurin Fungicide
Apply 1–2 ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
OHP 6672™ 4 .5L or OHP 6672™ 50W – Ornamental Fungicide
Apply 10 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray (OHP 6672 4.5L); Apply 12 – 16 ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar
spray (OHP 6672 50W).
Triact® 70 – Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
Apply 0.5 to 1 gallon per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Rust diseases are highly specialized fungi and can only infect closely related plants. Some rust pathogens require a second
host for a complete life cycle. Leaf wetness encourages rust spore germination. Spores spread by splashing water and through
air movement. Symptoms appear as orange–yellow to rusty–red colored leaf spots made up of rust pustules, generally on the
lower leaf surface.
To help control rust diseases, water plants only when leaves will dry quickly. Remove infected leaves or entire plants from the
nursery.
Compass™ O 50 WDG – Strobilurin Fungicide
Apply 2–4 ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Strike® 50 WDG – Greenhouse and Nursery Systemic Fungicide
Summer, apply 2 ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Winter, apply 1 ounce per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Triact® 70 – Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
Apply 0.5 to 1 gallon per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
13
17. Fungal leaf spots and blights include Alternaria, Cercospora, Septoria, Didymellina and Colletotrichum (Botrytis as
well). Symptoms often appear as necrotic spots and dead areas on leaves and stems. Fungal leaf spots are typically round to an-
gular with tan to gray centers and dark colored borders (black, brown or purple). Some spots may have yellow or reddish halos
surrounding the spots. Leaf wetness, plant crowding and poor air circulation will encourage infections of fungal leaf spots.
Cultural controls include inspecting plants upon arrival and discarding any with symptoms. Remove infected plant material and
plant debris from the production area. Increasing plant spacing improves air circulation around the plants, reduces humidity
levels and aids in plant drying. Avoid prolonged periods of leaf wetness by watering early in the day.
Fungicides for control:
Sextant™ or OHP Chipco® 26019 N/G – Fungicide
Apply 1–2 quarts per100 gallons as a foliar spray (Sextant);
Apply 1–2.5 lbs per 100 gallons as a foliar spray (OHP Chipco 26019 N/G).
Compass™ O 50 WDG – Strobilurin Fungicide
Apply 2–4 ounces per100 gallons as a foliar spray.
OHP 6672™ 4 .5L or OHP 6672™ 50W – Ornamental Fungicide
Apply 10 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray(OHP 6672 4.5L); Apply 12 – 16 ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar
spray (OHP 6672 50W).
Downy mildews (Peronospora spp.) can become active with cool temperatures, wet conditions and high humidity. Downy
mildews are in the same pathogen class as Pythium and Phytophthora (water molds). Symptoms are not always easy to rec-
ognize and may appear as other plant problems. There may be microscopic sporangia (spore sacs) on the bottom of the leaf
with a darker blotch on the upper surface. Some downy mildews are more aggressive than others. The fungus grows within the
plant tissue and not on the surface and symptoms may not appear until conditions are perfect for spore formation, when they
emerge on the underside of the leaf. On some plants, symptoms include distortion, stunting and curling of new leaves that ap-
pears much like damage from aphids.
To control downy mildews it is important to remove and dispose of any diseased plant tissue. Control is difficult and most
fungicides only offer protection.
Fungicides for control:
Aliette® 50WDG – Fungicide
Apply 1.25–5 pounds per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Compass™ O 50 WDG – Strobilurin Fungicide
Apply 1–2 ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
FenStop™ – Fungicide
Apply 7-14 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Triact® 70 – Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
Apply 0.5 to 1 gallon per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
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18. Phytophthora Aerial Blight
Many Phytophthora species can cause disease on leaves and stems when spores are moved from potting media or containers by
splashing irrigation water or contaminated overhead irrigation water. Plants may be killed even though roots remain healthy.
To help minimize problems avoid excessive overhead irrigation and ensure that the irrigation water is pathogen free.
Fungicides for control:
Compass™ O 50 WDG – Strobilurin Fungicide
Apply 1–2 ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
FenStop™ – Fungicide
Apply 7-14 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a foliar spray.
Damping–Off and Related Root Rots
Damping off can destroy seeds and young seedlings through infection by soil
borne pathogens. Pre–emergence damping–off occurs when germinating
seeds are attacked and rot before they emerge from the soil. Post emer-
gence damping–off occurs when newly emerged seedlings wilt or collapse.
Stems often have necrotic or water–soaked lesions at the soil interface. A
pattern of collapsed plants appears as the fungus move out from the area of
initial infection.
Several pathogens can cause these diseases, including the water molds (more
closely related to algae than fungi) Phytophthora, and Pythium. Root rots are
also caused by the true fungi, including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Thielaviopsis
and Cylindrocladium. It is important to identify the pathogen(s) causing the disease (e.g. Pythium, Phytophthora or one of the
true fungi) because the fungicides used for control are different. Many diseases can be caused or spread by an increase of circu-
lated water, sub–irrigation (ebb and flood) systems and over fertilization.
Root Rots caused by Water Molds
Phytophthora root rot infections appear to be lacking water because the pathogen is destroying the plants’ water conducting
ability. Phytophthora diseases affect both woody and herbaceous plants. Spores can remain dormant for a long time just wait-
ing for conditions to be right.
Fungicides for control:
Aliette® 50WDG – Fungicide
Apply 6.4–12.8 ounces per 100 gallons as a drench at 1–2 pints per square foot.
Compass™ O 50 WDG – Strobilurin Fungicide
Apply 1 – 2 ounces per 100 gallons as a drench to wet the upper one–half of the container media.
FenStop™ – Fungicide
Apply 7-14 fluid ounces in 50 to 100 gallons of water to 400 square feet (= 1 - 2 pints of solution per square foot).
15
19. Damping Off and Root Rots caused by True Fungi
Rhizoctonia stem and root rot diseases are caused by soil borne fungal pathogens. Rhizoctonia can be especially damaging to
seedlings causing damping off. Cankers and moist lesions form at the base of infected petioles at the soil interface or on the
stems. Rhizoctonia is most severe with high temperatures and moist conditions.
Fungicides for control:
Compass™ O 50 WDG – Strobilurin Fungicide
Apply 0.5 ounce per100 gallons as a drench to wet the upper one–half of the container media.
Sextant™ or OHP Chipco® 26019 N/G – Fungicide
Sextant, apply 13 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a drench at 1–2 pints per square foot.
OHP Chipco 26019 N/G, apply 6 fluid ounces per 100 gallons as a drench at 1–2 pints per square foot.
OHP 6672™ 4 .5L or OHP 6672™ 50W – Ornamental Fungicide
OHP 6672 50W, apply 12–16 ounces per 100 gallons at 1–3 pints per square foot.
OHP 6672 4.5L, apply 20 fluid ounces per 100 gallons at 1–2 pints per square foot.
SoilGardTM 12G – Microbial Fungicide
Mix 1 – 1.5 pounds per cubic yard of container media and incorporate; OR add 0.5 – 2 pounds to 100 gallons of water and
drench at 100 gallons per 400 square feet.
Thielaviopsis is another soil borne fungal pathogen. Symptoms can include chlorotic foliage and stunted growth aboveg-
round and the typical decayed roots that exhibit a black or very dark appearance (black root rot). Thielaviopsis can produce
basal lesions (generally not as wet as Rhizoctonia). This disease is problematic with plant stress including high pH, cool soil,
poor drainage and excess fertilization.
Fungicides for control:
Compass™ O 50 WDG – Strobilurin Fungicide
Apply 1 – 2 ounces per 100 gallons as a drench to wet the upper one–half of the container media.
OHP 6672™ 4 .5L or OHP 6672™ 50W – Ornamental Fungicide
OHP 6672 50W, apply 12–16 ounces per 100 gallons at 1–3 pints per square foot.
OHP 6672 4.5L, apply 20 fluid ounces per 100 gallons at 1–2 pints per square foot.
Greenhouse Disinfectants
Triathlon™ – Greenhouse Disinfectant
To use as a disinfectant, use 1 to 1 1/2 teaspoons Triathlon per gallon of water. To control plant pathogens use 1 tablespoon
Triathlon per gallon of water. To remove algae from walkways use 1 1/2 teaspoons Triathlon per gallon of water. To disinfect
and sanitize evaporative cooling pads, treat every other week with 1 fluid ounce Triathlon for every 30 gallons of water.
See the label for additional information and precautions.
16
20. Plant Growth Regulants
Cycocel® – Chlormequat
For Use on Ornamentals
Rates: Refer to label
Cycocel should be used on healthy plants and is not a replacement for good
cultural practices. If any adjuvant or other chemicals are applied with Cycocel,
testing is advised. Cycocel is labeled to be tank mixed with B–Nine®.
B-Nine is a registered trademark of Chemtura Corp.
Soil Media Wetting Agent
and Moisture Management
Suffusion™ Liquid – Alkoxyether Surfactants
For Soil Applications in Greenhouse, Nursery and Interiorscapes.
Rate: Varies – 2.0 – 15.0 fluid ounces per 100 gallons – Refer to label.
Suffusion™ Granules – Alkoxyether Surfactants
For Soil Applications in Greenhouse, Nursery and Interiorscapes.
Rate: Varies – 0.5 – 2.0 Pounds per Cubic Yard of Soil Media – Refer to label.
17