The document provides daily questions and answers about anatomy, skill acquisition, and socio-cultural aspects of sport from May 2nd to May 19th. Each day includes 3-4 multiple choice or short answer questions on topics like the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, memory, guidance, and funding of sport. The questions follow a calendar format with the date and name of a famous athlete at the top to provide context.

1. AS Revision
Each day different questions…..Click
on the photo and name them to see
the answers!!!

2. Advent Calendar
2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
May May May May May May
8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th
May May May May May May
14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th
May May May May May May

3. 2nd May
Achievement seems to be connected with action. Successful
men and women keep moving. They make mistakes, but they
don't quit. Conrad Hilton
Anatomy
Describe the mechanisms of venous return that ensure
enough blood is returned to the heart during the
training run 4 MARKS
• Skill
The long term memory is almost limitless in its capacity and
information can be retained in there for many years.
Describe four strategies that could help a performer retain
information in the long term memory. 4 MARKS
• Socio Cultural
How can both funding and the media help to
develop sporting excellence in the UK?
6 MARKS

4. 3rd May
“The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will,
and I am”
Waitely. D
• Anatomy
Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the
blood during aerobic performance
Marks 2
• Skill
Identify and explain three factors that can influence a
performer's reaction time
Marks 3
• Socio Cultural
What are the characteristics of physical recreation
Marks 3

5. 4th May
The difference between the impossible and the
possible lies in a person’s determination” Lasorda, T
• Anatomy
During sub maximal exercise (aerobic) the predominant muscle
fibre type would be slow oxidative (type I). Give one structural
and one functional characteristic of this fibre type
Marks 2
• Skill
Explain why selective attention is important to the short
term memory
Marks 2
• Socio Cultural
Name each stage of the performance pyramid
Marks 4

6. 5th May
For every finish-line tape a runner there are the hours of hard
and often lonely work that rarely gets talked about.
Grete Waitz
Anatomy
How will a cool down aid the vascular system
Marks 2
• Skill
Give three characteristics of the short term memory
Marks 3
• Socio Cultural
What are the positive effects of fair play on sport or
a sporting situation
Marks 4

7. 6th May
My main focus is on my game.
Woods. T
• Anatomy
A cool down has a number of effects on the vascular system
which aid the performer. One effect is the prevention of blood
pooling. Identify two other effects.
Marks 2
• Skill
Why is variability of practice important to schema theory?
Marks 1
• Socio Cultural
What is meant by the terms physical prowess and
physical endeavour
Marks 2

8. 7th May
Most of us who aspire to be tops in our fields don't really
consider the amount of work required to stay tops.
Althea Gibson
Anatomy
Identify the name and blood pressure value for an adult at rest
in both phases of the cardiac cycle.
Marks 4
• Skill
Identify the three different types of reinforcement used in
acquiring movement skills.
Marks 3
• Socio Cultural
Describe the nature of sport in the USA.
Marks 5

9. 8th May
For every pass I caught in a game, I caught a thousand
in practice. Don Hutson
Anatomy
Why do the changes in pressure at altitude reduce performance
Marks 4
• Skill
Drive reduction is one method that can be used to
motivate a performer in Physical Education and Sport. Use a
practical example to explain Drive Reduction Theory.
Marks 4
• Socio Cultural
How do National Governing Bodies support
performers at the top of the performance pyramid?
Marks 5

10. 9th May
"Think little goals and expect little achievements. Think
big goals and win big success."
David Joseph Schwartz
Anatomy
Explain how oxygen is transported in the blood to the working muscle
tissues
Marks 2
Skill
Use the example of a gymnast performing a handstand to explain
closed loop control
Marks 4
Socio Cultural
Identify 4 roles of a National Governing Body
Marks 4

11. 10th May
"By working hard, you get to play hard guilt-free"
Rohn, J.
Anatomy
Explain the conduction system of the heart
Marks 3
Skill
Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain recall and
recognition schema
Marks 4
Socio Cultural
Explain how education, physical recreation and sport can all exist
within a school PE programme
Marks 3

12. 11th May
“Hard work brings prosperity, playing around brings poverty”
The Bible
Anatomy
Identify two mechanisms that aid venous return during exercise
Marks 2
Skill
Use a practical example to explain the stages of the psychological
refractory period
Marks 5
Socio Cultural
What can young people gain as a result of a positive Outdoor
Education experience
Marks 4

13. 12th May
’pain is temporary. quitting lasts
Guidance
You need to be able to......... forever’’
Describe the different types of guidance
Evaluate critically the types of guidance Lance Armstrong
4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember
V_________________
V_________________
M________________
M_________________
They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the first phase. Performances are often _ _ _ _ _ and uncoordinated. They need to have _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance, for example a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a
_ _ _ _ _ _ image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with -_ _ _ _ _ _ guidance. This cannot be
too much or it will -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the performer.
VERBAL JERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVE
CORRECT DEMONSTRATION

14. 13th May
“Follow your dreams and enjoy the ride!”
Father of Davis Love III
Anatomy
Why would endurance performance decrease when performing at
altitude
Marks 2
Skill
Explain the term motor programme
Marks 3
Socio Cultural
Define sports sponsorship and identify possible negative effects of
sponsorship to sports performers
Marks 4

15. 14th May
“Defeat is not the worst of failures. Not to have tried is the true failure.”
George Edward Woodberry
Anatomy
How would a warm up benefit the strength of muscle contractions
when performing the strengthening exercise
Marks 3
Skill
Explain proactive and retroactive transfer and give an example of
each
Marks 4
Socio Cultural
Identify two roles of the media
Marks 2

16. 15th May
Success is how high you bounce when you hit bottom.
George S. Patton
Anatomy
Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
during aerobic performance
Marks 2
Skill
Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain how a
performer learns by operant conditioning
Marks 4
Socio Cultural
Discuss both the positive and negative effects of the media on sport
Marks 4

17. 16th May
"I've never known anybody to achieve anything without
overcoming adversity."
---Lou Holtz
Anatomy
Identify 2 structures of the hip joint and describe their role during
physical performance
Marks 4
Skill
What strategies are used to ensure that information can be stored
and easily retrieved from the long term memory
Marks 3
Socio Cultural
Describe public, private and voluntary funding of sport
Marks 3

18. 17th May
Success isn't something that just happens - success is learned, success
is practiced and then it is shared.
-- Sparky Anderson
Anatomy
Describe how cardiac output is increased during endurance activities
Marks 4
Skill
Use a practical example to illustrate Thorndike's Laws of Learning and
how each law can be applied to Physical Education or sport. 1) Law
of Effect 2) Law of exercise 3) Law of readiness
Marks 6
Socio Cultural
What is meant by the term American Dream?
Marks 1

19. 18th May
The Six W's: Work will win when wishing won't.
-- Todd Blackledge
Anatomy
Explain how gas exchange is increased at the lungs to ensure that a
greater amount of oxygen is diffused into the blood during exercise
Marks 4
Skill
Negative transfer can adversely affect the learning of movement skills.
Give three ways in which negative transfer a can be avoided
Marks 3
Socio Cultural
Why might negative transfer occur
Marks 2

20. 19th May
The difference between failure and success is doing a thing nearly right and
doing it exactly right.
-- Edward C. Simmons
Anatomy
During the training run blood needs to be diverted away from non-
essential organs to the working muscles. Explain how the vasomotor
centre controls this distribution.
Marks 3
Skill
Explain what is meant by an open skill and a closed skill
Marks 4
Socio Cultural
What are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting
events
Marks 3

21. 2nd May – Amy Williams Skill
1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition
Anatomy 2. Link information to that already
1. Skeletal muscle pump - muscles contract to squeeze stored/relate to past experiences
blood back to the heart
2. Valves prevent backflow 3. Make information meaningful/relevant
3. Respiratory pump - changes in pressure around 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting
abdominal cavity squeezes blood back to the heart
4. Blood above the heart will return due to gravity
5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal
5. Venoconstriction of veins returning blood back to the 6. Reward and reinforce success
heart
7. Chunk/group information together
8. Intensify the stimulus
Socio Cultural 9. Make information unique/unusual
1. performers can: concentrate on sport / train full time / become professional
2. performers can compete more equally with those from better funded countries
3. provision of or money for high level or specialist facilities or equipment or clothing
4. provision of or money for high level training or coaching
5. fund: UK Sport / UKSI (EIS) / NGBs / H.C. councils / YST / Sports Colleges 6.
6. attracts or provides world class events or competitions
7. scholarships / World Class (Performance) Programme / TASS / gifted and talented
8. raises profile or awareness of sport/s / promotes sport/s
9. positive role models / raises profile or awareness of performers
10. sponsorship / money to sport/s or performer/s
11. influence on : rules or timings or seasons or format or structure of sport
12. use of dvds or videos or websites
13. Increases participation / mass participation / build base of performance pyramid / shatter stereotypes / money / to clubs

22. 3rd May – Steven Redgrave
Anatomy 1. RT deteriorates with age
Skill
1. Dissolves in the plasma 2.
3.
Males have faster RT then females
Experience of a skill speeds up RT
2. Combines with 4. Anticipation of the stimulus,
5. Warning signals - information given prior to the
haemoglobin stimulus
6. The strength/clarity of the stimulus
3. Forms 7. Expecting a particular response to a stimulus
carbaminohaemoglobin 8. Expecting a stimulus to be presented,
9. PRP - presentation of a second stimulus before a first
4. Dissolves in water is cleared
10. The colder the body the slower the reactions
Socio Cultural 11. Arms react quicker than legs - length of neural
pathway
1. Limited skill/fitness
12. Extroverts tend to react quicker than introverts
2. Limited organisation/no officials 13. levels of motivation/alertness affect RT,
3. Flexible rules 14. Drugs/Alcohol can affect RT
4. Limited competition 15. Number of choices affect RT - Hicks Law
5. Enjoyable/Non serious
6. Basic equipment
7. Time decided by participants
8. Amateur/Hobby/Choice
9. Space decided by participants

23. 4th May Answers - AP McCoy
Anatomy Skill
• Structural - 1. Size - Small • 1. Limited capacity/5-9 items/Up to
• 2. Colour - Red 30 seconds
• 3. Capillaries - Many • 2. Only allows relevant information
• Function 4. Slow to fatigue through/filters irrelevant information
• 5. Slow contractile speed • 3. Brain operates as a single channel
organ/bottleneck occurs when more
• 7. Low force output than one item tries to pass through
• 8. High aerobic capacity • 4. STM initiates movement therefore
the quicker the relevant detail enters
the STM the quicker the response
Socio Cultural
•1. Excellence/elite
•2. Performance
•3. Participation
•4. Foundation

24. 5th May – Mo Farraw
2. Keeps
1. Flushes capillaries 3. Maintains 6. Maintains
4. Prevents 5. Maintains 7. Maintains 8. Gradually
out lactic dilated/maint skeletal stroke
blood venous blood decreases
acid/waste ains blood pump/muscu volume/cardi
pooling return pressure heart rate
products flow to lar pump ac output
muscles
3. Initiates movement/working 4. Chunking information can
1. Limited capacity/5-9 items, 2.
memory/two way process between extend capacity, 5. Information is
Up to 30 seconds
STSS/STM/LTM encoded/passed onto LTM
4. increases 6. produces
2. helps the flow 3. increases 5. raises status
enjoyment positive role
of the enjoyment/goodw of the
1. helps officials amongst models/reinforce
game/improves ill amongst sport/positive
crowd/prevents s positive
spirit of the game players image
hooliganism behaviour

25. 6th May – Ronnie O Sullivan
Anatomy
1. Maintain stroke volume/cardiac output Skill
2. Gradual decrease in temperature
3. Maintain blood pressure Different experiences in
4. Removal of waste products/carbon
dioxide/lactic acid
practice situations will
5. Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood build up/extend the
flow/oxygen to muscles/reduces oxygen
debt schema/schema will be
6. Maintains skeletal pump/respiratory pump
7. Maintains venous return able to be used in many
situations/greater
transfer of skills
Socio Cultural
Physical Prowess - Physical skill/expertise/proficiency/fitness
Physical Endeavour - Effort/commitment/determination

26. 7th May – Andy Murray
Anatomy
Skill
• Contraction Phase
1. Positive (reinforcement)
• 1. Systolic 100-130 mmHg 2. Negative (reinforcement)
3. Punishment.
• Relaxation Phase
• 2. Diastolic 70 – 90 mmHg
Socio Cultural
1. (American Dream)Sport a vehicle for achieving the American Dream or going from rags to riches or achieving upward social
mobility
2. (win ethic) (Driven by) ‘win ethic’ or Lombardian ethic / win at all costs / very competitive / no draws
3. (commercialism) Commercialism / sport is (big) business /
sport or performers make money / used to promote or advertise products / performers or sports or teams heavily sponsored or
endorsed / performer as commodity or billboards
4. Media media (& advertising) fund pro. sport or influence it e.g. influence rules or timings or dictate commercial breaks
5. (golden triangle) Golden triangle / relationship between sport, sponsorship and media / sport linked with sponsorship
6. (entertainment) Sport is entertainment or part of entertainment industry /
e.g. marching band or ‘pom pom’ girls or cheerleading squads or other suitable example
7. (capitalist) Reflects capitalism or free enterprise or private enterprise
8. (dominates) ‘Big 4’ or professional sport dominates / little mass participation / limited or no system of local sports clubs
9. (school / uni sport) High status of high school or uni sport / high school players local stars / scholarships to universities /
university sport feeds professional sport /large crowds at high school or uni ‘games’
10. (draft) (Importance of the) draft system / (top) college athletes drafted into professional sport.
11. (hero worship) Sport stars as heroes

27. 8th May – Toby Flood
Anatomy
1. Less oxygen available, Skill
2. Partial pressure of oxygen is reduced
3. Increased rate of 1. Drive to learn a new task
breathing/hyperventilation, 2. Action is taken to satisfy the drive/skill is
4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs practiced
5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the 3. Skill is successful/skill is learned/S-R bond
partial pressure of oxygen is strengthened
4. Drive is reduced
6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated,
5. Too much practice/Overlearning leads to
7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood inhibition (lack of drive)
8. Less oxygen available for the muscles, 6. New tasks/goals need to be set to re-
9. Fatigue sets in quicker motivated
Socio Cultural
1. select or manage national team / talent ID / select for World Class Programme
2. provide funding
3. provide sports science information
4. high level coaching or training / performance directors / national coach / train high performance coaches or officials / academies
5. seek sponsorship or develop commercial links / obtain media coverage / negotiate with media
6. give access to high level facilities or equipment.
7. Work with UK SPORT or UKSI or HCSCs eg Sp England or sports colleges or high level clubs
8. organise or provide or inform about competitions
9. provide anti-doping education
10. encourage or support academic education / provide lifestyle or career advice

28. 9th Answers – Jessica Ennis
Anatomy Skill
• 1. attached to haemoglobin • 1. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal
• 2. forms oxyhaemoglobin feedback informs performer about position
• 3. dissolved in plasma of the body
• 2. Information goes to central control
mechanism
• 3. Comparison is made between actual
movement and memory trace
• 4. Changes that may be required are initiated
by effector mechanism
• 5. Muscular system adjusts the body
• 6. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal
feedback occurs again
• 7. Level 2 involves sub-conscious control
• 8. Level 3 involves conscious control
Socio Cultural
1. Encourage participation/develop grassroots, 2. Select national team, 3.
Talent identification/select performers for world class programme
4. Trains coaches/officials, 5. Controls the finance of their sport/seeks
sponsorship, 6. Maintains rules/oversees rule changes
7. Deal with discipline issues, 8. work with other organisations, 9. Organises
leagues/cups/competitions
10. Obtains media coverage, 11. Gives information/supports clubs, 12.
Improves facilities for participation

29. 10th Answers – Andrew Flintoff
Anatomy Skill
• 1. attached to haemoglobin • 1. Information about the
• 2. forms oxyhaemoglobin environment - eg, stance needed
• 3. dissolved in plasma when serving in tennis
• 2. How hard the pass needs to be
- what direction
• 3. Sensory information during or
after the movement - eg,
overbalancing during a headstand
• 4. Knowledge of results - eg ball
landed on the green in golf
Socio Cultural
1. Education - theory/things learnt/exams/NC
2. Physical recreation - PE run clubs for all/school trips/free time in lessons
3. Sport - inter school fixtures/competitive part of PE

30. 11th Answers – Paul Gascoigne
Anatomy Skill
• 1. Valves • 1. S1 - First stimulus is identified/detected
• 2. Respiratory Pump (GK sees free kick struck)
• 3. Skeletal Muscle Pump • 2. R1 - response to first stimulus is initiated
• 4. Gravity forces blood from above the heart (Keeper moves to his left)
• 3. S2 - second stimulus received (Ball strikes
the wall and is deflected)
• 4. R2 - Second response is initiated (Keeper
tries to move back right towards the ball)
• 5. X - Delay is second response caused by the
bottleneck in the brain/First response is not
cleared before second stimulus is received
Socio Cultural
1. Health/Fitness, 2. Outdoor Education specific skills, 3. Leadership
4. Personal well being/increased self esteem/confidence, 5. Decision
making/problem solving
6. Team work/co-operation/communication, 7. Preparation for active
leisure/career in outdoor education
8. Appreciation of the natural environment

31. 12th – Lance Armstrong
4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember
V__ISUAL
V__ERBAL
M_ANUAL
M_ECHANICAL
They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.
COGNITIVE is the first phase. Performances are often JERKY and uncoordinated. They need
to have EXTRINSIC feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on VISUAL guidance,
for example a DEMONSTRATION which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also
provides the learner with a CORRECT image of the skill. This is often backed up and
reinforced with VERBAL guidance. This cannot be too much or it will OVERLOAD the
performer.
VERBAL JERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVE
CORRECT DEMONSTRATION

32. 13th Answers – Lewis Hamilton
Anatomy Skill
• 1. The partial pressure of oxygen is reduced • 1. Generalised series of movmements/Plan of a skill
• 2. Less oxygen available at high altitude • 2. Stored in LTM
• 3. Hyperventilation/ performer breathes faster • 3. Made up of sub routines
• 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs • 4. Hierachy of importance
• 5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the partial • 5. Initaited by one decision
pressure of oxygen • 6. Programme created through practice
• 6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated • 7. Put into action by effector mechanism
• 7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood • 8. Operate under open/closed loop control
• 8. Less oxygen is available for muscles/aerobic • 9. Modified after each attempt
respiration
• 9. Fatigue sets in quicker
Socio Cultural
Description - The money/other support to individuals/teams/events to gain
publicity
Negative affects, 1. Money can be withdrawn/limited time, 2. Some
sponsorship can give poor image (alcohol, tobacco)
3. Sponsors can control/manipulate performer, 4. Performers may be/feel
exploited
5. Not always available/not available to all, 6. Performers may become reliant
on a particular sponsor, 7. Pressure to win/cheating

33. 14th Answers – Shane Warne
Anatomy Skill
• 1. Increase in muscle temperature • 1. Proactive - a skill currently being learnt has
• 2. Allows greater stretch/elasticity an effect on a skill in the future
• 3. Decreases risk of injury/increase in blood • 2. Retroactive - a skill currently being learned
flow/oxygen has an effect on a skill already learned
• 4. Nerve impulse conduction is quicker
• 5. Improves co-ordination/increases strength
of contraction
• 6. Less resistance within muscle
• 7. Increased enzyme activity
• 8. More energy available for muscles
Socio Cultural
1. Inform
2. Educate
3. Advertise/promote/publicise
4. Entertain

34. 15th Answers – Tom Daley
Anatomy Skill
• 1. Dissolves in the plasma • 1. Trial and error
• 2. Combines with haemoglobin • 2. Behaviour is modified/environment
• 3. Forms carbaminohaemoglobin manipulated
• 4. Dissolves in water • 3. Reinforcement/Praise helps learning
• 4. Behaviour is shaped
• 5. Responses not reinforced will disappear
• 6. Partial reinforcement given occasionally
ensures learning more thorough but takes
longer
• 7. Complete reinforcement after every
attempt increases speed of learning
Socio Cultural
Positive
1. Role modes produced, 2. Stereotypes can be shattered
3. Can increase participation, 4. Can highlight minority sports/groups
5. Sport is now part of the entertainment industry, 6. Money to the sport/money to the clubs
7. Rule changes which have been positive for the sport
Negative
8. Focus on negative behaviour/poor role models, 9. Stereotypes can be reinforced
10. Reduces participation, 11. Usually focuses on few sports (football)/unequal coverage
12. Financial rewards for only those at the very top

35. 16th Answers – Tanni Grey Thompson
Anatomy Skill
• Shape of bone/socket - wide range of • 1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition
movement allowed • 2. Link information to that already
• Ligaments - hold bone in place/stability/join stored/relate to past experiences
bone to bone • 3. Make information meaningful/relevant
• Cartilage - Prevents wear and • 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting
tear/friction/absorb compression • 5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal
• Tendon - provides strength/support • 6. Reward and reinforce success
• Synovial Fluid - lubricates joint • 7. Chunk/group information together
• Pads of fat - absorbs shock/protect from • 8. Intensify the stimulus
wear and tear
• Synovial Membrane - secretes Synovial fluid
Socio Cultural
1. Public - money from government or local authority
2. Private - Money from sponsorship/businesses
3. Voluntary - Money or donations from individuals and charities/fundraising

36. 17th Answers – Graeme McDowell
Anatomy Skill
• 1. Increase Heart Rate, 2. Increase in stroke
• Effect
volume, 3. Adrenaline is released • 1. If response is followed by a satisfier then
• 4. Increase in venous return, 5. Stretches wall the S-R bond is strengthened
of right atrium which increases firing of SA
• 2. eg - A rugby player is pleased to see a
node successful conversion
• 6. Starlings Law, 7. Information sent by • 3. If the response is followed by an annoyer
proprioceptors/baroreceptors/chemorecepto the S-R bond will be weakened
rs to Cardiac Control Centre • 4. eg - The rugby conversion is not a success
• 8. Increase in sympathetic control, 9. • Exercise
Increase in temperature which speeds up
nerve impulses • 5. The S-R bond will be strengthened by
practice
• 6. eg - A badminton player practices serving
• Readiness
Socio Cultural • 7. The performer must be
physically/mentally capable of attempting
1. Anyone can achieve success/wealth/status the skill
2. Rags to Riches • 8. eg - A young footballer must be able top
3. Everyone has an equal chance of success, grasp the principles of offside before he is
taught it/the high jump bar must be low
4. happiness is achieved through wealth enough for the athlete to be able to clear it
5. Hard work will be rewarded
6. Land of opportunity

37. 18th Answers – Graham Swann
Anatomy Skill
• 1. There is high partial pressure of oxygen in • 1. Ensure performer understands the task
the lungs/alveoli requirements
• 2. There is a low partial pressure oxygen in • 2. Performers attention drawn to aspects
the blood that may cause negative transfer
• 3. During exercise there is a greater diffusion • 3. Ensure practice to match/skill to skill as
gradient similar as possible
• 4. Faster diffusion will occur • 4. First skill thoroughly learned before
• 5. Increased blood supply/temperature introducing a second skill
• 6. Increased surface area of lungs/respiration • 5. Focus on similar aspects
rate • 6. Avoid teaching conflicting skills close to
• 7. Reduced resistance to diffusion each other
Socio Cultural
1. builds muscles/lose or gain weight/increase energy
2. Reduce pain/recover from injury
3. steady nerves/increase aggression or motivation
4. pressure to win
5. to look good/aesthetic
6. rewards/money/win at all costs ethic
7. lack of education/unaware of dangers
8. Belief that everyone else is doing it/level playing field
9. Belief that they will get away with it

38. 19th Answers – Strictly come dancing!
Anatomy Skill
• 1. Vasodilation of arteries supplying the • Open skill
working muscles/Vascular shunt • 1. The environment is constantly
• 2. Opening/Vasodilation of the precapillary changing/affected by the environment
sphincters supplying the working muscles • 2. The performer needs to adapt the
• 3. Vasoconstriction of arteries supplying non- changing conditions/performer is reactive
essential organs • 3. The skill is externally paced
• 4. Closing/Vasoconstriction of precapillary • 4. The skill is mainly perceptual
sphincters supplying non-essential organs • Closed Skill
• 5. Sympathetic stimulation/reduction • 5. The skill is self paced/internally paced
• 6. The environment does not affect the
skill/environment unchanged
Socio Cultural • 7. The skill is habitual
1. Alcohol/Drugs • 8. Movements follow a set pattern/pre-
planned
2. Frustration at the score or officials
3. Rivalry/local derbies/religion
4. Verbal abuse/provocation/racism
5. Pre-match hype/over excitement/importance of game
6. Large number of fans/poor policing or stewarding
7. Hooliganism at football
8. Mass culture/Tribal nature of event/peer group pressure
9. Violence or poor behaviour on the pitch copied by crowd
10. Lack of suitable punishment or deterrent.