Perycardial diseases algorithm
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The pericardium is the sac that surrounds the heart. Pericardial disease refers to any condition that affects the pericardium, such as inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis), excess fluid around the heart (pericardial effusion), or thickening and scarring of the pericardium (constrictive pericarditis). Common causes of pericardial disease include viral or bacterial infections, cancer, kidney failure, chest trauma, and certain autoimmune diseases.
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Cor pulmonare algorithm
Cor pulmonale, also known as pulmonary heart disease, is a type of heart disease where the right side of the heart enlarges and fails over time due to high blood pressure in the lungs or pulmonary hypertension. It is usually caused by lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that result in low oxygen levels and resistance within the pulmonary arteries of the lungs. The enlarged right ventricle must work harder to pump blood into the lungs, causing it to thicken and eventually fail if left untreated.
Peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. Common causes are infection by H. pylori bacteria and use of pain medications like ibuprofen. Symptoms include stomach pain that is worse when the stomach is empty. Diagnosis involves tests to detect H. pylori infection and endoscopy to view the digestive tract. Treatment eliminates the bacteria with antibiotics if present, reduces acid production, and promotes healing with proton pump inhibitors or acid blockers. Preventive measures include careful use of pain medications and protecting against infections.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. It occurs when digestive enzymes in the pancreas are activated and damage pancreatic cells. Common causes include alcoholism, gallstones, certain medications, abdominal injuries, and genetic factors. Symptoms vary but often include abdominal pain that worsens with eating as well as nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging scans, and endoscopy. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, treating underlying causes, and managing complications. To prevent pancreatitis, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and following a low-fat diet can help reduce risk.
Irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder defined by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. The causes are unclear but may involve stress, infection, or brain-gut interactions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, gas, bloating, and diarrhea or constipation. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, and tests rule out other conditions. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and stress relief. Medications may help control symptoms but no single treatment works for everyone with this common disorder.
Intestinal inflammatory disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes disorders that involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The exact cause is unknown but is likely related to malfunctions of the immune system. Symptoms vary in severity from mild to severe and include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves blood tests, endoscopy, imaging, and ruling out other potential causes. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and includes anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and surgery in some cases.
Infection by helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach and is the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers worldwide. Infection is very common and increases with age. H. pylori bacteria can be transmitted through direct contact with infected feces or vomit, or through contaminated food or water. While most infected people never show symptoms, potential symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests of the blood, breath, or stool to detect H. pylori. Treatment consists of antibiotics along with medication to reduce stomach acid in order to kill the bacteria and allow the stomach lining to heal.
Gerd
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid returns up into the esophagus and causes irritation. It is common for people to experience acid reflux occasionally, but GERD is when it occurs at least twice a week or more severely once a week. Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and certain medications. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, coughing, and sore throat. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, but tests like endoscopy or pH monitoring can be done. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, avoiding foods and drinks that trigger symptoms, and medications to reduce acid production. Surgery may be an option for severe cases that do not improve with other treatments.
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Common symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. While generally self-limiting, gastroenteritis can cause dehydration, which is more common and dangerous in infants and young children. Oral rehydration solutions are the recommended treatment for mild to moderate dehydration. Prevention involves proper food handling and drinking clean water, especially when traveling.
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Cor pulmonare algorithm
Cor pulmonale, also known as pulmonary heart disease, is a type of heart disease where the right side of the heart enlarges and fails over time due to high blood pressure in the lungs or pulmonary hypertension. It is usually caused by lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that result in low oxygen levels and resistance within the pulmonary arteries of the lungs. The enlarged right ventricle must work harder to pump blood into the lungs, causing it to thicken and eventually fail if left untreated.
Peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. Common causes are infection by H. pylori bacteria and use of pain medications like ibuprofen. Symptoms include stomach pain that is worse when the stomach is empty. Diagnosis involves tests to detect H. pylori infection and endoscopy to view the digestive tract. Treatment eliminates the bacteria with antibiotics if present, reduces acid production, and promotes healing with proton pump inhibitors or acid blockers. Preventive measures include careful use of pain medications and protecting against infections.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. It occurs when digestive enzymes in the pancreas are activated and damage pancreatic cells. Common causes include alcoholism, gallstones, certain medications, abdominal injuries, and genetic factors. Symptoms vary but often include abdominal pain that worsens with eating as well as nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging scans, and endoscopy. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, treating underlying causes, and managing complications. To prevent pancreatitis, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and following a low-fat diet can help reduce risk.
Irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder defined by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. The causes are unclear but may involve stress, infection, or brain-gut interactions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, gas, bloating, and diarrhea or constipation. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, and tests rule out other conditions. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and stress relief. Medications may help control symptoms but no single treatment works for everyone with this common disorder.
Intestinal inflammatory disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes disorders that involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The exact cause is unknown but is likely related to malfunctions of the immune system. Symptoms vary in severity from mild to severe and include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves blood tests, endoscopy, imaging, and ruling out other potential causes. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and includes anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and surgery in some cases.
Infection by helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach and is the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers worldwide. Infection is very common and increases with age. H. pylori bacteria can be transmitted through direct contact with infected feces or vomit, or through contaminated food or water. While most infected people never show symptoms, potential symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests of the blood, breath, or stool to detect H. pylori. Treatment consists of antibiotics along with medication to reduce stomach acid in order to kill the bacteria and allow the stomach lining to heal.
Gerd
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid returns up into the esophagus and causes irritation. It is common for people to experience acid reflux occasionally, but GERD is when it occurs at least twice a week or more severely once a week. Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and certain medications. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, coughing, and sore throat. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, but tests like endoscopy or pH monitoring can be done. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, avoiding foods and drinks that trigger symptoms, and medications to reduce acid production. Surgery may be an option for severe cases that do not improve with other treatments.
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Common symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. While generally self-limiting, gastroenteritis can cause dehydration, which is more common and dangerous in infants and young children. Oral rehydration solutions are the recommended treatment for mild to moderate dehydration. Prevention involves proper food handling and drinking clean water, especially when traveling.
Gastroduodenal tumors
1. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare tumors that can develop in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). Risk factors include inherited genetic mutations and rare genetic syndromes.
2. Symptoms of GIST tumors include blood in stool or vomit, abdominal pain, fatigue, difficulty swallowing, and feeling full after eating small amounts of food. Diagnosis involves physical exams, CT scans, MRI scans, endoscopic ultrasounds, and biopsies of suspicious tissue.
3. Treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor and may involve surgical resection as the only potentially curative treatment
Gastritis
1. Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach that is usually caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or excessive alcohol or drug use. It can be acute or chronic.
2. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol, bile reflux, autoimmune disorders, and stress. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and black stools from bleeding.
3. Diagnosis involves blood tests, endoscopy, and stool tests. Treatment focuses on eliminating the cause, using antacids or other drugs to reduce stomach acid, and antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection. Preventing overuse of NSAIDs and limiting alcohol and sp
Esophageal motor disorders
1. Esophageal motor disorders are alterations in the peristaltic activity of the esophageal body and/or functioning of the sphincters. There are primary motor disorders that affect the esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter including achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, and hypercontractile disorders.
2. The etiology of spastic motor disorders is divided into primary and secondary causes. The primary causes include diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter. The pathophysiology involves alterations in nitric oxide synthesis and degradation affecting normal peristalsis.
3. Symptoms include chest pain, dysphagia
Dyspepsia
Dyspepsia, also known as indigestion, refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen that is often caused by eating. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, heartburn, and nausea. While the specific cause is unknown in most cases, potential causes include stress, medications like aspirin, Helicobacter pylori bacteria, smoking, alcohol, spicy or greasy foods, and large meal sizes. Diagnosis involves tests like abdominal ultrasounds and endoscopies of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Treatment focuses on diet changes, antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori if present, and medications to reduce acid like omeprazole. Prevention includes relaxing after
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This document discusses diseases of the rectum and anus. It begins with definitions and explains that these diseases are commonly seen in primary care. It describes some of the main diseases including their causes, symptoms, and risk factors. Some of the diseases covered include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, abscesses, and anal cancer. The document discusses how these diseases are diagnosed, often through examination with an anoscope or sigmoidoscope. It also outlines treatments for some conditions like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy for anal cancer. Lastly, it discusses some ways to prevent diseases like avoiding risk factors, screening high risk patients, and vaccinations to prevent HPV infections.
Disease of the mouth cavity
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Digestive hemorrhage
The document discusses digestive hemorrhage, also known as gastrointestinal bleeding. It defines high and low hemorrhages based on their origin in the digestive tract. Some common causes of digestive hemorrhage include anal fissures, hemorrhoids, ulcers, and cancers of the digestive system. Symptoms include vomiting blood or black tarry stools. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, imaging tests, or surgery depending on the location of bleeding. Treatment focuses on stabilization, determining the cause through endoscopy, and addressing the specific condition causing the hemorrhage. Prevention strategies target those with risk factors like ulcers, cirrhosis, or who take anti-inflammatory drugs.
Diarrhea
1. Diarrhea is defined as more frequent bowel movements with soft and liquid stools. It is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, certain foods, medications, and other digestive disorders.
2. Symptoms of diarrhea include soft, watery stools, abdominal cramps, pain, fever, blood in stool, swelling, and urgency. It can cause dehydration, especially in children.
3. Doctors may perform blood tests, stool analysis, and imaging tests to diagnose the cause. Treatment depends on the cause but often involves replacing fluids and electrolytes, antibiotics if bacteria is involved, and managing any underlying conditions.
Constipation
Constipation is defined as having less than three bowel movements per week or hard stools that are difficult to pass. Common causes include low-fiber diets, lack of physical activity, certain medications, and ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and imaging tests of the colon and rectum. Treatment begins with lifestyle changes like increasing fiber intake and exercise. If those don't help, doctors may prescribe laxatives, stool softeners, or suppositories to relieve constipation symptoms.
Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea is a potentially serious sleep disorder where breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep. There are three main types - obstructive, central, and complex. Risk factors include being overweight, having a narrow throat, and certain facial structures. Symptoms include loud snoring, waking with shortness of breath, and daytime sleepiness. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and polysomnogram sleep test. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, CPAP devices, dental devices, and sometimes surgery. Losing weight and avoiding alcohol can help prevent sleep apnea.
Pulmonary tuberculosis
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB cough, sneeze or speak.
2. Symptoms include a persistent cough lasting more than two weeks, coughing up blood, weight loss, fever, night sweats and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exams, chest x-rays, sputum tests and tuberculosis skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered by a tuberculosis specialist to prevent drug resistance. Patients are advised to rest at home and cover their mouth when coughing to prevent spreading the disease until treatment has reduced their contagious
Pulmonary tromboembolia
1. Pulmonary embolism is caused by a blood clot in the lung, usually formed in the deep veins of the lower limbs. It is a leading cause of preventable death in hospitalized patients.
2. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, increased heart rate, coughing up blood, and fainting. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors and test like D-dimer and CT scan.
3. Treatment involves anticoagulant drugs to dissolve clots initially by injection and then orally for 3-6 months. Prevention focuses on continuing anticoagulants, lifestyle changes like exercise and diet, wearing compression stockings, and early movement after surgery.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation of the air sacs. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Signs and symptoms vary in severity but include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves listening to the chest, x-rays, and tests of sputum or blood. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, oxygen, fluids and rest. Vaccines can help prevent some types of pneumonia. Maintaining good hygiene and a strong immune system also helps reduce risk.
Influenza
This document provides information about influenza (flu) including its definition, causes, symptoms, transmission, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It defines influenza as a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that can cause mild to severe symptoms. The document outlines that the flu spreads through droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak and can be inhaled or spread through contact with contaminated surfaces. It recommends getting an annual flu vaccine as the best way to prevent influenza and practicing good hygiene habits.
Diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease
Diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease (DILD) is a heterogeneous group of lung diseases that can have serious health consequences. More than 150 entities can cause DILD, though the cause is only identified in about one-third of cases. Symptoms include respiratory distress, dry cough, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves tests like chest imaging, pulmonary function tests, and biopsies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include immunosuppressive medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lung transplantation in severe cases.
Cor pulmonare
1. Cor pulmonare is a set of functional and morphological alterations of the right ventricle caused by precapillary pulmonary hypertension due to lung issues.
2. It is usually chronic and caused by long-term lung diseases like COPD that reduce oxygen in the blood and increase pressure on the right side of the heart over time.
3. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, chest pain, swelling, and fainting that get worse over time even at rest. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, imaging, and testing for underlying lung conditions. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and addressing the underlying cause.
Copd
COPD is a serious lung disease that makes breathing difficult over time. The most common cause is cigarette smoke, but other environmental factors and genetics can also play a role. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, respiratory infections, and shortness of breath. A spirometry test is used to diagnose COPD by measuring lung capacity. While there is no cure, treatments can help alleviate symptoms and prevent further worsening through medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease involving the abnormal widening of the bronchi. It can be congenital or acquired after birth, usually due to a severe lung infection that damages the bronchial tubes. Common causes include recurrent lung infections, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, and immunodeficiency disorders. Symptoms vary but often include a chronic cough with sputum, repeated lung infections, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging tests, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on controlling infections with antibiotics, loosening mucus with medications, and preventing worsening of the condition.
Bronchial asthma
The document defines bronchial asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing due to bronchospasm and variable airflow limitation. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and tobacco smoke. A diagnosis is usually made clinically based on symptoms, family history of atopy, and spirometry testing. Treatment involves managing acute exacerbations with bronchodilators and corticosteroids, and long-term control with inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, and avoidance of triggers.
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Gastroduodenal tumors
1. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare tumors that can develop in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). Risk factors include inherited genetic mutations and rare genetic syndromes.
2. Symptoms of GIST tumors include blood in stool or vomit, abdominal pain, fatigue, difficulty swallowing, and feeling full after eating small amounts of food. Diagnosis involves physical exams, CT scans, MRI scans, endoscopic ultrasounds, and biopsies of suspicious tissue.
3. Treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor and may involve surgical resection as the only potentially curative treatment
Gastritis
1. Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach that is usually caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or excessive alcohol or drug use. It can be acute or chronic.
2. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol, bile reflux, autoimmune disorders, and stress. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and black stools from bleeding.
3. Diagnosis involves blood tests, endoscopy, and stool tests. Treatment focuses on eliminating the cause, using antacids or other drugs to reduce stomach acid, and antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection. Preventing overuse of NSAIDs and limiting alcohol and sp
Esophageal motor disorders
1. Esophageal motor disorders are alterations in the peristaltic activity of the esophageal body and/or functioning of the sphincters. There are primary motor disorders that affect the esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter including achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, and hypercontractile disorders.
2. The etiology of spastic motor disorders is divided into primary and secondary causes. The primary causes include diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter. The pathophysiology involves alterations in nitric oxide synthesis and degradation affecting normal peristalsis.
3. Symptoms include chest pain, dysphagia
Dyspepsia
Dyspepsia, also known as indigestion, refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen that is often caused by eating. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, heartburn, and nausea. While the specific cause is unknown in most cases, potential causes include stress, medications like aspirin, Helicobacter pylori bacteria, smoking, alcohol, spicy or greasy foods, and large meal sizes. Diagnosis involves tests like abdominal ultrasounds and endoscopies of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Treatment focuses on diet changes, antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori if present, and medications to reduce acid like omeprazole. Prevention includes relaxing after
Disease of the rectum and anus
This document discusses diseases of the rectum and anus. It begins with definitions and explains that these diseases are commonly seen in primary care. It describes some of the main diseases including their causes, symptoms, and risk factors. Some of the diseases covered include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, abscesses, and anal cancer. The document discusses how these diseases are diagnosed, often through examination with an anoscope or sigmoidoscope. It also outlines treatments for some conditions like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy for anal cancer. Lastly, it discusses some ways to prevent diseases like avoiding risk factors, screening high risk patients, and vaccinations to prevent HPV infections.
Disease of the mouth cavity
The document discusses diseases of the mouth cavity. It defines the mouth and its functions, and describes common mouth problems like cold sores, canker sores, and infections. Diagnosis involves examination by a dentist, and treatment depends on the specific problem but may include cleaning, surgery, or maintenance visits. Prevention strategies include avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, eating fruits and vegetables, protecting lips from sun, and regular dental exams.
Digestive hemorrhage
The document discusses digestive hemorrhage, also known as gastrointestinal bleeding. It defines high and low hemorrhages based on their origin in the digestive tract. Some common causes of digestive hemorrhage include anal fissures, hemorrhoids, ulcers, and cancers of the digestive system. Symptoms include vomiting blood or black tarry stools. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, imaging tests, or surgery depending on the location of bleeding. Treatment focuses on stabilization, determining the cause through endoscopy, and addressing the specific condition causing the hemorrhage. Prevention strategies target those with risk factors like ulcers, cirrhosis, or who take anti-inflammatory drugs.
Diarrhea
1. Diarrhea is defined as more frequent bowel movements with soft and liquid stools. It is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, certain foods, medications, and other digestive disorders.
2. Symptoms of diarrhea include soft, watery stools, abdominal cramps, pain, fever, blood in stool, swelling, and urgency. It can cause dehydration, especially in children.
3. Doctors may perform blood tests, stool analysis, and imaging tests to diagnose the cause. Treatment depends on the cause but often involves replacing fluids and electrolytes, antibiotics if bacteria is involved, and managing any underlying conditions.
Constipation
Constipation is defined as having less than three bowel movements per week or hard stools that are difficult to pass. Common causes include low-fiber diets, lack of physical activity, certain medications, and ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and imaging tests of the colon and rectum. Treatment begins with lifestyle changes like increasing fiber intake and exercise. If those don't help, doctors may prescribe laxatives, stool softeners, or suppositories to relieve constipation symptoms.
Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea is a potentially serious sleep disorder where breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep. There are three main types - obstructive, central, and complex. Risk factors include being overweight, having a narrow throat, and certain facial structures. Symptoms include loud snoring, waking with shortness of breath, and daytime sleepiness. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and polysomnogram sleep test. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, CPAP devices, dental devices, and sometimes surgery. Losing weight and avoiding alcohol can help prevent sleep apnea.
Pulmonary tuberculosis
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB cough, sneeze or speak.
2. Symptoms include a persistent cough lasting more than two weeks, coughing up blood, weight loss, fever, night sweats and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exams, chest x-rays, sputum tests and tuberculosis skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered by a tuberculosis specialist to prevent drug resistance. Patients are advised to rest at home and cover their mouth when coughing to prevent spreading the disease until treatment has reduced their contagious
Pulmonary tromboembolia
1. Pulmonary embolism is caused by a blood clot in the lung, usually formed in the deep veins of the lower limbs. It is a leading cause of preventable death in hospitalized patients.
2. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, increased heart rate, coughing up blood, and fainting. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors and test like D-dimer and CT scan.
3. Treatment involves anticoagulant drugs to dissolve clots initially by injection and then orally for 3-6 months. Prevention focuses on continuing anticoagulants, lifestyle changes like exercise and diet, wearing compression stockings, and early movement after surgery.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation of the air sacs. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Signs and symptoms vary in severity but include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves listening to the chest, x-rays, and tests of sputum or blood. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, oxygen, fluids and rest. Vaccines can help prevent some types of pneumonia. Maintaining good hygiene and a strong immune system also helps reduce risk.
Influenza
This document provides information about influenza (flu) including its definition, causes, symptoms, transmission, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It defines influenza as a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that can cause mild to severe symptoms. The document outlines that the flu spreads through droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak and can be inhaled or spread through contact with contaminated surfaces. It recommends getting an annual flu vaccine as the best way to prevent influenza and practicing good hygiene habits.
Diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease
Diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease (DILD) is a heterogeneous group of lung diseases that can have serious health consequences. More than 150 entities can cause DILD, though the cause is only identified in about one-third of cases. Symptoms include respiratory distress, dry cough, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves tests like chest imaging, pulmonary function tests, and biopsies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include immunosuppressive medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lung transplantation in severe cases.
Cor pulmonare
1. Cor pulmonare is a set of functional and morphological alterations of the right ventricle caused by precapillary pulmonary hypertension due to lung issues.
2. It is usually chronic and caused by long-term lung diseases like COPD that reduce oxygen in the blood and increase pressure on the right side of the heart over time.
3. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, chest pain, swelling, and fainting that get worse over time even at rest. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, imaging, and testing for underlying lung conditions. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and addressing the underlying cause.
Copd
COPD is a serious lung disease that makes breathing difficult over time. The most common cause is cigarette smoke, but other environmental factors and genetics can also play a role. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, respiratory infections, and shortness of breath. A spirometry test is used to diagnose COPD by measuring lung capacity. While there is no cure, treatments can help alleviate symptoms and prevent further worsening through medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease involving the abnormal widening of the bronchi. It can be congenital or acquired after birth, usually due to a severe lung infection that damages the bronchial tubes. Common causes include recurrent lung infections, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, and immunodeficiency disorders. Symptoms vary but often include a chronic cough with sputum, repeated lung infections, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging tests, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on controlling infections with antibiotics, loosening mucus with medications, and preventing worsening of the condition.
Bronchial asthma
The document defines bronchial asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing due to bronchospasm and variable airflow limitation. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and tobacco smoke. A diagnosis is usually made clinically based on symptoms, family history of atopy, and spirometry testing. Treatment involves managing acute exacerbations with bronchodilators and corticosteroids, and long-term control with inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, and avoidance of triggers.
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GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
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biomechanics of running. Dr.dhwani.pptx
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
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Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
How to choose the best dermatologists in Indore.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
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Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...
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Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
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“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...
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