Personality is dynamic and develops through an interaction between heredity and environment. It can be understood through behaviors and is influenced by motives. There are various theories on stages of personality development from infancy through late adulthood. Psychoanalytic, socio-psychological, trait, and holistic theories provide frameworks for understanding personality. Key personality traits include emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Leadership skills encompass personal and interpersonal abilities like communication, motivation, problem-solving, and conflict management.

4. Nature of Personality
There are various characteristics which throw light on the
nature of Personality. Let me understand some of them to
you:
Personality is a dynamic whole: The definition of
Personality given by Allport reveals that the personality is
the dynamic whole. The constituents of Personality are
organised into units which are not static but active.
Personality measures behavior: Personality of an
individual is more or less stable. It can be predicted by
ones behavior.
Outcome interaction of heredity and environment: Most
of the psychologists review that Personality is the net
result of the interaction of heredity characters and
environment factors. The growth and the development of
physical, social, emotional and moral are affected by
environmental factors.
Motive Force: There are many theories of motivation
which contributes to the understanding of the dynamics
of personality. Behavior is affected overall by motives, ego
involvement, incentives, etc.

5. Stages of personality
development
• oral stage
• Anal satge (1)
• Phallic stage
• Genital stage
• Infancy
• Early childhood
• Play age
• School age
• Puberty and adolescence (2)
• Young adulthood
• Middle adulthood
• Late adulthood
• Sensory Motor
• Preoperational
• Concrete operational (3)
• Formal Operational
• Immaturity to Maturity (4)
1. Freudian stages
2. Erikson’s stages
3. John Piaget Stages
4. Chris Argyris

6. Id, ego, superego

7. • Psychoanalytical theory:
• Socio-psychological theory
• Trait factor theory
• Holistic/self-theory of personality

11. Socio-psychological theory
• The psychological factors of the individual and sociological
factors of the society interact with eachother.
• EG: late Dhirubhai Ambani, Dr.Anji Redddy of Dr.Reddy’s
Laboratories.
• Contributions of the socio-psychologists are as follows:
• 1. Fromm: stressed on the importance of social context:
making the work more social relevance.
• 2. Sullivan and Horney: stressed on interpersonal behaviour:
viewing people positively, developing positive attitude etc.
• 3. Horney: stressed on predominant interpersonal behaviors
like being aggressive( Motivated by power), being compliant
(Dependent on others) , detached ( self-sufficient people)

12. Trait factor theory
• Allport and Cattell contributed to the
development of trait factor theory.
• Allport: He identified six types of values which
are common traits used to compare people:
religious,social,economic,political,aesthetic,
theoritical
• Cattell: surface traits ( wise-foolish,affectionate-
cold,sociable-seclusive, honest-dishonest and
source traits( maturity-realism,goodnature-
trustworthiness,critical-suspicious:

13. Holistic/self-theory of personality
• It emphasizes the totality of human
behaviour.
• Contributors: alfred Maslow, Herzberg and
Lewin.Carl Roger is the main contributor.
According to him: four factors in self-
concept:self-image, ideal self,looking glass
self and real self.

17. 1. Emotional Stability
Emotional Stability refers to one’s proneness to negative emotions and
anxiety. More resilient persons (high on emotional stability) are less prone to
experiencing negative reactions. More reactive persons (low on emotional
stability) are more prone to experiencing negative reactions.
2.Extraversion
Extraversion refers to the number of relationships with which one is
comfortable. High extraversion is characterized by a larger number of
relationships and a larger proportion of one’s time spent in enjoying them. Low
extraversion is characterized by a smaller number of relationships and a
smaller proportion of one’s time spent in pursuing those relationships.
3. Openness to Experience
Openness refers to the number of interests to which on is attracted and the
depth to which those interests are pursued. High openness refers to a person
with relatively more interests and, consequently, relatively less depth within
each interest, while low openness refers to a person with relatively few
interests and relatively more depth in each of those interests.

18. 4. Agreeableness
Agreeableness refers to one’s general interpersonal orientation. High
agreeableness describes a person who reacts to others with warmth and will
bend to avoid conflict. Low agreeableness describes one who, in the extreme,
only follows one’s inner voice regardless of hurting others.
5. Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness refers to goal-directed behavior. High conscientiousness
refers to a person who focuses intensely on his/her goals and exhibits the
self-discipline associated with such focus. Low conscientiousness refers to
one who is disorganized and distracted.

53. Leadership skills
• 1. personal skills: include developing awareness,
managing stress, and solving problems creatively.
• 2. Interpersonal skills: include gaining power and
influence, communicating, motivating, and
conflict management.
• Developing leadership skills: How? Observe great leaders and learn
from their leadership skills.
• Take risks and try and learn from mistakes.
• Have exposure to positive role models.
• Work with the people of diverse backgrounds.
• Do lots of practice