This document provides details about a student project on a multipoint fuel injection system. It includes sections on introduction, components of the MPFI system, working of the system, and sensors used. The project was completed by three students and guided by a professor at Shree Samarth Polytechnic to fulfill requirements for a diploma in mechanical engineering from the Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education.
This document discusses the MPFI (Multi-Point Fuel Injection) system. It includes sections on the working principle, components like the air intake system, fuel delivery system, and electronic control system. The emission control system uses a catalytic converter to reduce emissions by promoting complete combustion. Key sensors provide feedback to the ECU to optimize the air-fuel ratio for better performance and fuel efficiency while meeting emission standards.
This presentation was part of the course requirements of MEC 401 (Internal Combustion Engines) which I took in fall 2016. I made all the slides (participants in my group never works lol) and here I am uploading for the public if it can be of any help. Contact me for any info if needed.
====================
Razin Sazzad Molla
13107010@iubat.edu
====================
A basic guide to Automotive Engineering. A must have for Automobile/Mechanical Engineers.
Includes all technologies like - Traction control, ABS, etc
CONTENTS:
1. Car body construction
2. Engines
3. Fuel Supply in Petrol & Diesel Engines
4. Engine related systems
5. Drive Train
6. Suspension & steering
7. For safety
8. Emissions
9. Electrical & HVAC systems
Review of theModern developments in Suction processes of IC EnginesIJERA Editor
This review paper deals with the evolution of the general processes employed in the suction process of IC
Engines. The suction process has evolved from the traditional use of carburettors to much more sophisticated
systems like CRDi, MPFi, etc. used in modern days. In doing so, various parameters such as the volumetric
efficiency and the turbulence, etc. inside the engine have to be considered. Additional processes such as
supercharging and turbocharging are employed to improve these parameters. It is also highly desirable to vary
the Air-Fuel ratio effectively according to the speed of the engine for better power output and mileage. Thus
researchers have developed several ways over the years to achieve it. Recent research work being carried out in
this field is in the areas of Pressure Wave Superchargers, Variable Geometry Turbochargers, Multiple Intake
valves, Shrouded Intake Valves, Camless Engines etc. Many of these technologies have been employed in the
industry such as the DTS-Si, TDi&i-vtec Engines. Thus, the Automobile Industry has come a long way in
evolving the intake processes and further developments will always be on the way.
The document discusses various auxiliary engine systems and fuel injection systems for gasoline and diesel engines. It provides details on:
1) Electronically controlled gasoline injection systems that use pressure to spray fuel into the intake manifold, improving atomization, fuel distribution, and reducing emissions compared to carburetors.
2) Diesel injection systems that directly inject fuel into the combustion chamber at very high pressures over 350 bar, allowing the use of heavier fuels.
3) Key components of both systems including the fuel pump, common rail, injectors, and sensors that allow electronic control units to precisely control fuel delivery based on operating conditions.
Multipoint fuel injection (MPFI) systems provide better control of the air-fuel ratio compared to carburetors. MPFI systems use multiple fuel injectors, with one injector per cylinder, to inject fuel into the engine's intake ports or manifold. This allows supplying the optimum air-fuel ratio to each cylinder for all operating conditions. MPFI systems are electronically controlled using sensors to monitor various engine parameters and optimize fuel delivery and emissions performance. While more complex than carburetors, MPFI systems improve fuel efficiency, power, and reduce emissions.
The document discusses electronic fuel injection systems. It provides an introduction and overview of the history and components of fuel injection systems. These include the electronic control unit, sensors, actuators, fuel injectors, fuel rail, and fuel pressure regulator. The document then describes how the fuel injection system and injectors work, the injector firing process, and testing and cleaning of injectors. It also discusses different fuel injection types and the advantages and disadvantages of electronic fuel injection systems.
The document discusses electronic fuel injection systems used in modern vehicles. It lists group members and contents, then provides an introduction to electronic fuel injection. It describes the main components of the system, including air induction sensors that provide inputs to the electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU then controls various output actuators like fuel injectors. The document outlines different fuel injection types and discusses each component in more detail. It concludes by listing some advantages of electronic fuel injection over conventional carbureted systems.
This document discusses the MPFI (Multi-Point Fuel Injection) system. It includes sections on the working principle, components like the air intake system, fuel delivery system, and electronic control system. The emission control system uses a catalytic converter to reduce emissions by promoting complete combustion. Key sensors provide feedback to the ECU to optimize the air-fuel ratio for better performance and fuel efficiency while meeting emission standards.
This presentation was part of the course requirements of MEC 401 (Internal Combustion Engines) which I took in fall 2016. I made all the slides (participants in my group never works lol) and here I am uploading for the public if it can be of any help. Contact me for any info if needed.
====================
Razin Sazzad Molla
13107010@iubat.edu
====================
A basic guide to Automotive Engineering. A must have for Automobile/Mechanical Engineers.
Includes all technologies like - Traction control, ABS, etc
CONTENTS:
1. Car body construction
2. Engines
3. Fuel Supply in Petrol & Diesel Engines
4. Engine related systems
5. Drive Train
6. Suspension & steering
7. For safety
8. Emissions
9. Electrical & HVAC systems
Review of theModern developments in Suction processes of IC EnginesIJERA Editor
This review paper deals with the evolution of the general processes employed in the suction process of IC
Engines. The suction process has evolved from the traditional use of carburettors to much more sophisticated
systems like CRDi, MPFi, etc. used in modern days. In doing so, various parameters such as the volumetric
efficiency and the turbulence, etc. inside the engine have to be considered. Additional processes such as
supercharging and turbocharging are employed to improve these parameters. It is also highly desirable to vary
the Air-Fuel ratio effectively according to the speed of the engine for better power output and mileage. Thus
researchers have developed several ways over the years to achieve it. Recent research work being carried out in
this field is in the areas of Pressure Wave Superchargers, Variable Geometry Turbochargers, Multiple Intake
valves, Shrouded Intake Valves, Camless Engines etc. Many of these technologies have been employed in the
industry such as the DTS-Si, TDi&i-vtec Engines. Thus, the Automobile Industry has come a long way in
evolving the intake processes and further developments will always be on the way.
The document discusses various auxiliary engine systems and fuel injection systems for gasoline and diesel engines. It provides details on:
1) Electronically controlled gasoline injection systems that use pressure to spray fuel into the intake manifold, improving atomization, fuel distribution, and reducing emissions compared to carburetors.
2) Diesel injection systems that directly inject fuel into the combustion chamber at very high pressures over 350 bar, allowing the use of heavier fuels.
3) Key components of both systems including the fuel pump, common rail, injectors, and sensors that allow electronic control units to precisely control fuel delivery based on operating conditions.
Multipoint fuel injection (MPFI) systems provide better control of the air-fuel ratio compared to carburetors. MPFI systems use multiple fuel injectors, with one injector per cylinder, to inject fuel into the engine's intake ports or manifold. This allows supplying the optimum air-fuel ratio to each cylinder for all operating conditions. MPFI systems are electronically controlled using sensors to monitor various engine parameters and optimize fuel delivery and emissions performance. While more complex than carburetors, MPFI systems improve fuel efficiency, power, and reduce emissions.
The document discusses electronic fuel injection systems. It provides an introduction and overview of the history and components of fuel injection systems. These include the electronic control unit, sensors, actuators, fuel injectors, fuel rail, and fuel pressure regulator. The document then describes how the fuel injection system and injectors work, the injector firing process, and testing and cleaning of injectors. It also discusses different fuel injection types and the advantages and disadvantages of electronic fuel injection systems.
The document discusses electronic fuel injection systems used in modern vehicles. It lists group members and contents, then provides an introduction to electronic fuel injection. It describes the main components of the system, including air induction sensors that provide inputs to the electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU then controls various output actuators like fuel injectors. The document outlines different fuel injection types and discusses each component in more detail. It concludes by listing some advantages of electronic fuel injection over conventional carbureted systems.
This document presents a major assignment on voice operated fuel injectors submitted by a mechanical engineering student. It includes an introduction to fuel injection systems and electronic fuel injection. It then describes the proposed voice operated fuel injector project which would allow a user to inject fuel into a vehicle using voice commands. The document outlines the history of fuel injection and types of fuel injectors. It explains the components, working, and firing of electronic fuel injection systems. It also discusses injector cleaning, advantages, disadvantages, and references.
The document discusses electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems. It describes the limitations of carburetor systems and the need for EFI to provide uniform fuel distribution in multi-cylinder engines. It discusses two main types of EFI systems - single point (throttle body) injection and multi-point port injection. Single point injection uses one or two injectors mounted in the throttle body, while multi-point injection uses a separate injector for each cylinder mounted in the intake manifold. The document provides details on the components, operation, and advantages of these EFI systems.
This document discusses fuel supply systems for gasoline and diesel engines as well as ignition systems. It provides details on the components of fuel supply systems including the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel lines, air cleaner, fuel filters, and carburetor. It describes the properties of air-fuel mixtures and the mixture requirements for steady state and transient engine operation. It also explains the working of different types of fuel pumps, carburetors, and fuel injection systems.
The document discusses multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) systems. It describes the components of an MPFI system, including the air intake system, pressure regulator system, control system, fuel pump control system, and functional divisions. An MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders based on commands from the engine control module. This provides faster throttle response and higher output under varying driving conditions compared to carburetor systems. The MPFI system can be divided into three main components: the electronic control unit, fuel system, and air induction system.
This document provides information on electronic fuel injection systems. It discusses the limitations of carburetors and the need for EFI to provide uniform fuel distribution in multi-cylinder engines. It describes the types of injection systems as single-point/throttle body injection and multi-point injection. The basic components and operation of electronic fuel injectors are explained. The advantages of EFI over carbureted systems are also summarized such as lower emissions and better fuel efficiency.
The document discusses multiport fuel injection (MPFI) systems. It explains that MPFI systems inject fuel directly into each cylinder based on commands from the engine control module. This allows for more precise fuel delivery and control than a carburetor. The key components of an MPFI system are the air intake system, fuel delivery system, electronic control system, and emission control system. MPFI systems provide benefits like more uniform air-fuel mixtures in each cylinder, immediate throttle response, lower emissions, improved fuel efficiency, and reduced engine vibration.
This document provides an overview of electronic control systems in high-tech vehicles. It discusses the electronic control module that receives sensor data and controls various systems. It describes the electronic fuel injection and ignition systems that are controlled by sensors and the ECM to optimize fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. It also discusses the electronic exhaust system and how catalytic converters use oxidation and reduction catalysts to reduce harmful emissions exiting the vehicle.
This document provides an overview of electronic control systems in high-tech vehicles. It discusses the electronic control module that receives sensor data and controls various systems. It describes the electronic fuel injection and ignition systems that are controlled by sensors and the ECM to optimize fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. It also discusses the electronic exhaust system and how catalytic converters use oxidation and reduction catalysts to reduce harmful emissions exiting the vehicle.
Electronic fuel injection systems use an electric fuel pump and pressure, rather than engine vacuum, to spray fuel into the engine intake manifold or combustion chambers. This allows for more precise fuel delivery and improved engine performance compared to carbureted systems. Modern systems are computer-controlled and use various sensors to monitor engine operating conditions and adjust fuel delivery accordingly through fuel injectors.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a diesel fuel injection system. It discusses the fuel tank, fuel filter, fuel lines, fuel pumps, injectors and nozzles, ECU and sensors. The fuel is stored in the tank and delivered to the injectors by low-pressure and high-pressure fuel pumps. The ECU controls the injectors and precisely times the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber based on sensor inputs like engine speed. This allows for proper atomization and mixing of fuel for clean and efficient combustion in the diesel engine.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a diesel fuel injection system. It discusses the fuel tank, fuel filter, fuel lines, fuel pumps, injectors and nozzles, ECU and sensors. The fuel is stored in the tank and delivered to the injectors by low-pressure and high-pressure fuel pumps. The ECU controls the injectors and precisely times the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber based on sensor inputs like engine speed. This allows for proper atomization and mixing of fuel for clean and efficient combustion in the diesel engine.
The document discusses Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) and Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine technologies. MPFI engines have a fuel injector for each cylinder, allowing precise fuel delivery controlled by a computer. Sensors provide data to optimize fuel injection. Benefits include efficient fuel use, low emissions, and responsiveness. CRDI engines use high-pressure fuel rails to store fuel at pressures over 2,000 bars. Computer-controlled injectors precisely time and quantity fuel delivery for each cylinder, allowing lower noise and emissions than older systems. The high pressure allows better fuel atomization and multiple injection events.
The document provides details about a seminar report on multi-point fuel injection systems. It discusses the main components of an MPFI system including the air intake system, fuel delivery system, and electronic control system. Sensors used in MPFI systems are described such as the manifold absolute pressure sensor, throttle position sensor, oxygen sensor, intake air temperature sensor, engine coolant temperature sensor, and vehicle speed sensor. Advantages of MPFI systems are more uniform air-fuel mixtures, improved fuel efficiency and emissions, and immediate acceleration response due to electronic control.
This document provides an overview of fuel injection systems, including:
- Port fuel injection systems work by injecting fuel into the intake manifold near the intake valves.
- Throttle body injection systems inject fuel upstream of the throttle plate.
- Electronic fuel injection systems use a computer to control fuel injectors and other functions based on sensor input.
- Direct injection systems inject fuel directly into the combustion chamber.
- The fuel pressure regulator maintains the proper fuel pressure in the system.
Experimental Evaluation of Electronic Port Fuel Injection System in Four Stro...IJTET Journal
In Today’s life, the two wheelers is best friend to us because wherever we gowe take it with us. And therefore we are all
looking for higher performance and lower emission engines. And now a day, engines are using only carburetor for mixing of fuel and
air. So these engines suffer lower operating efficiency, higher fuel consumption and produce higher level of harmful emission. So to
overcome this problem,Electronic port fuel injection system is introduced. In this system the fuel injector injects fuel in accordance to
need of engine which is measured by the various sensors like speed sensor, crank angle sensor, Lambda sensorand throttle body
sensor, etc. And here Electronic Port Fuel Injection System for Four Stroke 125cc SI engine was designed and the Experimental
Evaluation had made to investigate the performance parameters and emission parameters of the engine.
THIS PPT IS MAINLY BASED ON HOW THE ELCTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT VEHICLES AND IN THIS WE HAVE DISCUSSED DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN DIFFERENT VEHIOCLEWS AND THEIR MODELS ALSO AND THEIR SYSTEMS ALSO IN THE VEHICLES AND THEIR COMPONENTS AND THEIR USES ARE ALSO MENTIONED IN THIS PPT SO IT IS USEFUL FOR BOTH MECHANICAL AND ELECTRONICS STUDENTS
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM USING COMPRESSOR AND CONTROLLER sam_e_square
this ppt deals with the PERFORMANCE & WORKING OF ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM USING COMPRESSOR AND CONTROLLER.
in this case we are using compressor instead of fuel pump.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Multi Port Fuel Injection CNG Engine Manifo...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a multi-port fuel injection compressed natural gas (CNG) engine intake manifold system. The authors designed the manifold using pressure wave tuning theory to determine the optimal runner lengths. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed to evaluate the uniformity of the air-fuel mixture distribution and velocity profiles within the manifold. One-dimensional engine simulations were conducted to compare the performance of the new multi-port fuel injection system to the existing single-port system, finding that the multi-port system provided slightly higher power, torque, and volumetric efficiency.
The document provides information on various automotive systems including the lubrication system, cooling system, fuel supply system, transmission system, steering system, and suspension system. It describes the key components and functions of each system. The lubrication system uses oil to reduce friction and wear between moving engine parts. The cooling system circulates water around the engine to dissipate excess heat through a radiator. The fuel supply system delivers gasoline or diesel fuel to the engine for combustion. The transmission system reduces the high engine speed to the slower wheel speed through a clutch assembly and gearbox. The steering and suspension systems enable steering control and provide a smooth, comfortable ride over varied road conditions.
Test Rig for Measurement of Spark Advance Angle and Ignition System Using AT8...IJSRD
An electronic ignition control system for internal combustion engine, notably for motor vehicles, which comprises a rotary member revolving at engine speed and provided with two reference marks Which the position correspond to the maximum ignition advance angle and to the minimum ignition advance angle, respectively , said reference marks defining at least one area on said rotary member, a sensor disposed in close vicinity of said rotary member so as to detect the moments of passage of said references marks and at least one up and down counter for counting pulse, said rotary member further comprising a third references marks separate from the first two reference marks aforesaid so as to define two successive areas scanned in succession by said sensor, while a first up and down counter positively counts the pulse from a first area and negatively counts, during passage of second area the pulse from second clock system adapted to emit pluses at a frequency programmable according to the desired ignition advance law, the resetting of said up and down counter being utilized for producing ignition spark. Finally up and down counter calculates the final value of the advance angle. After calculating the final value of advance angle signal send to the ignition box to ignition coil, and ignition coil operate the spark as per advance angle.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
This document presents a major assignment on voice operated fuel injectors submitted by a mechanical engineering student. It includes an introduction to fuel injection systems and electronic fuel injection. It then describes the proposed voice operated fuel injector project which would allow a user to inject fuel into a vehicle using voice commands. The document outlines the history of fuel injection and types of fuel injectors. It explains the components, working, and firing of electronic fuel injection systems. It also discusses injector cleaning, advantages, disadvantages, and references.
The document discusses electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems. It describes the limitations of carburetor systems and the need for EFI to provide uniform fuel distribution in multi-cylinder engines. It discusses two main types of EFI systems - single point (throttle body) injection and multi-point port injection. Single point injection uses one or two injectors mounted in the throttle body, while multi-point injection uses a separate injector for each cylinder mounted in the intake manifold. The document provides details on the components, operation, and advantages of these EFI systems.
This document discusses fuel supply systems for gasoline and diesel engines as well as ignition systems. It provides details on the components of fuel supply systems including the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel lines, air cleaner, fuel filters, and carburetor. It describes the properties of air-fuel mixtures and the mixture requirements for steady state and transient engine operation. It also explains the working of different types of fuel pumps, carburetors, and fuel injection systems.
The document discusses multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) systems. It describes the components of an MPFI system, including the air intake system, pressure regulator system, control system, fuel pump control system, and functional divisions. An MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders based on commands from the engine control module. This provides faster throttle response and higher output under varying driving conditions compared to carburetor systems. The MPFI system can be divided into three main components: the electronic control unit, fuel system, and air induction system.
This document provides information on electronic fuel injection systems. It discusses the limitations of carburetors and the need for EFI to provide uniform fuel distribution in multi-cylinder engines. It describes the types of injection systems as single-point/throttle body injection and multi-point injection. The basic components and operation of electronic fuel injectors are explained. The advantages of EFI over carbureted systems are also summarized such as lower emissions and better fuel efficiency.
The document discusses multiport fuel injection (MPFI) systems. It explains that MPFI systems inject fuel directly into each cylinder based on commands from the engine control module. This allows for more precise fuel delivery and control than a carburetor. The key components of an MPFI system are the air intake system, fuel delivery system, electronic control system, and emission control system. MPFI systems provide benefits like more uniform air-fuel mixtures in each cylinder, immediate throttle response, lower emissions, improved fuel efficiency, and reduced engine vibration.
This document provides an overview of electronic control systems in high-tech vehicles. It discusses the electronic control module that receives sensor data and controls various systems. It describes the electronic fuel injection and ignition systems that are controlled by sensors and the ECM to optimize fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. It also discusses the electronic exhaust system and how catalytic converters use oxidation and reduction catalysts to reduce harmful emissions exiting the vehicle.
This document provides an overview of electronic control systems in high-tech vehicles. It discusses the electronic control module that receives sensor data and controls various systems. It describes the electronic fuel injection and ignition systems that are controlled by sensors and the ECM to optimize fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. It also discusses the electronic exhaust system and how catalytic converters use oxidation and reduction catalysts to reduce harmful emissions exiting the vehicle.
Electronic fuel injection systems use an electric fuel pump and pressure, rather than engine vacuum, to spray fuel into the engine intake manifold or combustion chambers. This allows for more precise fuel delivery and improved engine performance compared to carbureted systems. Modern systems are computer-controlled and use various sensors to monitor engine operating conditions and adjust fuel delivery accordingly through fuel injectors.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a diesel fuel injection system. It discusses the fuel tank, fuel filter, fuel lines, fuel pumps, injectors and nozzles, ECU and sensors. The fuel is stored in the tank and delivered to the injectors by low-pressure and high-pressure fuel pumps. The ECU controls the injectors and precisely times the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber based on sensor inputs like engine speed. This allows for proper atomization and mixing of fuel for clean and efficient combustion in the diesel engine.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a diesel fuel injection system. It discusses the fuel tank, fuel filter, fuel lines, fuel pumps, injectors and nozzles, ECU and sensors. The fuel is stored in the tank and delivered to the injectors by low-pressure and high-pressure fuel pumps. The ECU controls the injectors and precisely times the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber based on sensor inputs like engine speed. This allows for proper atomization and mixing of fuel for clean and efficient combustion in the diesel engine.
The document discusses Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) and Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine technologies. MPFI engines have a fuel injector for each cylinder, allowing precise fuel delivery controlled by a computer. Sensors provide data to optimize fuel injection. Benefits include efficient fuel use, low emissions, and responsiveness. CRDI engines use high-pressure fuel rails to store fuel at pressures over 2,000 bars. Computer-controlled injectors precisely time and quantity fuel delivery for each cylinder, allowing lower noise and emissions than older systems. The high pressure allows better fuel atomization and multiple injection events.
The document provides details about a seminar report on multi-point fuel injection systems. It discusses the main components of an MPFI system including the air intake system, fuel delivery system, and electronic control system. Sensors used in MPFI systems are described such as the manifold absolute pressure sensor, throttle position sensor, oxygen sensor, intake air temperature sensor, engine coolant temperature sensor, and vehicle speed sensor. Advantages of MPFI systems are more uniform air-fuel mixtures, improved fuel efficiency and emissions, and immediate acceleration response due to electronic control.
This document provides an overview of fuel injection systems, including:
- Port fuel injection systems work by injecting fuel into the intake manifold near the intake valves.
- Throttle body injection systems inject fuel upstream of the throttle plate.
- Electronic fuel injection systems use a computer to control fuel injectors and other functions based on sensor input.
- Direct injection systems inject fuel directly into the combustion chamber.
- The fuel pressure regulator maintains the proper fuel pressure in the system.
Experimental Evaluation of Electronic Port Fuel Injection System in Four Stro...IJTET Journal
In Today’s life, the two wheelers is best friend to us because wherever we gowe take it with us. And therefore we are all
looking for higher performance and lower emission engines. And now a day, engines are using only carburetor for mixing of fuel and
air. So these engines suffer lower operating efficiency, higher fuel consumption and produce higher level of harmful emission. So to
overcome this problem,Electronic port fuel injection system is introduced. In this system the fuel injector injects fuel in accordance to
need of engine which is measured by the various sensors like speed sensor, crank angle sensor, Lambda sensorand throttle body
sensor, etc. And here Electronic Port Fuel Injection System for Four Stroke 125cc SI engine was designed and the Experimental
Evaluation had made to investigate the performance parameters and emission parameters of the engine.
THIS PPT IS MAINLY BASED ON HOW THE ELCTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT VEHICLES AND IN THIS WE HAVE DISCUSSED DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN DIFFERENT VEHIOCLEWS AND THEIR MODELS ALSO AND THEIR SYSTEMS ALSO IN THE VEHICLES AND THEIR COMPONENTS AND THEIR USES ARE ALSO MENTIONED IN THIS PPT SO IT IS USEFUL FOR BOTH MECHANICAL AND ELECTRONICS STUDENTS
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM USING COMPRESSOR AND CONTROLLER sam_e_square
this ppt deals with the PERFORMANCE & WORKING OF ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM USING COMPRESSOR AND CONTROLLER.
in this case we are using compressor instead of fuel pump.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Multi Port Fuel Injection CNG Engine Manifo...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a multi-port fuel injection compressed natural gas (CNG) engine intake manifold system. The authors designed the manifold using pressure wave tuning theory to determine the optimal runner lengths. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed to evaluate the uniformity of the air-fuel mixture distribution and velocity profiles within the manifold. One-dimensional engine simulations were conducted to compare the performance of the new multi-port fuel injection system to the existing single-port system, finding that the multi-port system provided slightly higher power, torque, and volumetric efficiency.
The document provides information on various automotive systems including the lubrication system, cooling system, fuel supply system, transmission system, steering system, and suspension system. It describes the key components and functions of each system. The lubrication system uses oil to reduce friction and wear between moving engine parts. The cooling system circulates water around the engine to dissipate excess heat through a radiator. The fuel supply system delivers gasoline or diesel fuel to the engine for combustion. The transmission system reduces the high engine speed to the slower wheel speed through a clutch assembly and gearbox. The steering and suspension systems enable steering control and provide a smooth, comfortable ride over varied road conditions.
Test Rig for Measurement of Spark Advance Angle and Ignition System Using AT8...IJSRD
An electronic ignition control system for internal combustion engine, notably for motor vehicles, which comprises a rotary member revolving at engine speed and provided with two reference marks Which the position correspond to the maximum ignition advance angle and to the minimum ignition advance angle, respectively , said reference marks defining at least one area on said rotary member, a sensor disposed in close vicinity of said rotary member so as to detect the moments of passage of said references marks and at least one up and down counter for counting pulse, said rotary member further comprising a third references marks separate from the first two reference marks aforesaid so as to define two successive areas scanned in succession by said sensor, while a first up and down counter positively counts the pulse from a first area and negatively counts, during passage of second area the pulse from second clock system adapted to emit pluses at a frequency programmable according to the desired ignition advance law, the resetting of said up and down counter being utilized for producing ignition spark. Finally up and down counter calculates the final value of the advance angle. After calculating the final value of advance angle signal send to the ignition box to ignition coil, and ignition coil operate the spark as per advance angle.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
What Could Be Behind Your Mercedes Sprinter's Power Loss on Uphill RoadsSprinter Gurus
Unlock the secrets behind your Mercedes Sprinter's uphill power loss with our comprehensive presentation. From fuel filter blockages to turbocharger troubles, we uncover the culprits and empower you to reclaim your vehicle's peak performance. Conquer every ascent with confidence and ensure a thrilling journey every time.
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
Steps to Prevent Catalytic Converter Theft:
Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
Benefits of This Presentation:
Awareness: Increase your awareness about catalytic converter theft and its impact on vehicle owners.
Practical Tips: Gain actionable insights and tips to effectively prevent catalytic converter theft.
Local Insights: Understand the specific risks in different NYC boroughs, helping you take targeted preventive measures.
This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
Expanding Access to Affordable At-Home EV Charging by Vanessa WarheitForth
Vanessa Warheit, Co-Founder of EV Charging for All, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
EV Charging at MFH Properties by Whitaker JamiesonForth
Whitaker Jamieson, Senior Specialist at Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
Welcome to ASP Cranes, your trusted partner for crane solutions in Raipur, Chhattisgarh! With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, we offer a comprehensive range of crane services tailored to meet your lifting and material handling needs.
At ASP Cranes, we understand the importance of reliable and efficient crane operations in various industries, from construction and manufacturing to logistics and infrastructure development. That's why we strive to deliver top-notch solutions that enhance productivity, safety, and cost-effectiveness for our clients.
Our services include:
Crane Rental: Whether you need a crawler crane for heavy lifting or a hydraulic crane for versatile operations, we have a diverse fleet of well-maintained cranes available for rent. Our rental options are flexible and can be customized to suit your project requirements.
Crane Sales: Looking to invest in a crane for your business? We offer a wide selection of new and used cranes from leading manufacturers, ensuring you find the perfect equipment to match your needs and budget.
Crane Maintenance and Repair: To ensure optimal performance and safety, regular maintenance and timely repairs are essential for cranes. Our team of skilled technicians provides comprehensive maintenance and repair services to keep your equipment running smoothly and minimize downtime.
Crane Operator Training: Proper training is crucial for safe and efficient crane operation. We offer specialized training programs conducted by certified instructors to equip operators with the skills and knowledge they need to handle cranes effectively.
Custom Solutions: We understand that every project is unique, which is why we offer custom crane solutions tailored to your specific requirements. Whether you need modifications, attachments, or specialized equipment, we can design and implement solutions that meet your needs.
At ASP Cranes, customer satisfaction is our top priority. We are dedicated to delivering reliable, cost-effective, and innovative crane solutions that exceed expectations. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can support your project in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, and beyond. Let ASP Cranes be your trusted partner for all your crane needs!
Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
EV Charging at Multifamily Properties by Kevin Donnelly
PER.pdf
1. 1
A
Micro-Project Report on
“ Multipoint Fuel Injection System ”
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Diploma in Mechanical Engineering,
By
1) Raskar Suraj Sunil [2014660144]
2) Jagtap Aniket Santosh [2014660084]
3) Sable Sarthak Dattatray [2014660145]
Guided By
prof. Yewale A.N
Shree Samarth Academy’s
Shree Samarth Polytechnic
Mhasane Phata, Ahmednagar
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
(2022-2023)
2. 2
Shree Samarth Academy’s
Shree Samarth Polytechnic
Department of Computer
Engineering.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled
“ Multipoint Fuel Injection System ”
Is
Submitted by
1) Raskar Suraj Sunil [2014660144]
2) Jagtap Aniket Santosh [2014660084]
3) Sable Sarthak dattatray [2014660145]
in the partial fulfillment of Diploma in Computer Engineering has been
Satisfactory carried out under my guidance as per the requirement of Maharashtra
State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai during the academic year 2022-2023
Date:
Place:
GUIDE HOD PRINCIPAL
( Prof.Yewale A.N. ) ( Prof. Kadus R. K. ) (Prof. Anarase B.V)
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMET
An endeavor over long period can be successful only with advice and
guidance of many well-wishers.
My sincere thanks to the management and Prof. Anarase B.V sir
Principal of Shree Samarth Polytechnic, Mhasanephata , Ahmednagar for
providing me the opportunity to conduct my project work.
I am highly indebted to Prof. Kadus R. K Madam Head of Department
of Mechanical for his assistance and constant source of encouragement. I
wish to express my profound and deep sense of gratitude of
Prof. Yewale A.N Madam project coordinator for sparing her valuable time to
extent helps in every step of my project work.
I would also like to thank the staff of Mechanical Department for the
generous guidance.
Last but not the least we would like to thank our friends and for their
help in every way for the success of this project report.
Name of student Signature
1) Raskar Suraj Sunil ………………...
2) Jagtap Aniket Santosh ………………..
3) Sable Sarthak dattatray ………………...
4. ABSTRACT
In the Multipoint Injection System, we have one injector
per cylinder; the injector injects the fuel into the admission valve
which admits the fuel and air into the cylinder. This gives an
individual control on this cylinder, improving the fuel consumption
in relation of the Single point injection. In The first Multipoint
injection system, the injection was done at the same time in all
injectors. The improvement in relation of the single point is the
same amount of Fuel is delivering to all cylinders. This system only
solved one problem, because the problem of lag was still existent,
like in the single point injection. So if the injection occur, the fuel
and air are in the admission valve, and if driver make a sudden
change it only change the fuel in the next admission, so it would be
a waste of fuel or insufficient fuel. To solve this problem it was
develop one new system of Multipoint Injection. This system is
sequential Multipoint injection system; the layout is thesame that
the original Multipoint injection system, the difference is that the
injection is done individually, in each cylinder. In this system
because we have injection individually and sequential, we don’t
have the lag problem. Let’s suppose that the injection occurs in
cylinder 1, then cylinder 3, and suddenly the driver makes a
change, in the injection in the cylinder 4 will be done whit the new
value. This was the improvement in relation of the first Multipoint
injection system.
5. 1. INTRODUCTION
Petrol vehicles uses device called carburetor for supplying
the air fuel mixture in correct ratio to cylinders in all rpm ranges.
However in response to recent demands for cleaner exhaust
emission, more economical fuel consumption, improved drivability,
etc., carburettor should now be equipped with various devices that
make it more complex system. Therefore, the MPFI (multi point
fuel injection) system is used, assuring proper air fuel ratio to the
engine by electrically injecting fuel in accordance with various
driving conditions. The primary difference between carburetors and
fuel injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel by forcibly
pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure, while a
carburetor relies on suction created by intake air accelerated
through a Venturi tube to draw the fuel into the airstream.
MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders, based
on commands from the ‘on board engine management system
computer’ – popularly known as the Engine Control Unit/ECU. These
techniques result not only in better ‘power balance’ amongst the
cylinders but also in higher output from each one of them, along
with faster throttle response. Optimized ratio of air-fuel mixture is
supplied to the combustion chamber in varying driving conditions
with the help of electronic fuel injection system. The Multipoint Fuel
Injection System consists of sensors which detect the engine condI-
tions, the ENGINE- ECU which controls the system based on signals
from these sensors, and actuators which operate under the control
of the ENGINE-ECU. The ENGINE-ECU carries out activities such as
fuel injection control, idle air control, and ignition timing control. In
addition, the ENGINE-ECU is equipped with a number of diagnostic
test modes which simplify troubleshooting when a problem develo-
ps.
6. The functional objectives for fuel injection systems can vary.
All share the central task of supplying fuel to the combustion
process, but it is a design decision how aparticular system is
optimized. There are several competing objectives such as:
Power output
Fuel efficiency
Emissions performance
Ability to accommodate alternative fuels
Reliability
Drivability and smooth operation
Initial cost
Maintenance cost
Diagnostic capability
Range of environmental operation
Engine tuning
7. 2. COMPONENTS OF MPFI SYSTEM
The system has four major components. These four components
are
1) Air intake system
2) Fuel delivery system
3) Electronic control system
4) Emission control system
Air intake system :
The function of the air intake system is
to allow air to reach your car engine. Oxygen in the air is
one of the necessary ingredients for the engine combustion
process. A good air intake system allows for clean and
continuous air into the engine, thereby achieving more
power and better mileage for your car. A modern
automobile air intake system has three main parts: air
filter, mass flow sensor and throttle body.
a) Air Filter -
An air filter is an important part of a car's intake
system, because it is through the air filter that the engine
"breathes". It is usually a plastic or metal box in which the air filter
sits. The air filter's job is to filter out dirt and other foreign particles
in the air, preventing them from entering the system and possibly
damaging the engine.
b) Mass flow sensor -
A mass air flow sensor is used to find
out the mass of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion
engine. From mass flow sensor, then, does it goes to the throttle
body. There are two common types of mass airflow sensors in use
on automotive engines. They are the vane meter and the hot wire.
The vane type has a flap that is pushed by the incoming air. The
more air coming in, the more the flap is pushed backed. The hot
wire uses a series of wires strung in the air stream. The electrical
resistance of the wire increases as the wire's temperature
8. increases, which limits electrical current flowing through the circuit.
C) Throttle Body -
The throttle body is the part of the air intake
system that controls the amount of air flowing into an engine's
combustion chamber. It consists of a bored housing that contains a
throttle plate that rotates on a shaft. When the accelerator is
depressed, the throttle plate opens and allows air into the engine.
Throttle plate gets closed when the accelerator paddle is released
and thus effectively chokes- off air flow in the combustion chamber.
This process effectively controls the rate of combustion and
ultimately the speed of the vehicle.
Fuel delivery system :
The fuel in the fuel tank is pumped up by
the fuel pump, filtered by fuel filter and fed under pressure to each
injector through the delivery pipe. As the fuel pressure applied to
the injector is always kept a certain amount higher than the
pressure in the intake manifold by the fuel pressure regulator, the
fuel is injected into the intake port of the cylinder head when the
injector opens according to the injection signal form ECM. The fuel
relieved by the fuel pressure regulator return through the fuel
return to the fuel tank.
a) Fuel pump -
The electrical fuel pump located on the fuel tank
consists of armature, magnet, impeller, brush, check valve etc...The
ECM controls its operation. When the power is supplied to the fuel
pump, the motor in the pump runs and so does the impeller. This
causes a pressure difference to occur between both sides of the
impeller, as there are many grooves around it. Then the fuel is
drawn through the inlet port, and with its pressure increases, It is
discharged through the outlet port, the fuel pump also has a check
valve to keep some pressure in the fuel feed line even when the
fuel pump is stopped.
9. b) Pressure regulator system
The fuel pressure regulator is a
pressure relief valve that consist of a spring, diaphragm and a valve
. It keeps the fuel pressure applied to the injector 2.9Kglcm^2
higher than intake manifold at all times, The pressure applied to the
upper chamber of the fuel pressure regulator intake manifold
pressure and that to the lower chamber is fuel pressure. When the
fuel pressure rises more than 2,9Kg/cm2 higher than the intake
manifold pressure, the fuel pushes the valve in the regulator open
and excess fuel return to the fuel tank through return line.
c) Injector
Each cylinder has one injector for its work, which is
installed between the inteke manifold delivery pipes . Injector is a
electromagnetic type injection nozzle that perform its works
according to the signal from ECM and injects fuel in the intake port
of cylinder. When the solenoid coil of the injector is energized by
ECM, it becomes an Electro magnet and attracts the plunger. At the
same time, the ball valve which is incorporated with the plunger
opens and the injector which is under the fuel pressure injects fuel.
As the lift stroke of the ball valve of the injector is set constant, the
amount of fuel injected at one time is determined by the length of
the time during which the solenoid is being energized.
Electronic control system :
The electronic control system
consist of various sensors which detect the state of engine and
driving conditions, ECM is a device which controls various devices
according to the signals from the sensors and Various controlled
devices.
The Systems are :
a. Fuel injection control system
b. Idle speed control system
c. Fuel pump control system
d. Ignition control system
e. Radiator fan control system
10. a. Fuel injection control system:
The work of electronic fuel
injection system is to supply air-fuel mixture of optimize ratio to the
combustion chambers under different driving conditions. It uses the
sequential multi-port fuel injection system, which injects fuel into
each intake port of the cylinder head. In this system ECM controls
the time and timing of the fuel injection from the fuel injector into
the cylinder head intake port according to the signals from the
various sensors so that suitable air/fuel mixture is supplied to the
engine in each driving condition.
b) Idle spped control system :
This system controls the bypass
airflow by means of ECM & lAC valve for the following purposes. To
keep the engine idle speed as specified at all times. The engine idle
speed can vary due to load applied to engine, to improve starting
performance of the engine to compensate air fuel mixture ratio
when -decelerating, to improve drivability while engine is warmed
up. lAC valve operates according to duty signal sent from ECM. ECM
detects the engine condition by using the signals from various
signals and switches and controls the bypass airflow by changing
lAC valve opening.
c) Fuel pump control system :
ECM controls ON/OFF operation of
the fuel pump by turning it ON, the fuel pump relay under any of
the conditions. While crankshaft position sensor or camshaft -
position sensor signal is inputted to ECM.
d) Ignition control system :
Ignition control system electrically
controls the time of flow of electric current in primary ignition coil
and ignition timing. ECM judges the engine and vehicle conditions
by using signals from various sensors, selects the most suitable
electric current flow time and ignition timing for that engine and
vehicle conditions from among those Restored in its memory and
sends an ignition signal to the igniter in ignition coil assembly.
11. e) Radiator fan control system :
This system controls operation
(ON/OFF) of the radiator fan motor. Radiator fan motor is turned ON
and OFF by its relay when ECM controls. Radiator fan motor turned
ON at below 98°C and OFF at below 93°C
4) EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM -
The need for controlling the
emissions in automobiles is the root cause for the development of
computerization of automobile. Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide
and oxides of nitrogen are created during the combustion process
and are emitted into the atmosphere from the tail pipe.
a) Air injection :
Secondary air injection is the first developed
exhaust emission control system. Originally, this system was used
to inject air into the engine's exhaust ports to provide oxygen so
unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons in the exhaust would
finish burning.
b) Exhaust gas recirculation :
Many engines have a system that
routes a metered amount of exhaust into the intake tract under
particular operating conditions. Exhaust neither burns nor supports
combustion, so it dilutes the air/fuel charge to reduce peak
combustion chamber temperatures. This, in turn, reduces the
formation of NOx
c) Catalytic converter :
The catalytic converter is a device placed
in the exhaust pipe, which converts hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, and NOx into less harmful gases by using a combination
of platinum, palladium and rhodium as catalysts. There are two
types of catalytic converter, a two- way and a three-way converter.
12. 3) Working of mpfi system -
The working of MPFI engine is
some what similar to the carburetor engine, each cylinder is treated
individually. An input is fed to the computerized system in order to
calculate the amount of air and fuel is to mixed and send to the
combustion chambers. A several stages of calculations are to be
made in order to judge the right amount of fuel to be mixed . After
this calculation, the proper fuel is delivered at the proper instance.
There are a number of sensors used in the MPFI engine. At the
thime when the inputs are given to the car’s computer, it begins to
read the given sensors. The things which can be known from the
sensors are listed below:
● The engine temperature of the vehicle.
● The speed at which the engine is running.
● The engine load.
● The position of the accelerator.
● The cylinder's air-fuel pressure.
● The rate of exhaust.
The amount of fuel to be injected into the combustion chamber is
decided by analyzing the inputs given to the computerized system
of the MPFI engine.
13. 4) SENSORS USED IN MULTIPOINT FUEL SYSTEM -
Typical
sensors for multi-point FUEL system include :
a. An exhaust gas or oxygen sensor (Lambada sensor).
Oxygen
sensor measure the oxygen level in engine as a means of checking
combustion efficiency.Oxygen sensor voltage output vary with
change in the content of the exhaust. Increase in oxygen makes the
sensor output voltage to decrease and a decrease oxygen content
causes increased sensor output. Sensor then sends data to the
computer. The computer then alters the opening and closing of
injector to maintain a correct air-fuel ratio for maximum efficiency.
14. b. Intake manifold pressure sensor .
This sensor measures
the pressure inside the engine intake manifold. High pressure
indicates a high load that requires a rich mixture and low manifold
pressure indicates small load requiring a leaner mixture. The
manifold pressure sensor changes resistance with change in engine
load and thus computer alter the fuel mixture.
c. A throttle position sensor.
In throttle position sensor a variable
resistor is connected to the throttle plate shaft. When the throttle
wings is opened for more power or closes for less power, the sensor
changes the resistance and sends the signals the computer.
Computer then makes the mixture richer or leaner as required.
d. An engine coolant temperature sensor.
Engine coolant
temperature sensor monitors the operating temperature of the
engine. This sensor is kept so that it is exposed to the engine
coolant. When the engine is cold, the sensor might provide a high
current flow. The computer would enrich the air-fuel mixture for
cold operation. When the engine warms, the sensor would supply
information so that the computer could make the leaner mixture.
e. An airflow sensor.
Airflow sensor is used to measure the
amount of air entering the engine. This helps the computer to
determine the amount of fuel required in combustion. Air flow
through the sensor causes an air flap to swing to one side. The air
flap is connected to a variable resistor, the amount of air flow into
the engine is converted into an electrical signal for the computer.
Computer then make the mixture richer or leaner as required.
f. An inlet air temperature sensor.
Inlet air temperature sensor
measure the temperature of the air that enters the engine. Cold air
being denser than warm air requires a little more fuel as compared
to warm air. Air temperature sensor helps the computer
compensate for the changes in outside air temperature and
maintain an almost perfect air-fuel ratio.
15. g. A crankshaft position sensor and distributor rpm sensor .
Crankshaft position sensor or distribution rpm sensor is
used to detect the engine speed and cylinder identification. The
sensor consists of magnet and coil. It is mounted on oil pan with
specified air gap between the sensor core end and crankshaft
timing belt pulley tooth. This sensor allows the computer to change
injector opening with changes in engine rpm. Higher engine speeds
generally require more fuel. Lower engine speeds require less fuel.
This data is used by the computer to alter the fuel mixture.
h. Vehicle speed sensor.
The vehicle speed sensor, located on the transmission
gearbox or speedometer, Generates a signal in proportion to the
vehicle speed. Receiving this signal, the speedometer uses it for
operation of its indicator and also converts it into to the ON/OFF
signal by doubling the cycle. This signal is sent to ECM where it is
used as one of the signals to control various devices. mechanically
by the camshaft. This problem not only exists in this system but
also in every single one system that was analyzed before. This is
because all of them are systems with indirect injection.
2. Indirect injection has also other problems, like spontaneous
ignition that is a very common problem in Electronic injection
systems with indirect injection. So to overcame this problems, it
was develop the Multipoint injection system with direct injection.
3.Complexity and cost are the main disadvantages of direct
injection engine. Direct injection systems are more expensive to
build because their components must be more rugged – they
handle fuel at significantly higher pressures than indirect injection
systems and the injectors themselves must be able to withstand
the heat and pressure of combustion inside the cylinder.
16. 7. CONCLUSION -
The carburetor and fuel injection
performance is mainly due to the amount of air and
gasoline that can enter into the engine cylinders. The
cylinders contain the pistons and combustion chambers
where energy is released from the combustion of gasoline.
The carburetor and fuel injection system will both feed fuel
and air into the engine. It is fairly obvious that most
automobiles will be changing to fuel injection systems due
to the lower emissions. Almost all vehicles in India are
changing to the mpfi because of law emissions, improved
mileage and drivability since the engine is controlled by
micro computer more accurate amount of a/f mixture will
be supplied and as a result complete combustion will take
place. This leads to effective utilization of fuel supplied and
hence low emission level. It reduces wastage of fuel by the
use of sensors and other control systems. The fuel injection
systems are the best as they will decrease vibration and
help to overcome steep grades that are traditional terrain
for off- roading One of the main issues is that these
systems are sophisticated and will cost much more than a
carburetor. The use of electrical component and custom
cylinder head configuration makes the installation of multi-
point injection system very complicated. Modern fuel
injectors can instantly detect things like temperature
changes and how the car is traveling in order to get the
correct mixture of oxygen and fuel. These systems can also
deliver the fuel directly to each cylinder, increasing power
and performance. Overall, this system ensures that fuel is
not wasted, which helped automakers increase the fuel
economy of their vehicles. It also cuts down on the amount
of emissions that a car generates, which became especially
important as the government began cracking down.
17. 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT -
I express my sincere thanks to prof.
D.V Bhise (head of the department mechanical engineering) for
their kind co- operation for presenting this paper.
I also extend my sincere thanks to all other members of the faculty
of mechanical engineering department and my friends for their co-
operation and encouragement.