Permanent Settlement established a system of land ownership and revenue collection in parts of India in 1793. It made zamindars the owners of land as long as they paid a fixed revenue amount to the British. This provided the British a stable income from land taxes. However, it also led to problems like new zamindars exploiting peasants, the rise of money lenders, and the commercialization of agriculture as zamindars focused on profits over people. The British were also unable to increase revenues from the lands despite economic growth.

1. Permanent Settlement
• Introduction
 Permanent Settlement was implemented in Bengal ,Bihar ,Orisaa ,Benares and
Northern part of Tamil Nadu .
 Initialy ,the settlement was made for ten years in1790,but on march,1793 Lord Cornwallis
declared the settlement permanent .
• John Shore and James Grant Debate on
i. With whom was the settlement to be made ,the zamindar or the farmer ?
ii. What should be the state’s share in the produce of land ?
iii. Should the settlement be for a fixed term or permanent?

2. • Condition
i. The zamindars were made owner of the land as long as they were paying revenue.
ii. Zamindars were allowed to sell or purchase the land ,evict the peasant.
iii. Out of the collected rent, 89% went to state and the rest 11%to the zamindar .
• Merits of permanent Settlement
i. The government was assured of a fixed income from land revenue .
ii. The company was saved from the expenses of periodical assessment and settlement .
iii. The settlement proved advantageous to zamindar in the long run .
iv. It create a class of loyal people for British rule .

3. Demerits of the settlement
i. New zamindars in the rural areas .
ii. New Money lenders or Mahajan .
iii. Commercialization of agriculture .
iv. The Government was deprived from extra income .
v. The government had no direct relation with the peasant.

4. Abu Toyab Sk
Thank You All.