This document discusses periodontal vaccines and their potential role in preventing periodontal disease. It provides background on periodontal disease, outlines key periodontal pathogens like Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans, and summarizes different vaccine approaches - including active immunization using whole cells/subunits/peptides, passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies or plantibodies, and genetic immunization using plasmid or viral vectors. While animal studies show promise, translating vaccine efficacy to humans and clinical use remains challenging due to the complex multifactorial nature of periodontal disease. Future research opportunities include multispecies vaccines targeting multiple pathogens and genomic approaches.
Surgical v/s Non surgical periodontal therapy Achi Joshi
Both surgical and nonsurgical therapy produced improvement in the periodontal health.
Treatment approach was based on the comfort level of the practitioner.
In the late 60’s and continuing into the 70’s and 80’s, many series of longitudinal studies were conducted, aimed to document the immediate and most importantly long term clinical results following several types of periodontal therapy.
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious inflammatory disease caused by microbes; however the presence of microbes is not enough for the cause of its complex nature of disease. Inflammation is the prime cause of periodontal disease. It commences with the aggregation of pathogenic microbes that induce the host to stimulate a cascade of inflammatory response reactions which in-turn leads to the destruction of the host tissues itself. There is a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses which fights against the pathogens by direct interaction or by release of certain molecules including cytokines.
Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma. Cytokine biology reveals that there are some subsets of cytokines which are pro-inflammatory cytokines which stimulate the inflammatory responses and cause tissue destruction.
A periodontist is expected to have a sound basis of the cytokine profile to understand the pathogenesis of periodontitis and also to discover the new treatment modality of anti-cytokine therapy.
Surgical v/s Non surgical periodontal therapy Achi Joshi
Both surgical and nonsurgical therapy produced improvement in the periodontal health.
Treatment approach was based on the comfort level of the practitioner.
In the late 60’s and continuing into the 70’s and 80’s, many series of longitudinal studies were conducted, aimed to document the immediate and most importantly long term clinical results following several types of periodontal therapy.
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious inflammatory disease caused by microbes; however the presence of microbes is not enough for the cause of its complex nature of disease. Inflammation is the prime cause of periodontal disease. It commences with the aggregation of pathogenic microbes that induce the host to stimulate a cascade of inflammatory response reactions which in-turn leads to the destruction of the host tissues itself. There is a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses which fights against the pathogens by direct interaction or by release of certain molecules including cytokines.
Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma. Cytokine biology reveals that there are some subsets of cytokines which are pro-inflammatory cytokines which stimulate the inflammatory responses and cause tissue destruction.
A periodontist is expected to have a sound basis of the cytokine profile to understand the pathogenesis of periodontitis and also to discover the new treatment modality of anti-cytokine therapy.
Influence of systemic disorders on periodontal diseases is well established. However, of growing interest is the effect of periodontal diseases on numerous systemic diseases or conditions like cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, pre-term low birth weight babies, preeclampsia, respiratory infections and others including osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, erectile dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, gastrointestinal disease, prostatitis, renal diseases, which has also been scientifically validated. This side of the oral-systemic link has been termed Periodontal Medicine and is potentially of great public health significance, as periodontal disease is largely preventable and in many instances readily treatable, hence, providing many new opportunities for preventing and improving prognosis of several systemic pathologic conditions. in this power point Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , highlights the importance of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases as an essential part of preventive medicine to circumvent its deleterious effects on general health.
Non Surgical Periodontal Therapy by Dr Santosh Martandesantoshmds
Review and Essay Material on Non Surgical Periodontal Therapy. Illustrative Contents for proper presentation on all aspects of NSPT. The Presentation helps in drafting A to Z of NSPT. Readers are encouraged to add newer studies and ideas under each aspect of NSPT.
Local drug delivery is simple to use and may conceivably in the future be delivered by the patients themselves, hence can be used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque removal.
Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes and is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacterium. It forms black colonies on blood agar.
It is found in the oral cavity, where it is implicated in certain forms of periodontal disease, as well as in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the colon. It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis. Collagen degradation observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the collagenase enzymes of this species. It has been shown in an in vitro study that P. gingivalis can invade human gingival fibroblasts and can survive in them in the presence of considerable concentrations of antibiotics.P. gingivalis also invades gingival epithelial cells in high numbers, in which cases both bacteria and epithelial cells survive for extended periods of time. High levels of specific antibodies can be detected in patients harboring P. gingivalis. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , explains the various enzymes enzyme peptidyl-arginine deiminase, which is involved in citrullination.[4] Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have an increased incidence of periodontal disease, and antibodies against the bacterium are significantly more common in these patients.
P. gingivalis is divided into K-serotypes based upon capsular antigenicity of the various types.
Dental Caries Vaccine
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Virulent components of S. mutans
3. Colonization mechanism of S. mutans
4. What are vaccines
5. Types of vaccines
6. Caries vaccine
7. Specific target of caries vaccine
8. History
9. Mechanism of action of caries vaccine
10. Types of caries vaccine
11. Adjuvants & delivery system
12. Routes of immunization
13. Appropriate timing for immunization
14. Advantages & disadvantages
15. Conclusion
Influence of systemic disorders on periodontal diseases is well established. However, of growing interest is the effect of periodontal diseases on numerous systemic diseases or conditions like cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, pre-term low birth weight babies, preeclampsia, respiratory infections and others including osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, erectile dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, gastrointestinal disease, prostatitis, renal diseases, which has also been scientifically validated. This side of the oral-systemic link has been termed Periodontal Medicine and is potentially of great public health significance, as periodontal disease is largely preventable and in many instances readily treatable, hence, providing many new opportunities for preventing and improving prognosis of several systemic pathologic conditions. in this power point Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , highlights the importance of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases as an essential part of preventive medicine to circumvent its deleterious effects on general health.
Non Surgical Periodontal Therapy by Dr Santosh Martandesantoshmds
Review and Essay Material on Non Surgical Periodontal Therapy. Illustrative Contents for proper presentation on all aspects of NSPT. The Presentation helps in drafting A to Z of NSPT. Readers are encouraged to add newer studies and ideas under each aspect of NSPT.
Local drug delivery is simple to use and may conceivably in the future be delivered by the patients themselves, hence can be used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque removal.
Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes and is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacterium. It forms black colonies on blood agar.
It is found in the oral cavity, where it is implicated in certain forms of periodontal disease, as well as in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the colon. It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis. Collagen degradation observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the collagenase enzymes of this species. It has been shown in an in vitro study that P. gingivalis can invade human gingival fibroblasts and can survive in them in the presence of considerable concentrations of antibiotics.P. gingivalis also invades gingival epithelial cells in high numbers, in which cases both bacteria and epithelial cells survive for extended periods of time. High levels of specific antibodies can be detected in patients harboring P. gingivalis. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , explains the various enzymes enzyme peptidyl-arginine deiminase, which is involved in citrullination.[4] Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have an increased incidence of periodontal disease, and antibodies against the bacterium are significantly more common in these patients.
P. gingivalis is divided into K-serotypes based upon capsular antigenicity of the various types.
Dental Caries Vaccine
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Virulent components of S. mutans
3. Colonization mechanism of S. mutans
4. What are vaccines
5. Types of vaccines
6. Caries vaccine
7. Specific target of caries vaccine
8. History
9. Mechanism of action of caries vaccine
10. Types of caries vaccine
11. Adjuvants & delivery system
12. Routes of immunization
13. Appropriate timing for immunization
14. Advantages & disadvantages
15. Conclusion
Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socioculturally readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc. Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases. There is growing acceptance of transgenic crops in both industrial and developing countries. Resistance to genetically modified foods may affect the future of edible vaccines. They have passed the major hurdles in the path of an emerging vaccine technology. Various technical obstacles, regulatory and non-scientific challenges, though all seem surmountable, need to be overcome. This review attempts to discuss the current status and future of this new preventive modality.
Edible Vaccine involves introduction of selected desired genes into plant and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the altered protein.
These types of vaccines are antigenic proteins that are genetically engineered into a consumable crop. The strategy is that the plant food product haves the protein witch is obtained from some disease causing pathogen. People eat the plant food, the food is digested
Synopsis
Introduction
History
Definition
Need for edible vaccine
Plants normally used for production of
edible vaccine
Production
Mode of application
Advantages
Disadvantages
Application
Conclusion
References
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Contents
Introduction
Basics Of Vaccination
History of periodontal
vaccines
Indications
Porphyromonas
gingivalis as a target
A.actinomycetemcomita
ns as a target
Mechanism of Action
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Genetic immunization
Advantages
Limitations
Future research
Conclusion
References
3. Introduction
Periodontitis is defined as ‘an inflammatory disease of the
supporting tissues of teeth caused by specific
microorganisms or group of microorganisms resulting in
progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and
alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession or both .
Caranzza’s clinical Periodontology, 10th (Edn.)
4. Current concept of etiopathogenesis include:
1. Host associated factors,
2. Genetic predisposition,
3. Immune system dysfunction and
4. Environmental factors, such as the presence of virulent
periodontal pathogens (bacteria or viruses) in the form
of dental biofilm.
5. So to arrest or prevent the progression of periodontal
disease it will include combination approaches
Periodontal pathogens associated with periodontitis
predominantly are gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria
namely P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans T.
denticola and T. forsythus etc. Happy et al 2013
host immune
modulation
pathogen-specific
approaches
6. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have
led to the development of new strategies for vaccines
against many types of infectious diseases.
It has long been recognized that individuals who
recovered from a disease developed subsequent
resistance to the same. Kudyar, et al 2011
7. Thus, various immunization approaches both as active
and passive immunization, against periodontal
pathogens have been explored either using the whole
organism or specific virulence factors.
8. Basics Of Vaccination
Vaccine is a material that induces an immunologically
mediated resistance to a disease . Vaccines are generally
composed of killed or attenuated organism or subunits of
organism or DNA encoding antigenic proteins of
pathogens. Thomas et al 2015
9. Vaccination is the development of immunity or
resistance to infection, after a secondary response that is
adequate to consider the individual immune to a
subsequent infection. Kundyar et al 2011
Louis Pasteur, in 1881- the first vaccine against rabies,
and established the basic paradigm for vaccine
development, ie
isolation inactivation
injection of the
causative
microorganism
10. Foremost step in vaccine development:
• Identification of an antigenic component from various
organisms that can provide immune protection, and
mostly the target is on the Antigens of infectious
pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Kudyar et al 2011
Types of vaccination:
I. Active immunization
II. Passive immunization
III. DNA vaccination
11. Active immunization: Here, an individual immune
system is stimulated by administrating killed or live
attenuated products derived from micro-organisms.
12. Passive immunization : Here, the antibodies formed in
one individual are transferred to another.
13. DNA vaccination : Here, DNA plasmids encoding genes
required for antigen production are transferred to an
individual.
14. Characteristics of an effective vaccine
Safety Protectivity
The ability to provide
sustained protection
The ability to produce
neutralizing antibodies
Stimulation of
protective t-cells.
Pearl Bhardwaj. Periodontal Vaccine-Armour against Periodontitis. J Dental Sci 2019, 4(4):
15. Practical considerations like
• Cost-effectiveness
• Biological stability
• Access
• Minimum contraindications and side effects
16. History of periodontal vaccines
In the early twentieth century, three periodontal vaccines
were employed :
• Pure cultures of streptococcus and other organisms
• Autogenous vaccines
• Stock vaccines Thomas G, et al 2015
Examples include Vancott’s vaccine and Inava endocarp
vaccine.
17. Primary role -to eradicate the global periodontal disease
burden with the ultimate purpose of lowering periodontal
disease associated morbidity in humans.
The vaccine effect should be seen
Help in
maintaining oral
health
maximize retention
of the natural
dentition
minimizing the need for
prosthetic or implant
restorations
Choi et al 2010
18. Indications
i. Patients with severe periodontal disease with loss of bone
and teeth,
ii. Inflammation and association with oral bacterial infection
below gum line and
iii. In exacerbated diabetes and cardiovascular disease
19. Porphyromonas gingivalis as a target
P. gingivalis has been implicated as a major periodonto-
pathogen in human periodontitis through variety of survival
strategies enabling it to evade host defence mechanisms.
Virulence components of the bacterial cell include
cysteine proteases
Fimbriae
capsular polysaccharide
lipopolysaccharide, and
outer membrane vesicles
Sundqvist et al 1993
20. Gingipains describe cysteine proteases (major
pathogenic part) P. gingivalis and can be grouped into:
Gingipains R (RgpA and RgpB): cleaves proteins at
arginine residues
Gingipain K (porphypain 2, Kgp): cleaves proteins at lysine
residue.(Happy et al 2013)
Both RgpA and Kgp (but not RgpB) have a hemagglutinin
domain that is essential for the adherence to erythrocytes .
21. While the catalytic domain (in RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp)
plays an important role in the evasion of the host
defense system by degrading immunoglobulins and
complement proteins and by disturbing the functions of
neutrophils.
The two major colonization factors of P. gingivalis are
coaggregation factor (outer membrane proteins OMPs)
& hemagglutinins. Happy et al 2013
22. A.actinomycetemcomitans as a target
A. actinomycetemcomitans is considered another important
pathogen in human periodontal disease, especially in the
localized form of aggressive periodontitis.
Harano et al.1995 prepared an antiserum against a synthetic
fimbrial peptide of A. actinomycetemcomitans and found
that it blocked the adhesion of the organism to saliva-
coated hydroxyapatite beads, to buccal epithelial cells, and
to a fibroblast cell line.
23. Also, subcutaneous and intranasal immunization of mice with
capsular serotype b-specific polysaccharide antigen of A.
actinomycetemcomitans resulted in a specific antibody that
efficiently opsonized the organism.
Mice immunized with antisurface associated material from
A. actinomycetemcomitans exhibited a rise in protective
antibody levels acting as an opsonin. Hermlnajeng et al 2001
24. Mechanism of Action
a) Active Immunization
I. Whole bacterial cells
II. Subunit vaccines
III. Synthetic peptides as
antigens
b) Passive Immunization
I. Murine monoclonal
antibodies
II. Plantibodies
c) Genetic Immunization
I. Plasmid vaccines
II. Live, viral vector
vaccines
25. Active Immunization
Whole cells:
Here, the entire cell with its
components is inoculated into a host to
bring about active immunization.
Klausen; 1991 have shown that when
rats immunized with P. gingivalis cells
to both whole cells and partially
purified fimbriae
serum
antibodies
collagenase
and cysteine
proteinases
26. Kesavalu; 1992 observed protection against invasion in mouse
chamber model, but the immune response to whole cells or
selected envelope component did not completely abrogate
lesions, but eliminated mortality.
27. Sub unit vaccines:
In this type, a part of the bacterial cell is used for
immunization. Either the outer component or the
fimbriae is used.
Evans; 1992 reported that immunization with highly
purified P. gingivalis fimbrial preparations as well as
whole cells and soluble antigens of P. gingivalis
protected against periodontal destruction induced by P.
gingivalis in gnotobiotic rats.
28. Bird; 1995 showed that immunization of experimental
animals with an outer membrane preparation isolated
from P. gingivalis induces elevated levels of specific
antibody and provides protection against the progression
of periodontal disease.
29. Synthetic peptides:
These require synthesis of linear and branched polymers of
3-10 amino acids based on the known sequences of
microbial antigens. Such peptides are weakly
immunogenic by themselves and need to be coupled to
large proteins to induce antibody response.
Two ways to develop:
• By deduction of the protein sequence of microbial antigens
from RNA sequence data.
• By testing overlapping peptides and by mutational analysis.
30. Advantages of synthetic peptide are:
• Safe
• Cheap
• Easy to store and handle
• Ideally suited for specific targeting, which is not possible
with classical vaccines.
Genco; 1992 found that synthetic peptides based on the
protein structure of fimbrillin inhibit the adhesion of Pg
to saliva-coated hydroxyapetite crystals in vitro.
31. Passive Immunization
Murine monoclonal antibodies:
In this, the antibodies are obtained by inoculating the
antigens into mice. These antigens are then injected into the
host that brings about passive immunization. Gupta et al
1996
Booth; 1996 developed it for P. gingivalis, that prevented
recolonization of deep pockets by this pathogen in
periodontitis patients.
32.
33. Plantibodies:
A recent approach for vaccination strategies is molecular
biological techniques to express bacterial or viral antigens in
plants, which could be used as orally administered vaccines
European journal of plant pathology. 1992;98.
34. Ma; 2000, characterized a secretory IgG antibody
against Streptococcus mutans produced in transgenic
plants.
Advantages:
• Higher stability
• Higher degree of functionality and
• Protection against colonization by S mutans.
35. Genetic immunization
The strategy of Genetic immunization involves genetic
engineering or recombinant DNA technology.(early 1990’s)
There are two types:
• Plasmid vaccines
• Live, viral vector vaccines
36. Plasmid vaccines:
DNA does not have the ability to grow, whereas
plasmids have the ability to grow.
Disadvantages - in some cases it may lead to
oncogenesis.
Plasmids
DNA of a
particular
pathogen
antibodies Immunization
(host)
(Fused &
inoculated in
animal)
37.
38. Live, viral vector vaccines:
A variety of infectious but nondisease causing DNA or
RNA viruses or bacteria have been engineered to
express the proteins of a disease-producing organism.
The vector enters the body cells where the proteins are
generated and then induce humoral or cellular immune
responses. Barry et al 1997
39. Methods of DNA vaccine administration
• Intranasal
• Intramuscular
• Gene gun
Advantages of DNA vaccines
• The ease of manufacture
• Stable by nature
• Simple
40. Advantages
1. Current management options inadequate for many
2. Current disease prevention options inadequate for most
3. Nonexistence of equivalent technology for periodontal
disease control or prevention.
41. Limitations
Multi factorial and complex nature of periodontal disease.
Maintaning adequate antibody levels for longer periods.
Vaccine contamination.
To stimulate helper T-cell polarization that exerts cytokine
functions optimal for protection against bacteria and tissue
destruction.
Toxic reactions to inactivated whole vaccines.
Kudyar et al 2011.Periodontal Vaccine:A dream or reality, Journal of Indian Society
of Periodontology 15: 115-120.
42. Numerous invitro studies and those undertaken in
animal models have proved beyond doubt the efficacy of
these vaccines.
Translation of similar results in humans and their
subsequent application in clinical scenarios is the
daunting next step in the field of periodontal
vaccination.
Future research
43. The new approach of the genomic era, to develop
vaccines starting from the genomic information rather
than growing the causative microorganism has expanded
in order to include multi-representatives of the same
species.
And this pan-genome approach has shown tremendous
potential for making vaccines that once might have been
impossible to design.
44. Conclusion
The current treatment of periodontitis is nonspecific and is
centered on the removal of subgingival plaque by
mechanical debridement.
And it is costly, painful and has variable prognosis, in part
due to poor compliance of the patients.
45. So the development of multispecies vaccine that is able
to target all four prime bacterial species, which have
been implicated in the development of periodontitis,
may be more successful than a vaccine against a single
species.
46. References:
Kudyar, et al.: Periodontal vaccine, Journal of Indian
Society of Periodontology - Vol 15, Issue 2, Apr-Jun
2011.
Kaur Rk: Periodontal Vaccine: A New Horizon , Int J
Dent Med Res ; Nov - Dec 2014 ,Vol 1 ,Issue 4
Pearl Bhardwaj. Periodontal Vaccine-Armour against
Periodontitis. J Dental Sci 2019, 4(4):
47. Daisy H et al ;Periodontal Vaccines , Journal of Dental
& Allied Sciences 2013;2(1)21-23
Gupta And Deepa: Periodontal Vaccines-new Vista,
2016 ;Journal Of Current Research In Scientific
Medicine.