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Daniel Austin 
GRIN Technologies, Inc. 
“The Connected Life Company” 
daniel.austin@grintech.net 
V1.1
Getting Started With Web Performance 
• Upcoming Title Change: 
“The Definitive Guide to Web Performance” 
• Pre-release available now 
• First 4 Chapters online at OReilly.com 
• Full release in Dec. 2014
Today’s Talk: Questions 
Q: What Does Performance Mean? 
Q: What Do ‘Fast’ and ‘Slow’ Mean? 
Q: How Fast is Fast Enough?
The MPPC Model of Web Performance 
T1 = Network Connection T2 = Server Duration T3 = Network Transport T4 = Client Processing
The User Time 
Source: “The Economic Value of Rapid Response Time” Doherty & Thadani 1982, IBM Research
The Layer 8 Hypothesis 
You are a Node on the Internet! 
• The Internet Connects People, 
Not Computers 
• Humans are Machines that Turn 
Data into Information
Hi, What’s Your Bandwidth? 
Source: “The User Illusion” Tor Norretranders
Optical Transmission: MK1 Eyeball 
• Human Visual Bandwidth ~ 8.75 MBPS 
• Not a Simple Digital System!
The NeoCortical Visual Stack 
Thus just ~100 ms after image photons impinge on the retina, a first wave of image-selective neuronal activity 
is present throughout much of The Inferior Temporal lobe… 
“How does the brain solve visual object recognition?” Dicarlo, et al Neuron. Feb 9, 2012; 73(3): 415–434
Grokking isn’t the Same as Seeing 
• THuman = TP+TC+TM 
• ~ 100ms to identify distinct objects 
• ~ 150ms to respond 
• => 250ms User ‘think time’ 
Perceptual 
Processor 
Cognitive 
Processor 
• 10x variability 
Motor 
Processor 
TP ~ 100 ms [50-200ms] 
TC ~ 70ms [30-100ms] 
TM ~ 70ms [25-170ms] 
Source: MIT/CSAIL
Cognitive Processing: Choice Response Times 
• When faced with N 
choices, users will take 
O(log N) cycles to process 
the data and respond. 
(Hick-Hyman Law) 
• This also means that users 
can process additional 
tasks in constant time
Fitt’s Law and the Web 
• The motor processing time TM is related to the 
size and apparent distance of the object on 
the display and is limited by accuracy
Fitt’s Law and Mobile Devices 
• Implications for RWD 
• Size of UI objects on small screens limits accuracy 
• May require qualitative redesign for human motor 
limitations 
• Wearables and small devices are near the point of 
minimum usability for visual interaction 
• Are recent increases in mobile phone sizes an 
accommodation to Fitt’s Law?
Test Your Own Response Time 
• Best Scores: ~100-200ms 
• Try it yourself 
http://www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime
The Practice Effect 
Can you optimize your own response time? 
Yes, up to a point. 
The Power Law of Practice indicates that 
the time required to do a task the nth time 
declines exponentially and then stabilizes. 
Tn = T1*n-a with a ~ 0.2-0.6
Browsing Fast and Slow 
Fast 
THuman > TSystem 
The system waits on the user 
Slow 
THuman < TSystem 
The user waits on the system
Is 100ms ‘Fast Enough’? 
• In most cases, THuman > 100ms 
• But users are sensitive to changes ~ 30ms 
• Client processing adds additional time 
• User tasks often involve more than one response 
step
It’s Fast Enough When… 
…It Takes YOU Longer to Process the 
Information… 
…Than It Takes to Deliver It.
When It’s Fast Enough, Then What? 
• Make it fast for everyone 
• Then you can try adding more stuff to the page! 
But not until then! 
• Technologies are becoming available more quickly 
than we can optimize them
Summing Up: How Fast is Fast Enough? 
It’s Fast Enough When You are Waiting on Your Users, 
Not Making Them Wait for You! 
Human Mental Processing is Parameterized by ~100ms 
Response Times 
We Can’t Expect the Web to Achieve TV-level Response 
Times 
Ultimately, Performance Is About Respect.
Daniel Austin 
GRIN Technologies, Inc. 
“The Connected Life Company” 
daniel.austin@grintech.net 
V1.1 
@daniel_b_austin 
@GRINTechInc

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Performance: How Fast is Fast Enough?

  • 1. Daniel Austin GRIN Technologies, Inc. “The Connected Life Company” daniel.austin@grintech.net V1.1
  • 2. Getting Started With Web Performance • Upcoming Title Change: “The Definitive Guide to Web Performance” • Pre-release available now • First 4 Chapters online at OReilly.com • Full release in Dec. 2014
  • 3. Today’s Talk: Questions Q: What Does Performance Mean? Q: What Do ‘Fast’ and ‘Slow’ Mean? Q: How Fast is Fast Enough?
  • 4. The MPPC Model of Web Performance T1 = Network Connection T2 = Server Duration T3 = Network Transport T4 = Client Processing
  • 5. The User Time Source: “The Economic Value of Rapid Response Time” Doherty & Thadani 1982, IBM Research
  • 6. The Layer 8 Hypothesis You are a Node on the Internet! • The Internet Connects People, Not Computers • Humans are Machines that Turn Data into Information
  • 7. Hi, What’s Your Bandwidth? Source: “The User Illusion” Tor Norretranders
  • 8. Optical Transmission: MK1 Eyeball • Human Visual Bandwidth ~ 8.75 MBPS • Not a Simple Digital System!
  • 9. The NeoCortical Visual Stack Thus just ~100 ms after image photons impinge on the retina, a first wave of image-selective neuronal activity is present throughout much of The Inferior Temporal lobe… “How does the brain solve visual object recognition?” Dicarlo, et al Neuron. Feb 9, 2012; 73(3): 415–434
  • 10. Grokking isn’t the Same as Seeing • THuman = TP+TC+TM • ~ 100ms to identify distinct objects • ~ 150ms to respond • => 250ms User ‘think time’ Perceptual Processor Cognitive Processor • 10x variability Motor Processor TP ~ 100 ms [50-200ms] TC ~ 70ms [30-100ms] TM ~ 70ms [25-170ms] Source: MIT/CSAIL
  • 11. Cognitive Processing: Choice Response Times • When faced with N choices, users will take O(log N) cycles to process the data and respond. (Hick-Hyman Law) • This also means that users can process additional tasks in constant time
  • 12. Fitt’s Law and the Web • The motor processing time TM is related to the size and apparent distance of the object on the display and is limited by accuracy
  • 13. Fitt’s Law and Mobile Devices • Implications for RWD • Size of UI objects on small screens limits accuracy • May require qualitative redesign for human motor limitations • Wearables and small devices are near the point of minimum usability for visual interaction • Are recent increases in mobile phone sizes an accommodation to Fitt’s Law?
  • 14. Test Your Own Response Time • Best Scores: ~100-200ms • Try it yourself http://www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime
  • 15. The Practice Effect Can you optimize your own response time? Yes, up to a point. The Power Law of Practice indicates that the time required to do a task the nth time declines exponentially and then stabilizes. Tn = T1*n-a with a ~ 0.2-0.6
  • 16. Browsing Fast and Slow Fast THuman > TSystem The system waits on the user Slow THuman < TSystem The user waits on the system
  • 17. Is 100ms ‘Fast Enough’? • In most cases, THuman > 100ms • But users are sensitive to changes ~ 30ms • Client processing adds additional time • User tasks often involve more than one response step
  • 18. It’s Fast Enough When… …It Takes YOU Longer to Process the Information… …Than It Takes to Deliver It.
  • 19. When It’s Fast Enough, Then What? • Make it fast for everyone • Then you can try adding more stuff to the page! But not until then! • Technologies are becoming available more quickly than we can optimize them
  • 20. Summing Up: How Fast is Fast Enough? It’s Fast Enough When You are Waiting on Your Users, Not Making Them Wait for You! Human Mental Processing is Parameterized by ~100ms Response Times We Can’t Expect the Web to Achieve TV-level Response Times Ultimately, Performance Is About Respect.
  • 21. Daniel Austin GRIN Technologies, Inc. “The Connected Life Company” daniel.austin@grintech.net V1.1 @daniel_b_austin @GRINTechInc

Editor's Notes

  1. Primary means of transmission: mk1 eyeball
  2. Guys, this will only work in Silicon Valley.