Perception

1. PERCEPTIONS

2. PERCEPTIONS
- Defined as the cognitive process
by which an individual selects,
organizes, and gives meaning to
environmental stimuli.

3. *PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
*PERCEPTUAL GROUPING

4. THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS: An Individual Interpretation

5. LAWS OF PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
• The law of nearness – all other things being equal that are near each other
tend to be grouped together.
• The law of similarity – stimuli that are similar in size, color, shape, or form
tend to be grouped together.
• The law of closure – the tendency to complete a figure, so that it has a
consistent overall form.
• The law of figure and ground – the tendency to group sensations into figures
and backgrounds.

6. LAW OF NEARNESS
LAW OF SIMILARITY LAW OF CLOSURE
O O O O O
X X X X X
O O O O O
X X X X X
LAW OF FIGURE AND GROUND

7. SCHEMAS:
Person-based
Role-based
Self-based
Events-based

8. TRANSLATIONS:
 Stereotyping
 Selective and Divided Attention
 Halo Effect
 Similar-to-Me Errors
 Situational Factors
 Needs and Desires

9. STEREOTYPING
- a translation step in the perceptual
process that people use to classify or
categorize events, people, or situations.

10. SELECTIVE and DIVIDED ATTENTION
- Refers to the fact that people give some
messages priority and put other on hold.

11. HALO EFFECT
- it occurs when a person allows one
important factor or characteristic to bias
his or her view, impression, or
evaluation.

12. SIMILAR-to-ME ERRORS
- using yourself as a benchmark against
which others are judged.

13. -There are things
known and there are
things unknown, and in
between are the doors
of PERCEPTION.
-Aldous Huxley