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- 1. Proven, Patented, Environmentally Friendly Technology
- 2. HydroPATH Technology •HydroPATH solutions for: Limescale treatment Bacteria elimination Filtration enhancement Corrosion reduction •Without Chemicals •Models range from domestic to large commercial 1m
- 3. HydroPATH Technology In Action Around the World
- 4. The Benefits of HydroPATH Technology •Prevention of Limescale Increased cooling efficiency Lower maintenance costs •Elimination of bacteria and algae Prevention of biofouling No biocides required •Enhancement of filtration Flocculation Reduction in backwashing •Reduction of corrosion
- 5. Limescale crystals Pipe / Metal surface •Calcium and Magnesium salts dissolved in water • Form a hard mass of crystals on the rough surfaces of equipment and pipes crystals at 200 times magnification
- 6. Limescale •Reduces heater efficiency •Reduces water flow •Causes blockages, leaks and damage •Can paralyse entire factories •Requires the use of expensive chemicals
- 7. When does Scale Form? •Calcium and bicarbonate dissolved in water •Water becomes super-saturated when Temperature increases or pressure decreases •Ions precipitate as calcium carbonate: limescale Ca Calcium (HCO3)2 Bicarbonate CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate CO2 Carbon Dioxide H2O H2O Water
- 8. Cooling Towers •Power station Cooling towers •Energy from power station heats the water •Water is sprayed to cool it •Pressure decrease •Limescale
- 9. Cooling Towers •Power station Cooling towers Pressure decrease •Energy from power station heats the water •Water is sprayed to cool it •Pressure decrease •Limescale Heat from power station Heat increase
- 10. Prevention of Scale •HydroPATH induces an electric field so scale does not form on the pipe •Instead, scale forms in the water and is washed away
- 11. The HydroPATH Signal •The HydroPATH signal is a decaying sine oscillation •Around 120 kHz •Pulse separation time varies to work in a range of situations Electric current travels along whole pipe •Extremely low power (Less than 20W)
- 12. Other Technologies: Magnetic Magnetic fields (not Electric Fields) •Very weak ( E = c B ) •Depends on flow rate (no flow, no protection) •Collect magnetic particles and clog pipe •Local (point protection only)
- 13. HydroPATH Technology: Electric HydroPATH: Induced Electric Field Electric field induced along length of pipe •Stronger effect than magnetic field •AC – back and forth motion •Present all through plumbing system, 24hrs a day •Independent of flow
- 14. The HydroPATH Signal How do we get a signal into the pipe? Transformer •AC current in primary circuit •Magnetic field through ferrite •AC current in secondary circuit
- 15. The HydroPATH Signal •The HydroPATH electric field is induced into the water •The signal travels all through the plumbing system •Does not depend on water flow
- 16. Calcite Cluster Formation •The HydroPATH signal encourages the ions to form clusters •These clusters then become seed crystals •Crystals much prefer to form on existing crystals •Further crystalisation occurs on these seeds
- 17. Seed Crystals •Crystals need a start point to form (a nucleation site) •Crystals prefer to form on existing crystals •No existing crystal: crystals form all along string •Existing crystal: will grow rather than form new crystals
- 18. Prevention of Scale Without HydroPATH With HydroPATH
- 19. Prevention of Scale Without HydroPATH With HydroPATH •Sugar Production: juice heated in exchangers •Rapid limescale build-up reduces heater efficiency •Each heat exchanger lasted only 6 hours before cleaning •With HydroPATH the heat exchanger remains clear
- 20. Dissolving Existing Scale •Crystals form H2O •Creates Carbon Dioxide Ca + (HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O •Dissolves existing scale To dissolve scale, HydroPATH requires Hard Water Feed
- 21. Dissolving Existing Scale Before After
- 22. Dissolving Existing Scale Plate exchanger 1. Before 3. After one month 2. Before – AFTER CLEANING! 4. After eight months
- 23. HydroPATH prevents scale Without chemicals Without changing composition of the water HydroPATH dissolves existing scale Carbon dioxide created as crystals are formed Requires Hard water feed
- 24. Osmosis and Bacteria •Semi-permeable membrane: passes water, •Bacteria cell: semi-permeable membrane but not salt. •In distilled water, water flows into bacteria •Water flows from dilute to concentrated region •Bacteria becomes “too dilute”, dies, bursts •(kills even “freshwater” bacteria) H2O Cl Cl Na H2O H2O Cl Na Na Na H2O Na Cl Na Cl Cl Cl Na Semi-permeable membrane
- 25. HydroPATH and Bacteria •Consider bacteria in salt water •HydroPATH charges bacteria, creating a wetting layer •Layer of very pure water around Cl Cl bacteria Na Cl •Osmosis forces water into bacteria •Bacteria dies Na Na Cl Na Na Na Cl Cl Na Cl
- 26. •HydroPATH eliminates bacteria •Bacteria are killed by osmosis •No chemicals or disinfectants required
- 27. Biofilms and Biofouling •Why are bacteria important in an industrial context? •Fowling by bacteria leads to fouling by larger organisms Without HydroPATH •Bacteria cling to surface of pipe
- 28. Biofilms and Biofouling Without HydroPATH •Bacteria cling to surface of pipe •Forms a Layer known as biofilm
- 29. Biofilms and Biofouling Without HydroPATH •Larger “macrofoulers” attach in biofilm •Includes Larvae
- 30. Biofilms and Biofouling Without HydroPATH •Biofilm protects larvae •Larvae grow and hatch into limpets, barnacles, etc.
- 31. HydroPATH, Biofilms and Biofouling With HydroPATH •HydroPATH signal charges bacteria, creating wetting layer •Osmosis causes bacteria to swell and die
- 32. HydroPATH, Biofilms and Biofouling With HydroPATH •No bacteria means no biofilm •Larvae and macrofoulers cannot attach •Washed away by flow •Pipe remains unfouled
- 33. •HydroPATH prevents the formation of biofilm •Biofilm required by macrofoulers •HydroPATH prevents fouling by larger organisms
- 34. Enhancement of Filtration •Flocculation •Clump to form larger “flock” •Filter removes smaller particles •Particles sit on surface of filter: easier to remove •Can reduce the frequency and duration of filter backwashing •Save on make-up water and effluent Without HydroPATH With HydroPATH charges – no chemicals
- 35. Enhancement of Filtration HydroPATH unit Filter Pump Particles become Turbulence mixes up Filter charged particles; flock formed removes flock •Particles charged by HydroPATH unit •Turbulence mixes them – positively and negatively charged meet •Clump to form larger “flock” •No chemicals required
- 36. Enhancement of Filtration •Banham Zoo, UK •Seals removed from tank for 1 day per week for cleaning and water replacement •Unhappy children! •After HydroPATH: 66% reduction in pool down time
- 37. Reduction of Corrosion •Skin effect: AC current flows along outside of the pipe •Reduced current on inner pipe walls •Reduced corrosion •Magnetite layer is formed on existing corrosion and prevents further corrosion.
- 38. Reduction of Corrosion •Skin effect: AC current flows along outside of the pipe •Reduced current on inner pipe walls •Reduced corrosion •Magnetite layer is formed on existing corrosion and prevents further corrosion.
- 39. Reduction of Corrosion •Royal Scientific Society of Jordan •Jordan Steel company •Coupons placed to measure scaling and corrosion •HydroPATH reduces corrosion to around 1/3
- 40. Reduction of Corrosion Royal Scientific Society of Jordan Conclusion: • Sulphate Reducing Bacteria SRB Reduced from 19 to 7.08 • Corrosion Chemical 15 mpy vs hydropath 6.9 • Scale coupons Scaling negligible Conclusion: HydroPATH Technology can be recommended as a replacement of chemical corrosion protection
- 41. HydroPATH Tecnology Around the World Power Station Cooling Towers Cement Company Seawater Cooling
- 42. Limescale Filtration Cooling Towers Biofouling Corrosion
- 43. Limescale – Biofouling – Filtration - Corrosion Improves efficiency Reduces maintenance Less plant downtime Environmentally friendly Without Chemicals