The document provides an overview of the human brain, including its main parts, protective coverings, and functions. It discusses the brain's structure, such as the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum, and describes various lobes and deeper structures along with their roles. Additionally, the document touches on blood supply to the brain and common brain diseases.

1. The
Human
BRAIN
Sofia Ysabel A. Valenzuela | Sciences 3A

3. BUTTERFLY SONG
Butterfly, butterfly
Where are you going?
Out in a garden
Dancing, dancing
Pretty, pretty butterfly
Lonely, lonely butterfly
Pretty, pretty butterfly
Lonely, lonely butterfly

4. The
Human
BRAIN
Sofia Ysabel A. Valenzuela | Sciences 3A

5. Introduction Main Parts
Brain Coverings
Deeper Structures
01 02 Main Parts of the Brain and
Their Functions
03 The three layers of protective
covering called meninges 04
Deeper structures within
the brain
LESSON OUTLINE
What is brain, what is brain
made of and how does the brain
works
Lobes
05
Lobes of the brain and what
they control
Blood supply
06 Two sets of blood vessels supply
blood and oxygen to the brain

6. Introduction
01
What is brain, what is brain made of and how does the
brain work

7. Brain
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought,
memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing,
temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our
body. Together, the brain and spinal cord that extends from
it make up the central nervous system, or CNS

8. What is the brain made of?
Weighing
about 3
pounds in the
average adult
60% Fat
Combination of
water, protein,
carbohydrates
and salts
40%
NOTE: The brain itself is a not a muscle.

9. What is the gray matter and
white matter?
Each region serves a different role. Gray matter is primarily responsible for
processing and interpreting information, while white matter transmits that
information to other parts of the nervous system.

10. How does the brain work?
The brain sends and receives chemical and electrical
signals throughout the body. Different signals control
different processes, and your brain interprets each. Some
make you feel tired, for example, while others make you
feel pain.
Some messages are kept within the brain, while others are
relayed through the spine and across the body’s vast
network of nerves to distant extremities. To do this, the
central nervous system relies on billions of neurons (nerve
cells).

11. FACT MYTH
BRAIN CANNOT FEEL PAIN ITSELF.

12. Main Parts
02
Main Parts of the Brain and Their Functions

13. At a high level,
the brain can
be divided into
the cerebrum,
brainstem and
cerebellum.

14. 1Cerebrum
The cerebrum (front of brain)
comprises gray matter (the
cerebral cortex) and white matter
at its center. The largest part of
the brain, the cerebrum initiates
and coordinates movement and
regulates temperature.
Cerebral cortex →

15. CEREBRAL CORTEX
The cerebral cortex is divided into two halves, or hemispheres. It is
covered with ridges (gyri) and folds (sulci). The two halves join at a
large, deep sulcus that runs from the front of the head to the back.

16. 2Brainstem
The brainstem (middle of brain)
connects the cerebrum with the
spinal cord. The brainstem
includes the midbrain, the pons
and the medulla.
Midbrain, pons and medulla →

17. MIDBRAIN, PONS & MEDULLA
Midbrain. Features facilitate various
functions, from hearing and movement to
calculating responses and environmental
changes.
Pons. Enable a range of activities such as
tear production, chewing, blinking, focusing
vision, balance, hearing and facial
expression.
Medulla. Regulate many bodily activities,
including heart rhythm, breathing, blood
flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

18. 3Cerebellum
The cerebellum (“little brain”) is a fist-
sized portion of the brain located at
the back of the head, below the
temporal and occipital lobes and above
the brainstem. Its function is to
coordinate voluntary muscle
movements and to maintain posture,
balance and equilibrium.

19. 03
The three layers of protective covering called meninges
Brain Coverings

20. MENINGES
Dura mater
is the thick and tough outermost layer. It
includes two layers: The periosteal layer and
the meningeal layer.
Arachnoid mater
is a thin, weblike layer of connective tissue that
does not contain nerves or blood vessels. Below
the arachnoid mater is the cerebrospinal fluid.
Pia mater
is a thin membrane that hugs the surface of
the brain and follows its contours. The pia
mater is rich with veins and arteries.

21. FACT MYTH
WE ONLY USE 10% OF OUR BRAIN.

22. Lobes
04
Lobes of the brain and what they control

23. LOBES OF THE BRAIN

24. LOBES OF THE BRAIN
Frontal lobe
The largest lobe of the brain, located
in the front of the head, the frontal
lobe is involved in personality
characteristics, decision-making and
movement.

25. LOBES OF THE BRAIN
Parietal lobe
The middle part of the brain, the
parietal lobe helps a person identify
objects and understand spatial
relationships. The parietal lobe is also
involved in interpreting pain and
touch in the body.

26. LOBES OF THE BRAIN
Temporal lobe
The sides of the brain, temporal lobes
are involved in short-term memory,
speech, musical rhythm and some
degree of smell recognition.

27. LOBES OF THE BRAIN
Occipital lobe
The occipital lobe is the back part of
the brain that is involved with vision.

28. FACT MYTH
YOU CAN MULTITASK EFFECTIVELY.

29. Deeper Structures
05
Deeper structures within the brain.

30. PITUITARY
GLAND
The pituitary gland governs
the function of other glands in
the body, regulating the flow of
hormones from the thyroid,
adrenals, ovaries and testicles.

31. HYPOTHALAMUS
It regulates body temperature,
synchronizes sleep patterns,
controls hunger and thirst and
also plays a role in some
aspects of memory and
emotion.

32. AMYGDALA
The amygdalae regulate
emotion and memory and are
associated with the brain’s
reward system, stress, and the
“fight or flight” response when
someone perceives a threat.

33. HIPPOCAMPUS
It supports memory, learning,
navigation and perception of
space. It receives information
from the cerebral cortex and
may play a role in Alzheimer’s
disease.

34. PINEAL GLAND
The pineal gland responds to
light and dark and secretes
melatonin, which regulates
circadian rhythms and the
sleep-wake cycle.

35. VENTRICLES &
CEREBROSPINAL
FLUID
The ventricles manufacture
cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, a
watery fluid that circulates in
and around the ventricles and
the spinal cord, and between
the meninges.

36. FACT MYTH
MEMORY WORKS LIKE A VIDEO
RECORDER.

37. 06
Two sets of blood vessels supply blood and oxygen to the brain
Blood Supply

38. Blood Supply to the Brain
Two sets of blood vessels supply blood and oxygen to the
brain: the vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries.

39. The circle of Willis, a loop of blood vessels near the bottom of
the brain that connects major arteries, circulates blood from the
front of the brain to the back and helps the arterial systems
communicate with one another.

40. CRANIAL NERVES
Cranial nerve Name Function
1 Olfactory nerve allows for your sense of smell
2 Optic nerve governs eyesight
3 Oculomotor nerve
controls pupil response and other motions of the
eye
4 Trochlear nerve nerve controls muscles in the eye
5 Trigeminal nerve
the largest and most complex of the cranial nerves,
with both sensory and motor function.
6 Abducens nerve innervates some of the muscles in the eye

41. 7 Facial nerve
supports face movement, taste, glandular and other
functions
8
Vestibulocochlear
nerve
facilitates balance and hearing
9
Glossopharyngeal
nerve
allows taste, ear and throat movement, and has
many more functions
10 Vagus nerve
allows sensation around the ear and the digestive
system and controls motor activity in the heart,
throat and digestive system
11 Accessory nerve
innervates specific muscles in the head, neck and
shoulder
12 Hypoglossal nerve supplies motor activity to the tongue

42. BRAIN
DISEASES

43. AUTOIMMUNE BRAIN DISEASES
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

44. EPILEPSY

45. INFECTIONS
MENINGITIS

46. MENTAL ILLNESS
DEPRESSION

47. NEURODEGENERATIVE BRAIN
DISEASES
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

48. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
ADHD

49. STROKE

50. TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES
CONCUSSIONS

51. TUMORS

52. LEONARDO
Da Vinci
Study the science of art. Study
the art of science. Develop
your senses- especially learn
how to see. Realize that
everything connects to
everything else.

53. Nakuha ba
class?
Ah ma’am
question
lang po…
Thank you
for
listening!