#دكتور_حاتم_البيطار #دحاتم_البيطار #timodentist 📞01005684344 💬 واتس 01202389028 Dr Hatem ElBitar د حاتم البيطار أستشاري وجراح أسنان زميل الزمالة المصرية محاضر ادارة المستشفيات ومكافحة العدوى 01005684344 #دحاتم_البيطار http://bit.ly/2xzMIlo https://64a832848a05c.site123.me/ http://drhatemelbeetar.wordpress.com timo660733705.wordpress.com https://drhatembetar.wordpress.com/

1. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺣﯾــــــﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﯾــــن‬
‫اﻟﺑﺎﺣث‬
/
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬
‫اﻟﺣﻘوق‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬
–
‫ﺷﻣس‬ ‫ﻋﯾن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬

2. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
١٨٦
-

3. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ــﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑﯾ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﺣﻣود‬
-
١٨٧
-
‫ﺗﻣﻬﯾـــــد‬
‫ﺗطور‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻫو‬ ،ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﺳﺑﯾ‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣدﯾﺛ‬ ً
‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫أﻣ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑر‬
‫وﻛل‬ ‫وﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﻣذﻫل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ‬ ‫ﺗﻌزز‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺄن‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺟﺎﺣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻛﺛﯾ‬ ‫ي‬
‫ﻧر‬ ‫ﯾوم‬
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫وﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺣﺔ‬
.
‫اﻹﺷﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻌدﯾد‬ ‫ال‬
‫ز‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣدﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫أﺛﺎرت‬ ‫وﻗد‬
‫ﻟﯾﺎﺗ‬
‫اﻟﺻﻌﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻧﺎ‬
‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺗﺻر‬ ‫ﺳوف‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻧﺎ‬
‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫وﻧظ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟدﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧو‬ ‫اﻹﺷﻛﺎﻟﯾﺎت‬
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﺔ‬
‫وزر‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌﻠق‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬
.
‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺣق‬ ً‫ا‬‫إﺳﺗﻧﺎد‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌرض‬ ‫إﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺻر‬ ‫ﺳﺑﯾل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣددة‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫ﺿ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫وﻓﻘ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﺣﻲ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﻘﺎص‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺎزل‬
.
‫ﻧ‬ ‫وﺳوف‬
‫ﺗﻧﺎول‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬
‫ـﻲ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻛﺎﻵ‬ ‫ﺑﺣث‬ ‫ﺧطﺔ‬ ‫إطﺎر‬
:
‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺣث‬
‫اﻟوﺿﻌﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ى‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬوم‬
‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
:
‫اﻟوﺿ‬ ‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ى‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
‫ﯾﻌﺎت‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﺷ‬ ‫وﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻪ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻐ‬ ‫ﻌﯾﻌﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻌر‬
‫ﯾﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
:
‫اﻟوﺿﻌﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ى‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻣﺑﺣث‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧو‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ‬
.
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﻷ‬
‫ول‬
:
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑر‬ ‫ﺑرﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻘﺗ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬
.
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
:
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷرو‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬
.

4. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
١٨٨
-
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟث‬
:
‫اﻹﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬
.
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬
:
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑر‬ ‫رﺿﺎء‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻧد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫إذن‬
.
‫اﻟﻣﺑﺣث‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬
‫ﻹﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﺎﺣﺔ‬
.
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﻷ‬
‫ول‬
:
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑر‬ ‫رﺿﺎء‬
.
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
:
‫اﻷﻫﻠﯾﺔ‬
.
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟث‬
:
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻓر‬‫و‬‫ﺗ‬
.
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
:
‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎرض‬ ‫ﻋدم‬
.
‫ﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ‬
.
‫ـﻊ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬
.

5. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ــﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑﯾ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﺣﻣود‬
-
١٨٩
-
‫ﻣﺑﺣـــث‬
‫ﺗﻣﻬﯾدي‬
‫ﻓ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬوم‬
‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟطب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫وﺗﻘﺳﯾم‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻬﯾد‬
:
‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾب‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻌد‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘدﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﺻل‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠم‬ ‫ﻗطﺎر‬ ‫ال‬
‫ز‬‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻊ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫أﻧﺗﺷرت‬‫و‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻣؤﺧ‬ ‫اﻟطب‬ ‫إﻟﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗوﺻل‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺗب‬‫ر‬‫وﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫ﻧﺣو‬
‫وﯾﺛﯾر‬
‫ﻋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧظور‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺗطور‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺷر‬ ‫ﺑﻣدي‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻌﻠق‬ ‫إﺷﻛﺎﻟﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫ﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬‫و‬
.
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺛﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻼت‬ ‫ﺑﺣث‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬
‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟطب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺻود‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫إﻻ‬
‫اﻟوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺗﻧﺎول‬ ‫ﺳوف‬ ‫وﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬
‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺑﺣث‬
‫اﻟطب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ى‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬوم‬
‫اﻻﺳﻼﻣﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬‫و‬
‫ﻣطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
.
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬ ﴿
‫اﻻول‬
﴾
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻطﻼﺣ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺟ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺻد‬
:
‫ح‬
‫اﻟﺟر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺄﺧوذ‬
،
‫ﻓﯾﻪ‬ ‫أﺛر‬ ‫إذا‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟرﺣ‬ ‫ﺟرﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎل‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻼح‬
،
‫اﻟطﻌﻧﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻠﺿ‬ ‫أﺳم‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬
،
‫اح‬
‫ر‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬‫و‬
،
‫دﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘول‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫دﺟﺎج‬
،
ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬ ‫اﺣﺎت‬
‫ر‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫وﺗﺟﻣﻊ‬
١
.
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻطﻼﺣ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬
:
‫اﻟﺑدن‬ ‫ال‬‫و‬‫أﺣ‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻧظر‬ ‫ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
،
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫ﯾﻠزﻣﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺻوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﺿﻊ‬‫و‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻔرق‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫أﻧ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﻟظﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﯾﻌرض‬
٢
.
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫وﻛﺳر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﺿم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬
:
‫اﻷ‬ ‫اﺣد‬‫و‬
‫ﻋﺿﺎء‬
،
‫وﻫو‬
)
‫اﻓر‬‫و‬ ‫ﻋظم‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﺑﻠﺣﻣﻪ‬
(
٣
،
‫ﻛذﻟك‬ ‫وﻫو‬
)
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬
‫اﻷﻧف‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟرﺟل‬‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﯾد‬
(
٤
‫ﻋﺿﯾت‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎل‬
‫ﺗﻌﺿﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺎة‬
،
‫اف‬
‫ر‬‫اﻷط‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾطﻠق‬ ‫وﻗد‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫أﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ز‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫إذا‬
٥
.

6. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
١٩٠
-
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬ ﴿
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
﴾
‫اﻟطب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾﻌرف‬
) :
‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﻋﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺣوي‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌدة‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫وظﯾﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺗؤدي‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣل‬
‫وﺗﻬﺿﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﻟطﻌﺎم‬
،
‫اﻟﻛﺑد‬ ‫وﻣﺛل‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬‫و‬
(
،
‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ذا‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬
‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬
،
‫ﻟﺗؤدي‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌرف‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫وظﯾﻔﺔ‬
،
‫اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬
)
‫اﻟﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اد‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺣدة‬ ‫أﺻﻐر‬
(
٧
.
‫ﺑﺄﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻓﻪ‬‫ر‬‫وﻋ‬
‫ﻪ‬
:
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟﺳم‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻲ‬ ‫ء‬
‫اﻟﺟز‬
‫ﻟﻠﺧطر‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺗوﻗف‬
٨
.
‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﺗزر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫وﯾطﻠق‬
‫اﻟذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﻌم‬ ‫ﻣﺳﻣﻲ‬
،
‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺋﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ي‬
‫ﺗﺟر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﺳﻣﻲ‬
‫وﯾﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻐﺎﯾر‬ ‫اﻟطﻌم‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻧس‬
‫ﻣن‬ ‫إﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻐﺎﯾر‬ ‫اﻟطﻌم‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫إﺟ‬ ‫ﻛن‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫دﻣﺎﻏﯾ‬ ‫ﻣﺗوﻓﯾن‬ ‫أﺷﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺻدر‬
،
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻋﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫وﺗﺗﻣﺛل‬
ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺷﻣل‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﺗ‬
‫اﻟز‬ ‫اﻟﻐدة‬‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺎس‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﻧﻛ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺋﺗﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺑد‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬
‫اﻷوردة‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬ ‫وﺻﻣﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻠد‬‫و‬ ‫ﻧﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻘ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌظﺎم‬ ‫ﻣن‬
.
‫ا‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫وﺗﻌد‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗوي‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﯾوﻋ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫أﺿﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﻋﺷر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻛﺛر‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﻟﻌظﺎم‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿﻼت‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻔوﻗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬
٩
.
-
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﯾم‬‫ز‬ ‫ارد‬‫و‬‫إد‬ ‫اﻫﺎ‬
‫ر‬‫أﺟ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أول‬
١٩٠٥
.
-
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫اي‬
‫ر‬‫ﻣو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ز‬‫ﺟو‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أول‬
١٩٥٤
.
-
‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أول‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻟﯾﻠﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺷﺎرد‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎس‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﻧﻛ‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬
١٩٦٦
.
-
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺎدﻓرل‬ ‫ﺗوﻣﺎس‬ ‫اﻫﺎ‬
‫ر‬‫أﺟ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺑد‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أول‬
١٩٦٧
.
-
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻧﺎرد‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﯾﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫اﻫﺎ‬
‫ر‬‫أﺟ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠب‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أول‬
١٩٦٧
.
-
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻛوﺑر‬ ‫ﺟوﯾل‬ ‫اﻫﺎ‬
‫ر‬‫أﺟ‬ ‫ﺋﺗﯾن‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻟز‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أول‬
١٩٨٣.١٠

7. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ــﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑﯾ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﺣﻣود‬
-
١٩١
-
﴿
‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬
﴾
‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺻود‬
‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫ﻌﺿو‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺻﺎص‬ ‫آﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾم‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛ‬ ‫آن‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺟل‬ ‫ﻋز‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ذﻛر‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﺗدي‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺻﺎص‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺗداء‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗوﺟب‬
.
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬
" :
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻧف‬ ‫اﻷﻧف‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾن‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻔس‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻔس‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬم‬ ‫وﻛﺗﺑﻧﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺟر‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳن‬ ‫اﻟﺳن‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷذن‬ ‫اﻷذن‬‫و‬
‫ﻗﺻﺎص‬ ‫ح‬
‫و‬
"
١١
.
‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾم‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛ‬ ‫آن‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ورد‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎ‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﻣﺷرو‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺗداوي‬ ‫ﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺻل‬‫و‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘوﻟﯾﺔ‬
،
‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻪ‬ ‫وﻟﻣﺎ‬
)
‫اﻟﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﺣﻔظ‬
(
‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎﺻد‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟذي‬
‫ﯾﻊ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﺷ‬
.
‫اﻷﺷﺧﺎص‬‫و‬ ‫ال‬‫و‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺗﻼف‬ ‫اﻟﺗداوي‬ ‫أﺣﻛﺎم‬ ‫وﺗﺧﺗﻠف‬
:
-
‫ﯾﻔﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗرﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫اﺟﺑ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻛون‬
‫أﻋﺿﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻠف‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻩ‬
‫ز‬‫ﻋﺟ‬ ‫أو‬
،
‫اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اض‬
‫ر‬‫ﻛﺎﻷﻣ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻏﯾ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﺿر‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺗﻘل‬ ‫اﻟﻣرض‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫أو‬
.
-
‫ﺗ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺑدن‬ ‫ﺿﻌف‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﯾؤدي‬ ‫ﺗرﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻧدوﺑ‬ ‫وﯾﻛون‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺑق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫ب‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
-
‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺗﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺗﯾن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ج‬
‫ﯾﻧدر‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫إذا‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺑﺎﺣ‬ ‫وﯾﻛون‬
.
-
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾﺧﺎف‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻛروﻫ‬ ‫وﯾﻛون‬
‫اد‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﺷد‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎﻋﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺣدوث‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ز‬‫إ‬
.
١٢
‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﺗﺑر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺑﯾﻊ‬ ‫أﺣﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘداﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻬﺎء‬ ‫رﻛز‬ ‫وﻗد‬
‫اﻹ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻌر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺑن‬‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟدم‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬
‫وﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻫﺗﻣﺎم‬
:
‫اﻟﺣﻧﺑﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﺑن‬ ‫ذﻛر‬
)
‫أﺧﺗﻠ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻫﻪ‬
‫أﻛر‬ ‫أﺣﻣد‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‬ ‫اﻵدﻣﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺑن‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻣﺎ‬
‫ف‬
‫ﻟﻘوﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ز‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻗﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺧ‬ ‫ﻛﻼم‬ ‫ﻓظﺎﻫر‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ز‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺻﺣﺎﺑﻧﺎ‬
"
‫ﻣﻧﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻛل‬
"
‫ﻗول‬ ‫وﻫذا‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎﻓﻌﻲ‬
،
‫ﺣﻧﯾﻔﺔ‬ ‫أﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣذﻫب‬ ‫وﻫو‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﯾم‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺣ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫أﺻﺣﺎﺑﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺟﻣﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫وذﻫب‬
،
‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺛم‬

8. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
١٩٢
-
‫ﻗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﺑن‬
" :
‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺑن‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺟﺎز‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺗﻔﻊ‬ ‫طﺎﻫر‬ ‫ﻟﺑن‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫أﺻﺢ‬ ‫اﻷول‬‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬
‫ز‬‫أﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌرض‬ ‫أﺧذ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺷﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻟظﺋر‬
.
" ..
١٣
‫اﻟﺳﺎﻟك‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬
–
‫اﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﻲ‬
-
" :
‫ﻟﺣرﻣﺗﻪ‬ ‫إﻧﺗﻬﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾت‬ ‫ﻋظﺎم‬ ‫ﻛﺳر‬ ‫إن‬
،
‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾت‬ ‫ظﻔر‬ ‫إﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺣرﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋظﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺷﺊ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﻟﺣرﻣﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻧﺗﻬﺎك‬ ‫أﺧذﻫﺎ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺗرﻣﺔ‬ ‫اء‬
‫ز‬‫اﻷﺟ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺷﻌ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬
"
.
١٤
‫اﻟﻘدﯾر‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺟﺎء‬
–
‫اﻟﺣﻧﻔﻲ‬
–
‫ﻗوﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻵدﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻛﻼﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬
:
"
‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺗذل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻛرم‬ ‫اﻵدﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﻌور‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻬﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﺋﻪ‬
‫ز‬‫أﺟ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺷﺊ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬
"
‫اﻟﻧﻔس‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺻل‬ ‫ﺑﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬
–
‫اﻟﻘﺻﺎص‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
–
" :
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺻل‬‫و‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻧس‬ ‫ﻓوت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫اف‬
‫ر‬‫اﻷط‬
‫اﻵدﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﻘﺻود‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺟﻣﺎ‬ ‫ال‬
‫ز‬‫أ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻣﺎل‬
‫وﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺗﻼف‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺣق‬ ‫وﻫو‬ ‫وﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﻹﺗﻼﻓﻪ‬ ‫اﻟدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻶدﻣﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌظﯾﻣ‬
،
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﻛﺛﯾ‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﻓرو‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺳب‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻲ‬
"
.
١٥
‫ﻗول‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻌﻲ‬‫ز‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻧز‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
" :
‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﻟو‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺣرﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫طرف‬ ‫وﺣرﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻗط‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺧص‬
‫ﯾر‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻏﯾ‬ ‫ﯾد‬ ‫ﻗطﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫إﺗﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﺧﻼف‬ ‫ﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﻗﺗل‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺧص‬
‫ﯾر‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺛم‬ ‫ﻗطﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻟو‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻪ‬
"
.
١٦
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬
–
‫اﻟﺷﺎﻓﻌﻲ‬
-
" :
‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻟﻐﯾ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻗطﻌﻪ‬ ‫وﯾﺣرم‬
‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﺟب‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﺑﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯾر‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﯾﻛن‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻣﺿط‬ ‫وﻟو‬
،
‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻏﯾ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻘطﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺣرم‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺻوم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬
"
.
١٧
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧووي‬ ‫اﻹﻣﺎم‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬
"
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺿطر‬
"
‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻘطﻊ‬ ‫أن‬
‫ﺧﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﻼ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻏﯾ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺻوم‬
،
‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﯾدﻓﻌﻪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﯾﺋ‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎءﻩ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻘطﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﯾر‬ ‫وﻟﯾس‬
‫اﻷﺻﺣﺎب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺣرﻣﯾن‬ ‫إﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ح‬
‫ﺻر‬ ‫ﺧﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿطر‬
.
١٨

9. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ــﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑﯾ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﺣﻣود‬
-
١٩٣
-
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
–
‫اﻟﺷﺎﻓﻌﻲ‬
–
‫أي‬ ‫ﻗطﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟزﻣ‬ ‫وﯾﺣرم‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬
‫ﻗطﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺿط‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻟﻐﯾ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺿﻪ‬
‫ﻹﺳﺗﺑﻘﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻗطﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﯾس‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻟﻐﯾ‬
‫اﻟﻛل‬
،
‫ﻣﻌﺻوم‬ ‫ان‬‫و‬‫ﺣﯾ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻗطﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻘطﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿطر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺣرم‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
.
١٩
‫اﻟﻣﻐﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻧﺑﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫إﺑن‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬
:
‫أﻛل‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺑﺢ‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﯾﺋ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿطر‬ ‫ﯾﺟد‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬
‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻛﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﺻول‬ ‫ﯾﺗﯾﻘن‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻗﺎﺗ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻗﺗﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬
‫آدﻣ‬
‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺳﻠﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫إﺗﻼف‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫إﺟﻣﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﻗﺗﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺑﺢ‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫اﻟدﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻘون‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺗﻼﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺑﻘﻲ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬
.
٢٠
‫وﺧﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻣذاﻫﺑﻬم‬ ‫إﺧﺗﻼف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺷ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ال‬‫و‬‫أﻗ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﻘدم‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺣدﺛون‬ ‫أﻧﻬم‬
)
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬
(
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﺑﻌﺑﺎ‬ ‫إﻟﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﺷﯾرون‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﺣﯾﺎﻧ‬
)
‫أطر‬
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫اف‬
(
‫ي‬
‫أﺧر‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﺣﯾﺎﻧ‬
،
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛﻠﻣون‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛ‬ ‫وﻧﺟدﻫم‬
)
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺑﻌض‬
(
‫ﻋرﺿﻬم‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬
‫أﻋﺿﺎءﻩ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﯾم‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺣ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ار‬
‫ر‬‫اﻹﺿط‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ‬
.
‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣرﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫أظﻔﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﻌور‬ ‫ﯾدﺧﻠون‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎء‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺿﻬم‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺻرف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌدي‬
،
‫ذﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻫم‬
‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛﻠﻣون‬ ‫ك‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑذﻛر‬ ‫وﯾﻛﺗﻔون‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﻘﺻود‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫اﺿﺣ‬‫و‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬
‫ﯾﻌد‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻧﺎ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﯾﺑﯾﻧ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟظﻔر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻌر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾن‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟرﺟل‬‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﯾد‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬
‫ﻟذﻟك‬ ‫ﻣﺣدد‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻌد‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻋﺿ‬
.
٢١
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫إﻣﺎ‬
‫ـﻲ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻛﺎﻵ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬
:
‫اﻻو‬
‫ل‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾن‬‫و‬ ‫اﻷذن‬‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻧف‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟرﺟﻠﯾن‬‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﯾدﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﯾﺎﺑﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬
.
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
:
‫اﻟﻠﺑن‬‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟدم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬
.
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬
:
‫اﻵدﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻌر‬
.
٢٢
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻓت‬‫ر‬‫وﻋ‬
)
‫ﻣﻛ‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﯾﺗوﻟد‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑدن‬ ‫وﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬
(
٢٣

10. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
١٩٤
-
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬ ‫وﻋرف‬
)
‫ﺳو‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫اء‬
‫ز‬‫أﺟ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬ ‫أي‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﯾد‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘ‬ ً‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻋﺿ‬ ‫أﻛﺎن‬ ً
‫اء‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ً
‫اء‬‫و‬‫وﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻧﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﺎﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ا‬‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻧﺣو‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾن‬‫و‬
‫اﻟظﻔر‬‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺷﻌر‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧﻠق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
،
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧﻠق‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬
،
‫ذﻛر‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻣد‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ً
‫اء‬‫و‬‫وﺳ‬
،
‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋل‬‫و‬
‫اﻟﻠﺑن‬‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟدم‬
،
‫ﻋﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺻل‬ ‫أم‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺗﺻ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ً
‫اء‬‫و‬‫وﺳ‬
(
.
٢٤
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻓﻪ‬‫ر‬‫وﻋ‬
)
‫ﻛل‬
‫ﯾﻧﺑت‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﻧز‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬
(
.
٢٥
‫ﺑﺷﺄن‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺟدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻘد‬ ‫اﻟدوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠس‬ ‫ﻋرف‬ ‫وﻗد‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﯾﺗ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﯾ‬ ‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫إﻧﺗﻔﺎع‬
)
‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬ ‫أي‬
‫أم‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺗﺻ‬ ‫أﻛﺎن‬ ً
‫اء‬‫و‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﻘ‬ ‫وﻧﺣوﻫﺎ‬ ‫ودﻣﺎء‬ ‫وﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫ﻋﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺻل‬
(
.
٢٦
‫اﻟﺷﻣول‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺗﺳﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻣﯾز‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﻬﺎء‬ ‫أوردﻧﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺳﺑق‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺎت‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬‫و‬
‫اﺋﻪ‬
‫ز‬‫أﺟ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
،
‫ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺿﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾؤﺧذ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻻ‬
‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻋﺿ‬ ‫ﯾﻌد‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻬو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟدم‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻌد‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺛﯾر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اء‬
‫ز‬‫اﻷﺟ‬
‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬوم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟوﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬
.
﴿
‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺣث‬
‫ﻷول‬
﴾
‫اﻟوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬوم‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻪ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺗﻔوق‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫أﻫﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫آﺛﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﯾب‬‫ر‬‫وﺗ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺗب‬‫ر‬‫ﯾﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﻛون‬ ‫اﻟطب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻧ‬ ‫وﺳوف‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺿو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺣث‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎول‬
:
‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
:
‫ﯾﻌﺎت‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﺷ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻐ‬ ‫اﻟوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
‫ﺑﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌ‬
.
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
:
‫اﻟوﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
.

11. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ــﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑﯾ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﺣﻣود‬
-
١٩٥
-
﴿
‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
﴾
‫اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬
‫اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﻌﺎت‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
ً‫ﻻ‬
‫أو‬
:
‫ﺑﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻐ‬ ‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
:
‫ﯾطﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
:
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺎدر‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﯾطﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎول‬
١٩٨٩
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫وﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﺑﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬‫و‬
،
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻧص‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫أﻧﻪ‬
" :
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أﺣﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫ﺑﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺻد‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫وﻣﺗﻧﺎﻏﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣل‬ ‫ﻋﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺻﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫إﺳﺗﺑداﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟﺳم‬
"
٢٧
‫ﺗﺣدﯾدﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾطﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫ﺗوﺧﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟدﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣدي‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺿﺢ‬‫و‬‫و‬
‫ﻟﻣﻌ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻧﻲ‬
،
‫اﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻹﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﻣر‬ ‫ﯾﺗرك‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫وﺣﺳﻧ‬
،
‫اﻵﺛﺎر‬ ‫أن‬‫و‬ ‫ﺳﯾﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺗ‬ ‫اﻵﺛﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺗﺧﺗﻠف‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻬذﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎس‬
.
١
-
‫ﯾﻛﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻷﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
:
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻧص‬
)
٣٠١
(
‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻘوﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﺑﻣوﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌدﻟﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺎدر‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻟز‬
١٩
‫أﻛﺗوﺑر‬
١٩٨٤
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
)
C
(
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫أﻧﻪ‬
" :
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أﺣﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺻطﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺻد‬
:
‫اﻟﻛﺑد‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻠد‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌظم‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾن‬‫و‬ ‫ﻧﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻘ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺧﺎع‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺎس‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﻧﻛ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺋﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬‫و‬
،
‫وﻛ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ل‬
‫اﻟوﺻف‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ا‬
‫ز‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺻﺎد‬ ‫اﺋﺢ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺿﻔﻲ‬
"
٢٨
.

12. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
١٩٦
-
‫ﺟﺎء‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌداد‬ ‫ﻟﻬذا‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎء‬ ‫وﺟﻬﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﻘﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻌدﯾد‬ ‫ﻏم‬
‫ور‬
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻋﺿ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺣد‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺻل‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﻛﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻷﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻧص‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫وﻣﺷﺗﻘﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬
.
٢
-
‫ا‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
‫ﻧﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺿو‬
:
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﺗﻧص‬
)
L671
(
‫ﻧﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌدل‬
٦٥٤
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٩٤
‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
) :
‫ﺑﻣﺛﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‫اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺧﺎع‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻧﻘل‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺳم‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أﺣﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬
(
٢٩
.
‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻧص‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺿﺢ‬‫و‬‫و‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺿو‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺣدد‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﯾﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﻧﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫أﻫل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻹﺟﺗﻬﺎدات‬ ‫اﻷﻣر‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﺗرك‬ ‫ﻧﻣﺎ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬
،
‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫و‬
‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎوﻟت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺗﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺻوص‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫إﺳﺗﻘ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫إﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎطﻪ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺻوص‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎد‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺿو‬ ‫ﺑﻬذا‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌﻠق‬
‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺗﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬
‫وﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺗ‬
‫ﻪ‬
.
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧﯾ‬
:
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
:
‫ﻟﻠﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺑوﺿﻊ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻛﺛﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻬﺗم‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﻣدﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻗﻊ‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬
،
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﺛم‬ ‫وﻣن‬
،
‫اﻟﻠﺣظﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ﻧﺻوﺻﻪ‬ ‫أﻗﺗﺻرت‬ ‫ﻧﻣﺎ‬ ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺣظﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺑدأ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ‬
٣٠
.
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﻣدﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﯾﺑ‬ ‫أو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﻘﺻ‬ ‫ﯾﻌد‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﻫذا‬
،
‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫وذﻟك‬
‫اﻟﻣدﻧﻲ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫إﺧﺗﺻﺎص‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﯾﺳت‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺑﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬
،
‫ﻧﻣﺎ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﺑﺻو‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﺗﻣس‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻧظم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺎت‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﺷ‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫إﺧﺗﺻﺎص‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷ‬
،
‫اﻟﻌﻘوﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻘﺎﻧون‬
،
‫ز‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺎت‬‫ر‬‫وﺗﺷ‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬
،
‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫وﻏﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬
.
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺟد‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻏم‬
‫ور‬
،
‫ذﻛر‬ ‫أورد‬ ‫ﻗد‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻏم‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟر‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘوﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬
،
ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺣدد‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻻ‬
،
‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾوﺿﺢ‬

13. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ــﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑﯾ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﺣﻣود‬
-
١٩٧
-
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺻود‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‬
،
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻧص‬ ‫ﻓﻧﺟدﻩ‬
)
٢٤٠
(
‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻘوﺑﺎت‬
"
‫ﻣﻧﻔﻌﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺻﺎل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻗطﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺷﺄ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ر‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫أو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟرﺣ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺑﻐﯾ‬ ‫أﺣدث‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗدﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻫﺔ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻋﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺷﺄن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﯾن‬ ‫إﺣدي‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺻر‬ ‫ﻛف‬ ‫ﻋﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺷﺄ‬ ‫أو‬
‫ﺳﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﺧﻣس‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫ﺳﻧ‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳﺟن‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺎﻗب‬ ‫ﺑرؤﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺣﯾل‬
.
" ..
.
‫ﯾﺿ‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧدرك‬ ‫اﻟﻧص‬ ‫اﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وﺑﻣ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺿو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻊ‬
‫أو‬ ‫ﻗطﻌﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺗداء‬ ‫أدي‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾوﺿﺢ‬ ‫وﻟم‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬
‫ﻣﻧﻔﻌﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺻﺎﻟﻪ‬
،
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻓ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺗ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫أرﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻋدت‬
،
‫ذﻟك‬ ‫أﻫﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺧﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬
‫اﺋم‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺣ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫أن‬‫و‬ ‫ﺳﯾﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣدﯾد‬
،
‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺑد‬
‫و‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣل‬
‫ﻓﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻣوض‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻟﺑس‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫اﺿﺣ‬‫و‬‫و‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺣدد‬
،
‫إﻛﺗﻔﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺻدد‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻛﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬
‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺟرﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻠوك‬ ‫ان‬‫و‬‫أﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘوﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧون‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺣ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬
،
‫ﺧص‬ ‫ﺣﯾن‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫ﻏرض‬ ‫ﻓﻬم‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ‬‫و‬
‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻋﺿ‬
،
‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫ﯾﻘم‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬
‫اﻷﻗل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻪ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺗﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ذا‬
ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺛ‬ ‫ﯾﻛﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻷﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠت‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾدﻩ‬
.
‫اﻟﻌﻘوﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺿو‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺣدد‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻧﺟد‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻣر‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫أﯾﺎ‬‫و‬
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬
،
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﻧظم‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ي‬
‫ﻣﺻر‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻗﻌﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬
،
‫ﻣن‬ ً
‫اء‬‫و‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﯾﻧظم‬ ‫ﻛﻘﺎﻧون‬
‫ات‬‫و‬‫اﻷﻣ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻷﺣﯾﺎء‬
،
‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻧظم‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫أﻓردﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫ﻓﺎﻟﻘ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻘﺻود‬ ‫ﺗﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻗﻌﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت‬
‫اﻹﻧﺳ‬ ‫ﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺷ‬ ً‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻋﺿ‬ ‫ﯾﻌد‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫ﺎن‬
،
‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻣن‬
،
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬
١٠٣
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٦٢
‫اﻟﻌﯾون‬ ‫ﺑﻧك‬ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫ﯾﻌﯾد‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫و‬
،
‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫وﻗﺎﻧون‬
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬
١٥٦
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٩٧
،
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﺻدر‬ ‫ﺛم‬
٥
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
٢٠١٠
‫ع‬
‫وزر‬ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫ﺑﺷﺄن‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬
٣١
،
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻌرف‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧص‬ ‫ﺛﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﻗد‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻻ‬
،

14. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
١٩٨
-
‫ﻗر‬ ‫ﺻدر‬ ‫ﺛم‬
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟوز‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠس‬ ‫ﺋﯾس‬‫ر‬ ‫ار‬
٩٣
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
٢٠١١
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺋﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬
٥
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
٢٠١٠
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ع‬
‫زر‬ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫ﺑﺷﺄن‬
٣٢
.
‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻧﺻت‬ ‫وﻗد‬
" :
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺻد‬
:
‫ﻟﻠﻧﻘل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺑل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫ﻣﺛل‬
)
‫اﻟﻛﺑد‬
،
‫اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬
،
‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬
،
‫ﯾﺎس‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﻧﻛ‬
،
‫اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬
،
‫ﺋﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
(
،
‫ﯾﻘ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺻد‬
)
‫اﻟﺟﻠد‬
،
‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬ ‫ﺻﻣﺎﻣﺎت‬
،
‫اﻟدﻣوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷوﻋﯾﺔ‬
،
‫اﻟﻌظﺎم‬
(
‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫أي‬‫و‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻘدم‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫وﻓﻘ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻧﺳﯾﺞ‬
،
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﻟزر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺟﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻓﻘﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬
.
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫إﻧﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫اﺿﺣ‬‫و‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫أوردﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻌد‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬‫و‬
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺿو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻌ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﯾﺿﻊ‬ ‫وﻟم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
.
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫وﺗرك‬
‫اﻟﻘﺿﺎء‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺟﺗﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬
.
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛ‬
:
‫ﺑﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫اﻟدول‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺎت‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺷ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
:
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﺷﺄن‬ ‫اﻷردﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻋرف‬
٢٣
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٧٧
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬
)
٢
(
‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ـﻲ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻵ‬
:
‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬
:
‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫أي‬
‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬
.
‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺗﻘد‬‫و‬
،
‫ﻋرف‬ ‫وﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺟدﯾد‬ ‫ﯾﺄت‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﺻف‬ ‫إذا‬
‫ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺊ‬
،
‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻷﺧر‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫أﺿﺎف‬‫و‬
‫ﻣﺿﻣوﻧﻪ‬
،
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗطﻌ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﺗﻠف‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫اء‬
‫ز‬‫أﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻣوﻟﻪ‬
٣٣
.
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫ﺑﺷﺄن‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻘطر‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻪ‬‫ر‬‫وﻋ‬
٢١
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٩٧
‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
:
‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬
:
‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫أي‬
‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﻘﺎذ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫وﻫﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﯾوﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬
.
‫اﻟذﻛر‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟف‬ ‫اﻷردﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺻر‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬ ‫وﻫو‬
.
‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫وﻗد‬
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫ﺑﺷﺄن‬ ‫اﺗﻲ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻹﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬
١٥
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٩٣
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻌرف‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧص‬ ‫ﺛﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬
،
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫وﻛذﻟك‬

15. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ــﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑﯾ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﺣﻣود‬
-
١٩٩
-
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺳوم‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﺑﺷﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﻛوﯾﺗﻲ‬
٥٥
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٨٧
،
ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬‫و‬
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺳوم‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺣ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬
١٦
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٩٨
‫ﺑﺷﺄ‬
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ن‬
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬
،
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺳور‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫وﻛذﻟك‬
٣١
‫ﯾﺦ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺗﺎ‬
٢٣
/
٨
/
١٩٧٢
‫وﻏرس‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﺑﺷﺄن‬
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌدل‬‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬
٤٣
‫ﯾﺦ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺗﺎ‬
٢٠
/
١٢
/
١٩٨٦
٣٤
ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬‫و‬ ،
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻋﻲ‬
‫ر‬‫أﺷﺗ‬ ‫ﻣرﺳوم‬
)
١٠٩
(
‫ﯾﺦ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺎدر‬
١٦
/
٩
/
١٩٨٣
‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫أﺧذ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺑﻧﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺣﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬‫و‬
‫وﻋﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﺔ‬
.
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻗﻲ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫وﻛذﻟك‬
٨٥
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٨٦
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ع‬
‫زر‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺧﺻوص‬
‫اﻗﯾﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻬو‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬
.
‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺣد‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬‫و‬
‫ﺑﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫اﻟدول‬ ‫ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌرب‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠس‬
٣٥
.
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻐ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫وﻋرف‬
١٦
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٩٨
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺑر‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫اﻋﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫أﺧذﻫﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬‫و‬
:
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧﻠﻘﺔ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫أﻛﺎن‬ ً
‫اء‬‫و‬‫ﺳ‬
،
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗوﻟد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬‫و‬
.
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﯾﻌرف‬ ‫وﻟم‬
٥٨٥
-
٥
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻣم‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌدل‬
٩٠
-
١٧
‫اﻟﺻﺎدر‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
٣١
‫ﯾوﻟﯾو‬
١٩٩٠
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺻود‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﺋر‬
‫ز‬‫اﻟﺟ‬
.
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﻧﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫وﺧﻼ‬
٢٢
‫ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
١٩٩١
‫ﯾﻌرف‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧص‬ ‫ﺛﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫وزر‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺧذ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬
‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺻود‬
.

16. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
٢٠٠
-
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﻟوﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫اﻟوﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋرف‬
‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫دﯾد‬
:
-
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬
" :
‫ﻟﻠﺟﺳم‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺣﻲ‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬
،
‫ﻧﻘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺗوﻗف‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬
‫ﻟﻠﺧطر‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬
"
٣٦
.
-
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ﻓﻪ‬‫ر‬‫وﻋ‬
" :
‫وﻧﺣوﻫﺎ‬ ‫ودﻣﺎء‬ ‫وﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‫اﻟدم‬ ‫أن‬‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻧﻪ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﻧﻔﺻ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺗﺻ‬ ‫أﻛﺎن‬ ً
‫اء‬‫و‬‫ﺳ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺟدد‬
‫ة‬
"
٣٧
.
-
‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬ ‫وﻋرف‬
" :
ً‫ﺎ‬‫داﺧﻠﯾ‬ ‫أو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯾ‬ ‫أﻛﺎن‬ ً
‫اء‬‫و‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫اء‬
‫ز‬‫أﺟ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬ ‫ﻛل‬
‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻟﻐﯾ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻧﻔﻌﺔ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫دو‬ ‫أدي‬ ً
‫اء‬‫و‬‫وﺳ‬
"
٣٨
.
-
‫اﻟﻘول‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺻود‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ذﻫب‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
" :
‫وﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺗﺷﻔﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوم‬ ‫ﺗﻘدم‬
،
‫ﯾ‬
‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﻘول‬ ‫ﻣﻛن‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺗﺻر‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬
،
‫اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬
،
‫ﺋﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
،
‫اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺑد‬
،
‫ﻧﻣﺎ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬
‫اﻟدم‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻣل‬ ‫أﺻﺑﺢ‬
،
‫اﻟﻣﻧﻲ‬
،
‫اﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﻧﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻗ‬
،
‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اء‬
‫ز‬‫أﺟ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾن‬‫و‬
‫اﻟﻬرﻣون‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬
"
٣٩
.
-
‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻋرف‬ ‫وﻗد‬
٤٠
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬
" :
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺑﺎﺷر‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﻛﯾﺎن‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫وظﺎﺋف‬
‫وﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺧﺎع‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟدم‬‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻣﺎء‬ ‫اﺋل‬‫و‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺿﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎة‬
‫وظﯾﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄداء‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻬض‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺎطﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟظﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻣدة‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اد‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫أﻟﯾﺎف‬‫و‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺄﻟف‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑدور‬ ‫وﺗﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺿﻼت‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﺻو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﻐﻧﻲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓرز‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬
"
.
-
‫ﯾر‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ي‬
٤١
‫ﺗﻌددﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫وظﺎﺋف‬ ‫ﯾﺑﺎﺷر‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﻛﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫أن‬
‫اﻋﻬﺎ‬‫و‬‫أﻧ‬ ‫ﺧﺗﻼف‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬
،
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻔظ‬
‫وﻛذﻟك‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﺋﻬﺎ‬
‫ز‬‫أﺟ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻧﻔس‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣ‬
.

17. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ــﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑﯾ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﺣﻣود‬
-
٢٠١
-
-
‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﻧﺻ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫وﯾذﻫب‬
‫ح‬
‫اﻟرو‬‫و‬
٤٢
،
‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻔردة‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﺟﺳم‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﺧﺻ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬
‫ح‬
‫اﻟرو‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺣد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻻﺑد‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻠوﺟود‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺗوﺟد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎدي‬ ‫اﻗﻊ‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟوﺟودﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻫﻣﯾﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻟﻬذا‬ ‫ﺗﻌطﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬
.
‫ـث‬‫ـ‬‫ﺣ‬‫اﻟﺑﺎ‬ ‫أي‬
‫ر‬
‫اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻏﯾﺎب‬ ‫ظل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﻘﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻛﺛﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻬﯾﺔ‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫اﻵ‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﺿت‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎﻧ‬
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﻗﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻛوﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻧﻌرف‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬
" :
‫ﻛل‬
‫ﺟﺛﺗﻪ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬
،
‫ﻟﻠﻧﻘل‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫وﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻷﺻل‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬
"
‫اﻧﯾن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬوم‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺳﺟم‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ي‬
‫وﻧر‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
ً‫ا‬‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟطب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﺷﻣل‬ ‫وﻫو‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺗﺟدد‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋل‬ ‫اﻟدم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻋﺗﺑﺎر‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬوم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟدم‬ ‫ج‬
‫ﯾﺧر‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إذ‬
.
‫اﻟﻣﺑﺣث‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬
‫ﺑﺧ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻬﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎو‬ ‫ﺗﻌددت‬
‫ﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫إﯾﺟﺎد‬ ‫ﺻوص‬
‫ﻟﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻟﺿﺎﺑط‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﺷ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯾﺎب‬ ‫ظل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ،‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺗﻧﺎوﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺳوف‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬
:
‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
:
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑر‬ ‫ﺑرﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﻘﺗ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬
.
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
:
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷرو‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬
.
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
:
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬
‫اﻹﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ‬
.
‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
:
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑر‬ ‫رﺿﺎء‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻧد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫إذن‬
.

18. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
٢٠٢
-
‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑر‬ ‫ﺑرﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺗرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫اﻟﺿرور‬ ‫ﻧظرﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺣﯾث‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﯾﻧظم‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻲ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺷ‬ ‫ﻏﯾﺎب‬ ‫ظل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻧظ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ظﻬرت‬
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﯾﻧظم‬ ‫ﯾﻊ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺷ‬ ‫أول‬ ‫ﺻدر‬
٦٧
-
١١٨١
‫ﻓﻲ‬
٢٢
‫دﯾﺳﻣﺑر‬
١٩٦٧
‫ﻟﻣﺷروﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﺳﺎس‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺗﻧﺎد‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺎدي‬ ‫إﺗﺟﺎﻩ‬ ‫وظﻬر‬
‫ﺑﺟﺳم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾب‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫إﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬
.
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺻد‬ ‫إذ‬
:
‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً
‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﺿر‬ ‫ﻵﺧر‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺑب‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟوﺿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗﯾﺎﺳ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻗﻠﯾ‬
‫إذا‬ ‫اﻟﺧطﺄ‬ ‫ﻗﺑﯾل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﯾﻌد‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ،‫ﺗﻔﺎدﯾﻪ‬ ‫اد‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣدق‬
‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺧص‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ،‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﺿرو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻫو‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺑﻐﯾ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﺿر‬ ‫أوﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟوﺣﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟوﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻠك‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟظروف‬
٤٣
.
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻧﺻت‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻲ‬
)
٢١٢
/
١
(
‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻗﻲ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻣدﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻣن‬
" :
‫ﺗﺑﯾ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻘدر‬ ‫ﺗﻘدر‬ ‫وﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺣظو‬ ‫ﺢ‬
."
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻧﺻت‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
)
٢١٣
(
‫إﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻣن‬
" :
‫ﻓﺈذا‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺷ‬ ‫أﻫون‬ ‫ﯾﺧﺗﺎر‬
‫وﻟﻛن‬ ،‫اﻷﺧف‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺿرر‬ ‫اﻷﺷد‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ال‬
‫ز‬‫وﯾ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﺿر‬ ‫أﻋظﻣﻬﻣﺎ‬ ‫روﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺳدﺗﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎرﺿت‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﻠﯾ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫إﺑطﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯾر‬ ‫ﺣق‬ ‫ﯾﺑطل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ار‬
‫ر‬‫اﻻﺿط‬
،
‫ﻟﻐﯾر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫وﻗﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﯾر‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﺿر‬ ‫ﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﻓﻣن‬
‫ﻩ‬
‫اﻟذي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌوﯾض‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻠزﻣ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫ﺳﺑﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻛﺛﯾ‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ز‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣﺣدق‬ ‫ﺿرر‬ ‫ﻣن‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﻛﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺗ‬
."
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺑل‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬‫و‬
)
١٦٨
(
‫ي‬
‫ﻣﺻر‬ ‫ﻣدﻧﻲ‬
،
)
١٧١
(
‫ﻣدﻧﻲ‬
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻷﺧﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷردﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣدﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﯾﻧص‬ ‫وﻟم‬ ،‫ﻟﯾﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻠﯾﺑﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻗﻲ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷر‬ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺣو‬
.
‫ﻟم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﯾﻌرف‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻷردﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣدﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ال‬‫و‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻧص‬
٤٤
،
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻧﺻت‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬
)
٦٣
(
‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
" :
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ار‬
‫ر‬‫اﻹﺿط‬

19. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ــﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑﯾ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﺣﻣود‬
-
٢٠٣
-
‫اﻟﻐﯾر‬ ‫ﺣق‬ ‫ﯾﺑطل‬
"
‫اﻟﺿرور‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻘر‬ ‫اﻷردﻧﻲ‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻣﺷر‬
‫ة‬
،
‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫وﯾذﻫب‬
‫اﻷﻛﺑر‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻔﺎدي‬ ‫اﻷﻗل‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎب‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫إﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬
–
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻠﯾﺑﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻗﻲ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻣدﻧﻲ‬
–
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻧص‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑﺟﻼء‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺿﺢ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻟﻌل‬
)
٦٥
(
‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺣو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎءت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬
" :
‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ﯾدﻓﻊ‬
‫اﻷﺷد‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺧف‬
"
،
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬‫و‬
)
٦٢
(
‫ﻧﺻ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫إﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ت‬
" :
‫ال‬
‫ز‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬‫و‬ ‫ار‬
‫ر‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺿرر‬ ‫ﻻ‬
"
٤٥
.
‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺷروﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺗﺟﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ذﻫب‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﯾت‬ ‫ﺟﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻘطﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻌد‬ ،‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗؤﺳس‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻣن‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺷروﻋ‬ ‫ﺣﻲ‬ ‫إﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫ﻹﻧﻘﺎذ‬
،
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫وﻛذﻟك‬
‫ن‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬ ‫ﺣﻲ‬ ‫إﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳد‬
،
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺷروط‬ ‫اﻓر‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺗ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺣﻘق‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷروﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬
.
‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺣو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫إﺟﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬
:
ً‫ﻻ‬
‫أو‬
:
‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺣدﻗ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﺧط‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫أن‬
،
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻌدول‬ ‫ﯾؤدي‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬
‫ﻣﺣدﻗ‬ ‫اﻟﺧطر‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﻟﯾس‬ ‫إﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ،‫وﻓﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﻣن‬
ً‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﯾر‬
)
‫اﻟطﺑﯾب‬ ‫أي‬
.(
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧﯾ‬
:
‫وﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺑر‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎدﯾﻪ‬ ‫اد‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺧطر‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬
،
‫اﻟﺧطر‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬
ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻗﻠﯾ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾب‬ ‫ﺗﻘدﯾر‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺛﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌطﻲ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺗ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌرض‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺧطر‬ ‫ﻗﯾس‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إذا‬
،
‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬ ‫اﻋﺗﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﯾﺟب‬
‫ﻋﻪ‬
‫وزر‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﯾﺳﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ً
‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﺣﯾﺣ‬
‫ﺟﺛﺗﻪ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺻﯾب‬
،
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌرض‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﺧطر‬‫و‬
.
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛ‬
:
‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﻘﺎذ‬ ‫اﻟوﺣﯾد‬ ‫ﯾق‬‫ر‬‫اﻟط‬ ‫ﻋﻪ‬
‫وزر‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬
‫اﻟﻬﻼك‬
،
‫ي‬
‫أﺧر‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫وﺑﻌﺑﺎ‬
،
‫ﻛﺎﻷ‬ ‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﻘﺎذ‬ ‫ي‬
‫أﺧر‬ ‫وﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أن‬
‫دوﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻧﺎت‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺣﯾ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻻﺻطﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫أو‬
،
‫ﺟﺛﺔ‬ ‫وﺟدت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺛﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﻣﯾت‬ ‫إﻧﺳﺎن‬
،
‫ي‬
‫ﻧر‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺗﻣ‬ ‫أﺧف‬ ‫ﺳﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ﻷن‬
.

20. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
٢٠٤
-
ً‫ﺎ‬‫اﺑﻌ‬
‫ر‬
:
‫ﺑﺧطر‬ ‫ﺻﺣﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻬدﯾد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻫﻼﻛﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌطﻲ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬ ‫ﯾؤدي‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أن‬
‫ﺟﺳﯾ‬
‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫وظﺎﺋف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺳﺗدﯾم‬ ‫ﺧطﯾر‬ ‫ﺑﻧﻘص‬ ‫ﻛﺈﺻﺎﺑﺗﻪ‬ ‫م‬
،
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌد‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬
‫اﺣدة‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﯾش‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌطﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻓ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺗ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬
،
‫ﻹﻧﻘﺎذ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﺗم‬
‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎة‬
٤٦
.
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدي‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬوﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫وﻧظ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣرض‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺷﺗﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﯾم‬ ‫ﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﺑﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬
،
‫إطﺎر‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫اﺗﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬
،
‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷرط‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬
‫ع‬
‫اﻟزر‬ ‫ﻟﻐرض‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫إﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬
،
‫رﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺷرط‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻣﺛل‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫ﺑﺈﺟ‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺧص‬
،
‫أن‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗب‬‫ر‬‫وﯾﺗ‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾب‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬
‫رﺿﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ﺳﻠﯾم‬ ‫ﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻪ‬
‫ع‬
‫ﻣﺷرو‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋﻣ‬
،
‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺗداء‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺄﺧوذ‬ ‫ﯾﺑرر‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻷﻣر‬
‫ﺟﺳﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻬددﻩ‬
٤٧
.
‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣدود‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺿﻣن‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻹﺗﺟﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أﻧﺻﺎر‬ ‫ي‬
‫وﯾر‬
‫ﻟﺻﻌ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺷروطﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺟﻣﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑﻌد‬ ‫اﻋﻲ‬
‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠوب‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺧص‬ ‫اﻓﻘﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺻول‬ ‫ﺗطﻠب‬
‫ي‬
‫اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺿﺎﻣن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫اد‬
‫ر‬‫أﻓ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬
،
‫ﺑﺗﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻌﻠق‬ ‫اﻧﺗﻘﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻧظ‬ ‫ﻟﻬذﻩ‬ ‫وﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎدي‬ ‫ﯾﻛﻔل‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫل‬
‫أﻋﺿﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫ادة‬
‫ر‬‫إ‬
،
‫ﺑرﺿﺎء‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺗرن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﺟب‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎ‬ ‫وﻣن‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾﺣ‬‫ر‬‫وﺻ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﻧﯾ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫رﺿﺎء‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑر‬
.
‫اﻟﺷﺧص‬ ‫ادة‬
‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺟﺎﻫل‬ ‫ﻹﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷدﯾدة‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎدات‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﺿت‬ ‫ﻗد‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻧظ‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﺳب‬ ‫ﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﻛوﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺟرد‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬
‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫ﺣدة‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻔﯾف‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﺣﺎول‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻹﻧﻘﺎذﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺿﻲ‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻪ‬
‫زر‬ ‫اد‬
‫ر‬‫ﻟﻣ‬
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑر‬ ‫رﺿﺎء‬ ‫اط‬
‫ر‬‫اﺷﺗ‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷرط‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎد‬ ‫ﻫذا‬
،

21. ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫وز‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ــﺎء‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻷﺣ‬ ‫ـن‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺑﯾ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎذﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣود‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت‬ ‫ﺣﻣود‬
-
٢٠٥
-
‫طﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﯾﺑﺎت‬‫ر‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻷ‬ ‫اﻓق‬‫و‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛد‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻌددة‬ ‫وﺗﺣﺎﻟﯾل‬ ‫ﻓﺣوص‬ ‫ﻟﻲ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘدة‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑر‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺑر‬ ‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﻠزم‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻫو‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣزرو‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺿو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻓض‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺟﻧب‬
‫ع‬
‫اﻟزر‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫ﺑﺈﺟ‬ ‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﺢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اط‬
‫ر‬‫اﺷﺗ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﺿ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻣ‬
،
‫وﻫذا‬
‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫إﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﺧﺻوص‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﯾﻘطﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻧﺣو‬
٤٨
.
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫طﻠب‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷرو‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﻧظرﯾﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻲ‬ ً‫ا‬‫إﺳﺗﻧﺎد‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫إﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ذﻫب‬ ‫ﻟﻘد‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎق‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷرو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫وﯾﻘﺻد‬ ،‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷرو‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬
:
‫اﻟداﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺎﻋث‬
،
‫إذ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻرف‬ ‫ﻣﺷروﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣدي‬ ‫ﻓﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻣﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺻرف‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻬدف‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣث‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬
.
‫اﻹﺗ‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أﺻﺣﺎب‬ ‫ﯾذﻫب‬ ‫إذ‬
‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺻرف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﯾﺟوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻩ‬
‫اﻟطﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬ ‫ﻋﻘد‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾم‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟذﻫﺑﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ،‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺟرد‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﻣﺷرو‬
‫ع‬
‫ﻣﺷرو‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﻋﻘد‬ ‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾب‬ ‫ﯾﺗدﺧل‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻘﺗﺿﺎﻩ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬
،
‫اﻟﺗدﺧل‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻟﻛون‬
‫ﺑﺟﺳﻣﻪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻛل‬
،
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺷروﻋ‬ ‫ﯾﻌد‬ ‫اﻟﺗدﺧل‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻏم‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟر‬
،
‫ا‬ ‫ﻷن‬
‫ﻫو‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻬدف‬
‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻠﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬
.
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺟﺳدﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺻرف‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺑول‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻲ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﯾ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫ﺣﯾوي‬ ‫ء‬
‫ﺟز‬
،
‫أﺣد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺻرف‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺑول‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬
‫وﺑﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧطر‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫ﯾض‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻣوت‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺳدﻩ‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺷروﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬ ‫إطﺎر‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ج‬
‫ﯾﺧر‬
.
‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻬدف‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺷروﻋ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻧظ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫أﺻﺣﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺗﺻرف‬
‫ﻟﻠﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﻋﻼﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎس‬
،
‫ﯾﻔﻬم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﯾر‬ ‫ام‬
‫ر‬‫اﻹﺣﺗ‬ ‫اﺟﺑﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬ ‫إﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
٤٩

22. ‫ﻣﺟ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺷرق‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌدد‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻊ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬
-
٢٠٦
-
‫ﯾﻬد‬ ‫آﺧر‬ ‫إﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫وﻟﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫إﻧﻘﺎذ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ف‬
–
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬
–
‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌطﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺣق‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺿرر‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺟﺎوز‬ ‫ﻋﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫ﺿرر‬ ‫دﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﻗل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫أو‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷروﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻌد‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ،‫ﺟﺳدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺋﺻﺎل‬
،
‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻛون‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ار‬
‫ر‬‫اﻷﺿ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺑر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌود‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﯾﺎ‬
‫ز‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫داﻣت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺷروﻋ‬ ‫اﻟداﻓﻊ‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﯾب‬
‫ﻣﻌطﻲ‬
٥٠
.
‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗرد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎت‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﺻ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺧﻼﺻﺔ‬‫و‬
‫ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﻬدف‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺻرف‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺷروﻋ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫وﯾﻌد‬ ،ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺷروﻋ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﯾر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﻋﻼﺟﯾﺔ‬
،
‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺑر‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯾر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌود‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﯾﺎ‬
‫ز‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﺷرط‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌطﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺗﺣﻣﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ار‬
‫ر‬‫اﻷﺿ‬
،
‫ﻓﺎﻟ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺗﺻر‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫إﻟﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻧظر‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﯾﺎ‬
‫ز‬‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﻐﯾر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌود‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺷﻣل‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺗد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﺑل‬ ،‫ﻓﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺷﺧص‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﺿ‬
.
‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘدر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘوم‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎر‬ ‫اﻧﺿﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻋدم‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻧظ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫أﺧذ‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻣﻊ‬
ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ودﻗﯾﻘ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺣدد‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻹﻋﺗﺑﺎ‬
،
‫ﻧﺔ‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘوم‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬
‫اط‬
‫ر‬‫إﺷﺗ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿرو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣدود‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬
٥١
.
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠب‬
‫اﻹﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧظرﯾﺔ‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺑﺷ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﯾﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻧظ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫وﺗﻘوم‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣق‬
،
‫آﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻔرد‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫اﻟﻔرد‬ ‫ﯾﺧص‬ ‫أوﻟﻬﻣﺎ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻌطل‬
‫ﺟﺳدﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫ظﺎﺋف‬
،
‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫أﯾﺿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳد‬
،
‫إﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﺣق‬ ‫ﻟﻬذا‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﯾن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
،
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻘوم‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﺟﺑﺎت‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻣﺛل‬ ‫إﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫وظﯾﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓرد‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬
‫ﻣﺻوﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺳﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻔرد‬
،
‫ﻓﺈذ‬
‫اﯾﺎ‬
‫ز‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﻬﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻔرد‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ا‬