This study evaluated the effect of an educational training intervention on nurses' barriers to screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in outpatient clinics. Nurses reported several barriers to IPV screening prior to the intervention, including lack of self-efficacy, lack of system support, victim blaming attitudes, resistance to their professional role in screening, and concerns about patient and provider safety. The educational training intervention significantly reduced nurses' reported barriers to IPV screening and increased their screening examination rates of women patients. The study highlights the benefits of educational training interventions in reducing barriers to IPV screening among nurses and improving early detection of abuse.
Running head INFECTION PREVENTION1INFECTION PREVENTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: INFECTION PREVENTION 1
INFECTION PREVENTION 15
Phase # 2 Infection Prevention
Literature Review
Healthcare acquired infections constitute a major public health issue and it is affecting millions of people on a yearly basis. The approximation from the recent studies is showing more than 5 percent of the hospitalized patients are exposed to nosocomial infections. Many studies further show that the surgical site infections are the common infections associated with nosocomial infections and it is contributing to about 30 percent of all healthcare acquired infections cases.
Study by Ayed et al (2015) shows that healthcare providers are continuously exposed to pathogens which are sometimes severe and lethal. Nurses specifically are more exposed to different infections during the course of providing healthcare services to the patients. This study indicates that it is therefore crucial for nurses to possess sound knowledge as well as strict adherence to the infection control practices. Updating the acquaintance and the practices of nurses through involvement in ongoing in-service educational programs and putting more focus on the role of the current evidence-based practices of infection prevention in the continuous training is important. Provision of the training to the newly recruited nurses regarding the infection control frequently as well as replicating the study through observation checklist is necessary in assessing the level of practice (Imad, Ayed, Faeda, & Lubna, 2015).
Study by Desta et al (2018) reveals that working experience is a stronger predictor of the knowledge in relation to the prevention of the infection. In this study, the goal was to the relationship between the acquaintance, practice and connected aspects of infection prevention among healthcare employees. Education level is a key determinant to the level of experience when it comes to the control or the prevention of infections. According to this study, it is clear that healthcare providers with advanced experience as well as advanced age are significantly linked with the knowledge. This is basically based on the fact that as healthcare providers are getting older, they are more likely to have advance knowledge due to their experiences as well as having worked with their seniors (Desta, Ayenew, Sitotaw, Tegegne, Dires, & Getie, 2018).
Teshager et al (2015) also studies the knowledge, practices, and the related aspects towards the reduction or prevention of the surgical site infections among nurses who were employed in Amhara Regional State Referral healthcare facilities, in the Northwest Ethiopia. This study looked at some of the factors linked with the knowledge of the nurses regarding the preventi ...
Are Primary Care Clinicians Serving Low-Income Patients More Likely to Screen...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Women of all income levels experience domestic violence (DV). Primary health-care providers are able to screen women early and provide services or referrals; however, regular DV screening rarely occurs in the US. We investigated whether implicit bias based on patient population income level could be influencing provider practices in California. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from a self-administered survey conducted from October 2013 to March 2014. Providers (n = 152) were included if they worked in primary care and provided information on the predominant income of their patients. The survey included questions on provider demographics, screening practices, and number of female victims identified. Results: Providers serving low-income patient populations (LIPPs) or higher-income patient populations had equivalent training and knowledge about DV. However, DV screening practices (e.g., screening more often, at a younger age, and giving a screening question for DV) and outcomes (DV victims identified) varied significantly by patient population income level (P < 0.01). Working with low-income patients and engaging in universal screening practices both predicted more victim identification (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Implicit bias appears to influence clinicians’ screening practices, with those serving LIPPs being more likely to screen regardless of training or knowledge. If DV screening in primary care occurred more regularly, it would yield more detection of victims at all income levels. Training and self-reflection could combat implicit bias, as well as written policies and standardized procedures to encourage universal screening practices by clinicians irrespective of the income level of their patient populations.
Running head INFECTION PREVENTION1INFECTION PREVENTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: INFECTION PREVENTION 1
INFECTION PREVENTION 15
Phase # 2 Infection Prevention
Literature Review
Healthcare acquired infections constitute a major public health issue and it is affecting millions of people on a yearly basis. The approximation from the recent studies is showing more than 5 percent of the hospitalized patients are exposed to nosocomial infections. Many studies further show that the surgical site infections are the common infections associated with nosocomial infections and it is contributing to about 30 percent of all healthcare acquired infections cases.
Study by Ayed et al (2015) shows that healthcare providers are continuously exposed to pathogens which are sometimes severe and lethal. Nurses specifically are more exposed to different infections during the course of providing healthcare services to the patients. This study indicates that it is therefore crucial for nurses to possess sound knowledge as well as strict adherence to the infection control practices. Updating the acquaintance and the practices of nurses through involvement in ongoing in-service educational programs and putting more focus on the role of the current evidence-based practices of infection prevention in the continuous training is important. Provision of the training to the newly recruited nurses regarding the infection control frequently as well as replicating the study through observation checklist is necessary in assessing the level of practice (Imad, Ayed, Faeda, & Lubna, 2015).
Study by Desta et al (2018) reveals that working experience is a stronger predictor of the knowledge in relation to the prevention of the infection. In this study, the goal was to the relationship between the acquaintance, practice and connected aspects of infection prevention among healthcare employees. Education level is a key determinant to the level of experience when it comes to the control or the prevention of infections. According to this study, it is clear that healthcare providers with advanced experience as well as advanced age are significantly linked with the knowledge. This is basically based on the fact that as healthcare providers are getting older, they are more likely to have advance knowledge due to their experiences as well as having worked with their seniors (Desta, Ayenew, Sitotaw, Tegegne, Dires, & Getie, 2018).
Teshager et al (2015) also studies the knowledge, practices, and the related aspects towards the reduction or prevention of the surgical site infections among nurses who were employed in Amhara Regional State Referral healthcare facilities, in the Northwest Ethiopia. This study looked at some of the factors linked with the knowledge of the nurses regarding the preventi ...
Are Primary Care Clinicians Serving Low-Income Patients More Likely to Screen...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Women of all income levels experience domestic violence (DV). Primary health-care providers are able to screen women early and provide services or referrals; however, regular DV screening rarely occurs in the US. We investigated whether implicit bias based on patient population income level could be influencing provider practices in California. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from a self-administered survey conducted from October 2013 to March 2014. Providers (n = 152) were included if they worked in primary care and provided information on the predominant income of their patients. The survey included questions on provider demographics, screening practices, and number of female victims identified. Results: Providers serving low-income patient populations (LIPPs) or higher-income patient populations had equivalent training and knowledge about DV. However, DV screening practices (e.g., screening more often, at a younger age, and giving a screening question for DV) and outcomes (DV victims identified) varied significantly by patient population income level (P < 0.01). Working with low-income patients and engaging in universal screening practices both predicted more victim identification (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Implicit bias appears to influence clinicians’ screening practices, with those serving LIPPs being more likely to screen regardless of training or knowledge. If DV screening in primary care occurred more regularly, it would yield more detection of victims at all income levels. Training and self-reflection could combat implicit bias, as well as written policies and standardized procedures to encourage universal screening practices by clinicians irrespective of the income level of their patient populations.
Addressing Sexual Assault and Intimate Partner Violence in Medical Care and Education in the U.S. and Globally
Jennifer A. Wagman, PhD, MHS
April 13th, 2018
UCSD HIV & Global Health Rounds
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv-1 DNA Quantification by Tuofu Zhu in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Resource Nurse Program.A Nurse-Initiated, Evidence-Based Program to Eliminate...GNEAUPP.
✔ El programa Enfermera de Recursos alienta al personal de enfermería a explorar los factores causales relacionados con el desarrollo de la PU.
✔ enseñanza / aprendizaje de igual a igual es una estrategia efectiva para llegar a las enfermeras de cabecera.
✔ Las enfermeras de recursos tienen el poder de cambiar la práctica.
✔ El programa de la enfermera de recursos es una manera rentable de reducir Hapus.
5 annotated bibliographies #1 As much as we try to preve.docxtroutmanboris
5 annotated bibliographies
#1
As much as we try to prevent them, medication errors happen everyday. It is especially
common in skilled nursing facilities because many of them still use paper charts for
medication administration or documentation and do not have access to the newer
technology that other medical facilities do.
According to a study performed in 2014, medication distribution technology has been
proven to be effective in automatically detecting medication errors so that nurses can
have more of an opportunity to focus on their patients. Working on a long-term care unit,
most of my time is spent passing medications and doing treatments since I have 19
residents to tend to. Depending on how “smooth” the night goes, I sometimes do not get
a chance to spend that extra time with my residents as I would like to. This medication
distribution technology includes a mobile medication dispensing cart for long-term care
units. The medications would be pre-packed for each patient by the pharmacy and able
to be dispensed when needed. This would allow nurses to provide more one-on-one
time with their patients while also increasing the prevention of medication errors. It also
will help to lighten the nurses’ workload. Research shows that these mobile medication
cart have been successful. Medication error rates decreased from 2.9% to 0.6% (Baril,
Gascon & Brouillette, 2014).
Reference
Baril, C., Gascon, V., & Brouillette, C. (2014). Impact of technological innovation on a
nursing home performance and on the medication-use process safety. Journal of
Medical Systems, 38(3), 1–12. https://library.neit.edu:2404/10.1007/s10916-014-0022-4
#2
Adverse drug effects due to medication errors are estimated to cost the United States
$2 billion every year. After reviewing patient reports and reviewing charts, it was
discovered that 44% of these occur after the prescription was written. These errors were
found to be from registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and pharmacy technicians.
Therefore, the problem comes from administration of the medication. However, these
numbers only account for the errors that are actually reported. It is the more serious and
harmful errors that are recorded, probably because they are harder to hide. The Health
Care Finance Administration of the United States made it standard for hospitals and
skilled nursing facilities to have no more than 5% of medication error rates a year.
In a study conducted in 2014, researchers decided to put a hold on reviewing incident
reports and patient charts. Instead, they decided to directly observe medication
administration over 20 different hospitals or skilled nursing facilities. Other methods
included: attending medical rounds to see if a medication error had occurred,
interviewing health care workers to see if they would report anything, testing patients
urine to see if they had any unauthorized medications in their system, and comparing .
Delivering community-led integrated HIV and sexual and reproductive health services for sex workers: A mixed methods evaluation of the DIFFER study in Mysore, South India
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Addressing Sexual Assault and Intimate Partner Violence in Medical Care and Education in the U.S. and Globally
Jennifer A. Wagman, PhD, MHS
April 13th, 2018
UCSD HIV & Global Health Rounds
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv-1 DNA Quantification by Tuofu Zhu in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Resource Nurse Program.A Nurse-Initiated, Evidence-Based Program to Eliminate...GNEAUPP.
✔ El programa Enfermera de Recursos alienta al personal de enfermería a explorar los factores causales relacionados con el desarrollo de la PU.
✔ enseñanza / aprendizaje de igual a igual es una estrategia efectiva para llegar a las enfermeras de cabecera.
✔ Las enfermeras de recursos tienen el poder de cambiar la práctica.
✔ El programa de la enfermera de recursos es una manera rentable de reducir Hapus.
5 annotated bibliographies #1 As much as we try to preve.docxtroutmanboris
5 annotated bibliographies
#1
As much as we try to prevent them, medication errors happen everyday. It is especially
common in skilled nursing facilities because many of them still use paper charts for
medication administration or documentation and do not have access to the newer
technology that other medical facilities do.
According to a study performed in 2014, medication distribution technology has been
proven to be effective in automatically detecting medication errors so that nurses can
have more of an opportunity to focus on their patients. Working on a long-term care unit,
most of my time is spent passing medications and doing treatments since I have 19
residents to tend to. Depending on how “smooth” the night goes, I sometimes do not get
a chance to spend that extra time with my residents as I would like to. This medication
distribution technology includes a mobile medication dispensing cart for long-term care
units. The medications would be pre-packed for each patient by the pharmacy and able
to be dispensed when needed. This would allow nurses to provide more one-on-one
time with their patients while also increasing the prevention of medication errors. It also
will help to lighten the nurses’ workload. Research shows that these mobile medication
cart have been successful. Medication error rates decreased from 2.9% to 0.6% (Baril,
Gascon & Brouillette, 2014).
Reference
Baril, C., Gascon, V., & Brouillette, C. (2014). Impact of technological innovation on a
nursing home performance and on the medication-use process safety. Journal of
Medical Systems, 38(3), 1–12. https://library.neit.edu:2404/10.1007/s10916-014-0022-4
#2
Adverse drug effects due to medication errors are estimated to cost the United States
$2 billion every year. After reviewing patient reports and reviewing charts, it was
discovered that 44% of these occur after the prescription was written. These errors were
found to be from registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and pharmacy technicians.
Therefore, the problem comes from administration of the medication. However, these
numbers only account for the errors that are actually reported. It is the more serious and
harmful errors that are recorded, probably because they are harder to hide. The Health
Care Finance Administration of the United States made it standard for hospitals and
skilled nursing facilities to have no more than 5% of medication error rates a year.
In a study conducted in 2014, researchers decided to put a hold on reviewing incident
reports and patient charts. Instead, they decided to directly observe medication
administration over 20 different hospitals or skilled nursing facilities. Other methods
included: attending medical rounds to see if a medication error had occurred,
interviewing health care workers to see if they would report anything, testing patients
urine to see if they had any unauthorized medications in their system, and comparing .
Delivering community-led integrated HIV and sexual and reproductive health services for sex workers: A mixed methods evaluation of the DIFFER study in Mysore, South India
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. American Journal of Nursing Research 199
The most common women's responses to IPV are
crying, hit back, hide, seek immediate safety by going to
their mothers' houses, thinking of suicide, or few informed
the police [12]. Emergency and primary health care
settings are most important settings for identifying and
help IPV victims. Healthcare settings should be equipped
to manage the crisis, emotional support, information,
guidance, private communication with a healthcare
provider and to make connections to community-based
social service agencies [13].
1.1. Significance of the Study
Violence is a worldwide event. In all societies, it is a
fact of life and across all cultures, regardless of
socio-economic status. In a developed country like
America, women are six times more likely to be violated
by intimate partners than men [14]. In Egypt, screening
for IPV has the potential to improve health outcomes for
women and their families, promote early detection,
prompt interventions and reduction of the adverse effects
of IPV [15]. Despite the importance of routine screening
of IPV for all women in health care settings, it is still low
as reported [16]. In Egypt 26% of married women get
violated physically and/or sexually by IPV [17]. Intimate
partner violence violates the basic women rights which
results in serious injury or death [18]. For detection,
reporting, and referring the IPV cases to the appropriate
facilities nurses were in a vital situation this is with the
determination of the rate of IPV among women. Different
barriers facing nurses for screening include lack of
information, training, protocols, and administrative
support and referral and community recourses about IPV
[19]. Increase detection of cases and screening rates of
IPV may reduce barriers and lead to earlier referral of IPV
victims. Less than 2% of women were screened about IPV
by health care providers [20], and through regular
screening and education by clinicians can detect the
violence before it becomes late. Health care professionals
have a unique opportunity to stop the cycle of abuse by
intervening, promoting safety, and preventing the death of
IPV victims [21]
Major barriers to assessing and intervening in suspected
cases of intimate partner violence continue to exist
within the healthcare system mainly due to lack of
education, reflecting that assessment of domestic violence
is proportionate with educational offerings [22]. The
American Nurses Association [23] advocates for the
education of registered professional nurses in the
assessment, prevention, intervention and referral skills
related to domestic violence. The first-line response for
people who experience domestic violence is healthcare
professionals. It is vital to have education, policies, and
protocols in place so that they can identify, record IPV
and assist victims with getting the services and support
their need. Unfortunately, healthcare professionals face
personal barriers, job-related barriers and patient-related
barriers that may hinder their ability to effectively
identifying and assisting victims of intimate partner
violence. In addition, the dynamics of IPV are complex,
and it is often difficult to understand how it presents
within affected women [24].
1.2. Aim of the study
The purpose of the current study was to assess the
nurses' barriers to screen women to intimate partner
violence in outpatient clinics and to evaluate the effect of
an educational training intervention on nurses' barriers to
IPV screening.
1.3. Research Hypotheses
1- Nurses’ barriers to IPV screening of abused women
will have higher percentage after receive educational
training intervention compared to before the educational
intervention.
2- The nurses' screening practice towards IPV during
providing their nursing services will be improved after
receiving the educational training intervention compared
to before educational intervention.
3- The examination rate for screening towards IPV will
be improved after receiving the educational training
intervention compared to before educational intervention.
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Research Design
A quasi-experimental design with pre and post test of
educational training intervention was used.
2.2. Research Setting
This study was conducted at outpatient's clinics
in two governmental hospitals (University Hospital and
Education Hospital in Shebin El-Kom City, Menofia
Governorate, Egypt).
2.3. Research Sample
A study population comprised all nurses working at
antenatal care, family planning, obstetric units and
forensic medicine department in the previous settings,
(n=125 nurses). Inclusion criteria: Nurses who were
accepted to participate in the training program and not
participated in other studies with similar objectives,
Egyptian, diploma nurse, bachelors and postgraduates.
2.3.1. Sample size determination
n = Z2 pq/ E2 = 400
Z at 95% confidence = 1.96
P: estimated percent in population = 50%
q: 100-p= 100-50= 50%
e: accepted sample errors (0.05)
Power = 0.8
n= 384.
Since the population size less than 10000, the final
sample estimate (nf) calculated using the formula:
nf = n/1+(n/N)
Where: nf= The desired sample size (when population is
less than 10000)
n= the desired sample size (when population is more than
10000)
3. 200 American Journal of Nursing Research
N= the population of nurses in the selecting setting is 125
Nf = 384/1+ (384/125) = 93 participants.
From a total of 93 nurses, 18 participants were excluded
from the study due to lack of participation in the sessions,
not completing the questionnaire, or taken sick leave
while 75 nurse are actually participated in the study and
complete the intervention.
2.3.2. Sampling Procedure
A stratified random sampling was utilized, including 75
nurses as participants from the study population out of 125
nurses. The study population was divided into the
following strata’s: pediatric units, antenatal care units and
family planning, obstetric units and forensic medicine
department strata in the previous setting. The number
of the participants selected from each stratum was
equally proportioned to the population of the strata.
The researcher obtained a list of all eligible nurses’
participants from each stratum and then randomly picked
the participants from each stratum to obtain the desired
sample (75). The random selection from each stratum was
achieved by assessing a numerical value to each
participant in each stratum and then a randomizer
computer package was used to generate the desired sample
size from all the strata.
2.4. Tool of the Study
Tool: Self-administered questionnaire to assess the
barriers to IPV screening by nurses which consisting of
two parts:
2.4.1. Part (1) demographic data (age, sex, job,
religious, educational level, marital status, years of
experience, and health setting/units where they work).
2.4.2. part (2) the Domestic Violence Health Care
Provider Survey (DVHCPS): Instrument was used to
investigate the barriers for IPV screening by nurses
(measure health care providers’ IPV knowledge, attitudes,
beliefs, and the ability to apply this knowledge in daily
practice and IPV screening. instrument was developed by
the Group Health Cooperative and Harborview Injury
Prevention and Research Center, (1997) [25].
Scoring system of the Domestic Violence Health Care
Provider Survey (DVHCPS):
The Domestic Violence Health Care Provider Survey
(DVHCPS) is Arabic translated valid tool which was
adopted for this study. The DVHCPS includes 35 items
with a 5 point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Disagree
(0) to Strongly Agree (4). Survey items are categorized
into six domains. These domains include self Efficacy
(7 items), social support (4 items), victim blaming (7
items), Professional role resistance (7 items), victims’
providers’ safety (10 items).
The questionnaire was evaluated giving a score of 0 –
140.The total score of each nurse was categorized
arbitrarily into “poor management” when the nurse
achieved less than or equal ≤ 50% of the total score, and
“good management” when the nurse achieved > 50% of
the total score. Accordingly, if the total “DVHCPS” score
of a nurse was “0 - 70”, she/he was classified as has poor
management towards IPV, and if the total DVHCPS”
score of a nurse was “71 – 140”, she was classified as had
“good management towards IPV”.
Concerning nurses’ IPV screening, we studied it in a
list of 7 items, each was five points Liker scale (0 – 4) as
(0) for “Do not exam.”, (1) for “Examine 1-20%”, (2) for
“Examine 21-40%”, (3) for Examine 41-60% and (4) for
Examine > 60%.
2.5. Study Procedure
The study was conducted according to the following
steps:
(1) Before conducting the research, the researchers
followed the ethical issues and official permission
was obtained from the ethical committee, faculty
of nursing, Menoufia University
(2) An official letter from the Faculty of Nursing,
Menofia University was forward to the manger of
each hospital (University Hospital and Education
Hospital in Shebin El-Kom City, Menoufia
Governorate, Egypt) to take permission to conduct
the study after explaining its purpose and importance.
(3) Informed written consent was obtained from
nurses before starting the data collection. The
agreements were taken after the aim of the study
was explained and informed about what would be
done with the results. They were given an
opportunity to refuse or withdraw at any stage of
the study and were assured that the information
would remain confidential and used for the
research purpose only.
(4) Letters were sent to key system decision makers
and securing system in each hospital and
community partners such as national council for
women rights and human rights and civil
institution to be represented in the study.
(5) Tool of the Domestic Violence Health Care
Provider Survey (DVHCPS). It contains 42 items
with a 5 point Likert scale ranging from s strongly
disagrees to strongly agree. it includes six domains
(self-efficacy which contain 7 items, system and
institutional barriers contain 4 items, victim
blaming contain 7 items, professional role
resistance 7 items, victims’ providers’ safety
contain 10 items, and frequency of IPV Screening
contain 7 items).
(6) Validity of the tools: It was determined by a jury
of experts in community medicine and community
health nursing, obstetric and psychiatric health
nursing specialty, and then modifications were
carried out according to the expert's judgment on
the clarity of the sentences and convenience of the
contents.
(7) Reliability of the tools: The researcher carried out
the reliability of the instrument with an overall
Cronbach alpha, it was found to be acceptable and
ranging from 0.73 to 0.91. This indicates that the
instruments were consistent and reliable in
achieving the purpose of the study.
(8) A pilot study was carried out on 10 nurses to
assess the clarity, feasibility, applicability of the
study tools, and the time needed to fill each tool.
The sample of the pilot study was excluded from
the total sample to assure the stability of the
results. The time spent to fill the tools from
4. American Journal of Nursing Research 201
participants ranged between 30 to 45 minutes
according to the needed explanation.
(9) The 75 nurses who complete the questionnaire
divided into two group according to their place,
they received the educational training nursing
intervention. The educational nursing intervention
was implemented during five months, the field
work started in January 2017 till June 2017.
(10) Implementation of the study passed into three
phases (assessment phase, implementation phase
and evaluation phase).
2.5.1. Assessment phase: Data was collected in a
comfortable and private place was chosen for the
interview. Orientation was done about the purpose of the
study, significance, content. Also, researchers informed
nurses by another's persons who will be included in the
sessions.
2.5.2 Implementation phase: The researcher arranged
the intervention sessions based on prevention strategies
consistent with The Minnesota Department of health,
(2001) [26] it has published public health strategies
to address societal issues, which conceptualizes
population public health interventions to be carried out on
three different levels: Individual-based strategies this
concerned with nurse’ role in screening for violence
among women attending outpatient clinics, systems based
strategies which concerned with working collaboratively
within healthcare team and Community based strategies
concerned with working with community institutions and
organizations. This educational nursing intervention was
developed and given through sessions’ each session has a
general objective and set of specific objectives. The
researchers divided the study group into 2 groups'
according to place of work each group consisted of 30-35
nurses. The educational nursing intervention used has
been sequenced through the three educational sessions;
session started according to nurses’ suitable time, usually
at 9 Am, three days per week at the morning shift, the
duration of each session was ranged from 60-90 minutes
including periods of discussion according to participants'
achievement, progress and feedback in groups. A coffee
break was available for the participants. The study
intervention's sessions carried out in a comfortable
seminar room equipped with suitable materials. Methods
of teaching include lectures, question and answer, and
role-playing, and techniques such as brainstorming, group
discussion, and Power-Point presentation included
educational videos and true stories of case studies by
using data show. Also, nurses were given an illustrated
guide booklet about IPV; this illustrated booklet was
developed by the researchers after reviewing the
related literature. At the beginning of the first session
of the nursing intervention, the telephone number
of the researchers and participants were available to each
other. Nurses were oriented regarding the contents of
educational nursing intervention, its purpose and its
impact; and were informed about the time of the next
session. Each session started by a summary about what
has been discussed in the previous session and the
objectives of the new session. The session ended
by a summary of its contents and feedback from the
participants.
Educational nursing intervention:
First session (Nurse -focused- approaches): this
session aimed to enhance nurse's awareness of IPV issue
and acquire nurses about screening tools and routine
screening for identification of abuse. This was done
through acquiring knowledge for nurses to identify the
following items background and history of IPV, related
definitions, prevalence of IPV in Egypt compared to
other countries, its risk factors, characteristics of abused
women, the consequences of intimate partner violence
on women and their families, dynamic to break the
cycle of violence in domestic abused women, encourage
victimized woman to report to IPV to legal entities,
training them on how to ask about and screen violence in
safe work environment without the risk of ostracism and
use therapeutic approaches probability and knowledge of
and collaboration with local advocacy programs; legal and
ethical issues in working with IPV survivors skills training
for asking about and responding to reports of IPV from
patients, including assessing danger; and helping to
develop safety plans.
The second session (System-based approaches): this
session aimed to develop of the clinic or unit-based
policies and procedures, which are critical to a successful
systems-based response to IPV. Through join healthcare
system which included healthcare administrators and
managers, hospital communication system, social and
psychological specialists, security system of outpatients
clinics in hospitals which included: provide education
about IPV issue, increase staff awareness about how IPV
affects health and increases sensitivity to the needs of
patients in crisis, prompt intervention to help victims, time
management, collaboration, enforce screening protocols to
manage the IPV event collaboratively as one team.
Third session: (Community-based approaches): this
session aimed to collaborate with local advocacy agencies
and IPV experts. Through guide healthcare community
leaders and community resources about the importance
of Legislations related to IPV issue, Documentation,
Reporting, and make appropriate referrals, Advocacy,
establish network with domestic violence advocacy
programs and civil institutions which include women
rights’ and human rights’ and drawing up protocols for the
proper management of abuse.
2.5.3. Evaluation phase: after implementation of the 3
educational training intervention sessions for nurses, the
researcher interviewed the nurses 3 months later from the
beginning of the educational intervention to evaluate the
post evaluation data.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
- Data was coded and transformed into specially
designed form to be suitable for computer entry process.
Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical
Package for Social Science) statistical package version 22.
Graphics were done using Excel program.
- Qualitative data as age were presented by mean (x) and
standard deviation (SD). Qualitative data were presented
in the form of frequency distribution tables, number and
percentage. It was analyzed by chi-square (x2) test.
However, if an expected value of any cell in the table was
5. 202 American Journal of Nursing Research
less than 5, Fisher Exact test was used (if the table was 4
cells), or likelihood Ratio (LR) test (if the table was more
than 4 cells). Level of significance was set as P value
<0.005 for all significant tests.
3. Results
Table 1 illustrates that a total of 75 Egyptian nurses,
primarily female (n=61, 8.3%) sample participated in this
study. The mean age of participants ranged from 36-55
years' old which represented 66.7% of the total sample.
The most frequent years of nursing experience was ranged
from 10-20 years old (41participant which represented
54.7%). Most nurses were married (n=56, 74.7%) with the
remaining nurses being single (n=12, 16%) or divorced
(n=3. 4%). The total sample of the nurses was 75 divided
into 19 nurses was taken from pediatric units, 22 nurses
from antenatal and family planning outpatient from both
hospitals, 15 nurses form obstetric units from both
hospitals and 19 nurses from the forensic department in
the university hospital.
Table 2 Nurses reported several sources of barriers
based on the DVHCPS instrument items including
self-efficacy, system support, victim blaming, professional
role resistance, victim provider safety. Related to
self-efficacy and nurse's capability for screening, about
98.7% of nurses disagreed that they have access to IPV
strategies to help victims change IPV situation and 96%
disagreed that they were there are strategies to help
batterers and have access to IPV information and 48% feel
confident for referring batterers.
Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the nurses (N=75).
Socio demographic data Frequency Percent
Age groups
25 ≥35 years 25 33.3
35 -55 years 50 66.7
Mean ± SD 38.01±6.06
Sex
Male 14 18.7
Female 61 81.3
Job
Diploma 67 89.3
Observer 8 10.7
Educational level
Diploma 65 86.7
Bachelors 8 10.7
|Master degree 2 2.7
Experience groups
< 10 years 17 22.7
10 - 20 years 41 54.7
21 - 35 years 17 22.7
Mean ± SD 16.31±6.21
location of job
Pediatric outpatients 19 25.3
Antenatal care and family planning outpatients 22 29.3
Obstetric outpatients 15 20.0
Forensic department outpatients 19 25.3
total 75 100
Social status
Married 56 74.7
Single 12 16.0
Widowed 4 5.3
Divorced 3 4.0
Total 75 100.0
Table 2. Barriers for screening Intimate partner violence women identified by nurses (N=75)
Screening Barriers
Percent
Disagree Agree Total
1. Self- efficacy No % No %
1. Have no time to screen 48 49.3 27 50.7 100.0
2. There are strategies to help batterers 73 96 2 4 100.0
3. Strategies to help victims change IPV situation 74 98.7 1 1.3 100.0
4. Feel confident for referring batterers 36 48 39 52 100.0
5. Feel confident to refer victim 30 40 45 60 100.0
6. Have access to IPV information 72 96 3 4 100.0
7. Know ways to ask victims to decrease IPV victims risk 63 84 12 16 100.0
2. Social support
1. Access to social workers to assist IPV victims 71 94.6 4 5.4 100.0
2. Social workers can help victims 73 97.3 2 2.7 100.0
3. Access to mental health referral 72 96 3 4 100.0
4. Mental health services can help victims 61 81.3 14 18.7 100.0
6. American Journal of Nursing Research 203
Screening Barriers
Percent
Disagree Agree Total
3. Victim blaming
1. Victim get something from IPV relationship 52 69.3 23 20.7 100.0
2. choose to be IPV victims 48 64 11 36 100.0
3. Victims and batterers are responsible for IPV 12 16 63 84 100.0
4. Patient personalities makes them IPV victims 9 12 66 88 100.0
5. Women go against traditional roles lead to IPV 25 33.3 50 66.7 100.0
6. Victim passive personality lead to IPV 18 24 57 76 100
7. action leads to IPV 45 60 30 40 100
4. Professional role resistance
1. Afraid of offending patient when asking about IPV 20 29.4 55 73.3 100.0
2. Asking about IPV is invasion to patient privacy 22 29.3 53 70.7 100.0
3. It is demeaning to ask about IPV 23 30.7 52 69.3 100.0
4. Asking non-abused patients makes them angry 13 17.3 62 82.7 100.0
5. It is non- nursing role to resolve couple conflict 23 30.7 52 69.3 100.0
6. Investigation causes of IPV is non-medical role 34 42.6 41 57.4 100.0
7. If patient not disclose, they feel it is not my business 18 24 57 76 100.0
5. Victim provider safety
1. Reluctant to ask batterers for my personal safety 6 8 69 92 100
2. Workplace security is not enough to deal with IPV 2 2.7 73 97.3 100
3. Afraid of offending patient when asking about abusive behavior 2 2.7 73 97.3 100
4. Challenging batterers direct their anger to care providers 2 2.7 73 97.3 100
5. There are ways to ask about IPV without endanger nurse 15 20 60 80 100
6. Nurses can effectively discuss IPV with batterers 25 33.3 50 66.7 100
7. Can discuss IPV with batterers without endanger victims 36 48 39 52 100
8. Avoid dealing with batterers for victims safety 3 4 72 96 100
9. No ways to ask batterers without endanger victims 39 52 36 48 100
Afraid when dealing with batterers increase victims risk 25 33.7 50 66.3 100
For the system support domain, most 97.3% disagreed
that social workers can help IPV victims, and 96%
disagreed that there is access to mental health referral,
94.6% disagreed that social workers to assist IPV victims.
Moreover, 81.3% believe that IPV victims do not have
access to mental health services.
Related to victim blaming domain, 69.3% of nurses
believed that victims’ personality gets something from
IPV relationship. In addition, 64 % agreed that people
choose to be IPV victims.
According to professional role domain, 73.3% of nurses
agreed that they are afraid of offending patient when
asking about IPV and 70.7% agreed that asking about IPV
is invasion of patient privacy and over half (57.4%) agreed
that it was not their role to ask about IPV when victims
choose not to disclose their victimization.
Related to victim/ provider safety domain, nurses were
concerned about their own safety and victims’ safety.
However, approximately all nurses (97.3%) reported that
workplace security is not enough to deal with IPV, afraid
of offending patient when asking about abusive behavior
and challenging batterers direct their anger to care
providers. However, about eighty percent of nurses agreed
that it was possible to ask about IPV without endangering
themselves. Despite this, 66.3% nurses were afraid when
dealing with batterers increase victims’ risk.
This Table 3 reveals that there was high statistical
significant improvement after the educational training
intervention for nurse's response to barriers of IPV screening
which represented in five domains (self-efficacy, system
and institutional barriers, victim blaming, professional
role resistance, victims’ providers’ safety).
Table 3. Pre and post intervention about nurses’ responses to barriers of IPV screening that they may face during providing their health care
services (N=75)
Nurses Barriers’ for IPV screening
Pre intervention Post intervention
Test of sig. P value
Poor Good Poor Good
N0. (%) N0. (%) N0. (%) N0. (%)
Self-efficacy 63 (84%) 12 (16%) 0 0% 75 (100%) X2
=128 0.000 HS
Social support 73 (97.3) 2 (2.7%) 7 (9.3%) 68 (90.7%) X2
=243 0.000 HS
Victim blaming 37 (49.3%) 38 (50.7%) 0 0% 75 (100%) X2
=140 0.000 HS
Professional role resistance 21 (28%) 54 (72%) 0 0% 75 (100%) X2
=153 0.000 HS
Provider safety 75 (100%) 0 ( 0%) 1 (1.3%) 74 (98.7%) X2
=214 0.000 HS
7. 204 American Journal of Nursing Research
Table 4. Effect of educational training intervention on nurses’ screening rate and periodical examination toward IPV during providing their
health care services*
The examination rate of IPV
screening among nurses in the
last three months
Pre intervention P value
Screening rate
If yes, nurse’s screening
Examin1-20%
N0. (%)
Examin 21-
40% N0. (%)
Examin 41-60%
N0. (%)
Examin >60% N0.
(%)
Injuries (n=54) 14(25.9%) 10(71.4%) 4(28.6%) 0 0 0.000
Chronic pelvic pain(n=54) 5(17.9%) 3(60%) 2(40%) 0 0 0.000
Irritable-bowel syndrome(n=39) 9(23.1%) 6(60%) 3(40%) 0 0 0.000
Headache(n=53) 13(24.5) 8(61.5%) 5( 38.7%) 0 0 0.000
Depression-or Anxiety(n=31) 3(9.7%) 2(66.6%) 1(33.3%) 0 0 0.000
Hypertension/coronary artery
diseases(n=58)
8(13.9%) 6(75%) 1(12.5%) 1(12.5%) 0.000
patient is pregnant seek obstetric
or gynecological care (n=69)
7 (10.14%) 5(71.4%) 2(28.6%) 0 0 0.000
The examination rate of IPV
screening among nurses in the
last three months
Post intervention P value
Screening rate
If yes, nurse’s screening
Examin 1-20%
N0. (%)
Examin 21-
40% N0. (%)
Examin 41-60%
N0. (%)
Examin > 60%
N0. (%)
Injuries (n=30) 12(40%) 0 2(20%) 8(60%) 2(20%) 0.000
Chronic pelvic pain(n=21) 15(35%) 0 5(33.3) 9(60%) 1(6.7%) 0.000
Irritable bowel syndrome(n=29) 15(34.5%) 0 9(60%) 4(26.7%) 2(13.3%) 0.000
Headache(n=20) 8(40%) 0 2(25%) 6(75%) 0 0.000
Depression or Anxiety(n=12) 4(33.3%) 0 0 4(100%) 0 0.000
Hypertension/ coronary artery
diseases(n=24)
6 (25%) 0 0 3(50%) 3(50%) 0.000
patient is pregnant seek obstetric
or gynecological care (n=57)
20(35.08%) 0 5(25%) 10(50%) 5(25%) 0.000
*Rows will not add to n=75, because not all nurses provided care to each type of patient.
Table 4 shows that there was high statistical significant
increase in nurses’ screening rate of IPV and also,
periodical examination during providing their nursing
services after the implementation of educational training
intervention was improved.
4. Discussion
Screening barriers are defined as those factors that
prevent nurses from screening women for potential IPV.
Barriers contributing to the low rate of IPV screening by
nurses can be categorized according to the DVHCPS into
five domains. The domains include self-efficacy, system
support, blaming the victims, professional role, and
victim/provider safety [27].
Regarding Self-efficacy barrier, approximately all study
nurses reported that they did not use strategies to help
victims and batterers. This high percentage might have
resulted from the lack of IPV knowledge provided to
nurses for IPV screening and intervention [28]. And about
half of nurses reported that they did not have enough time
in their daily practice for IPV screening. The same result
was obtained by [29] who studied Jordanian Nurses’
Barriers to Screening for Intimate Partner Violence who
reported that only about half of nurse using strategies to
help victims and batterers and 40% of study sample
reported that they did not have enough time for IPV
screening.
Regarding system support barrier was identified as the
greatest cluster of barriers among study nurses. System
support such as social and mental health services are
important so that victims can be referred to entities that
will provide help and support while promoting victim's
safety. Nearly all of the nurses disagreed with the
importance of social workers providing this much-needed
help and support, and only 2.7% of the nurses reported
that social workers were capable of providing the needed
help for IPV victims. In the same line [30] who studied
"system issues: Challenges to intimate partner violence
screening and intervention" reported that equally troubling
is that when nurse have access to social services, there
may still be gaps and an inadequacy in the services that
are provided to IPV victims. Nurses disagreed that mental
health services were important or capable to help IPV
victims. This might be a reflection that the nurses did not
have access to mental health services for their patients.
However, seeking mental health care is very important for
IPV victims. [31] studied determinants of depressive
symptoms in Jordanian working women stated that
Jordanian women who experienced IPV and depression
symptoms did not seek mental health services because
they were unaware of the serious impact that mental
illness can cause or the value of mental health care. In
addition, IPV victims have fears of being stigmatized by
their communities and families. Although, the importance
of seeking mental health services for eliminating or
decreasing psychological impacts of violence against
8. American Journal of Nursing Research 205
women, Egyptian nurses undervalued this importance of
mental health services. Also, few health settings in Egypt
provide social and mental health services. So, even if
Egyptian nurses are educated about community services
available, nurses will likely be unable to access them.
More importantly, [32] studied the domestic violence
against women and its consequences on family health in
Maser El-Kadima district and reported that Egyptian IPV
victim’s refused to disclose IPV or to be referred to legal,
social, or mental services to avoid being culturally
stigmatized and for preserving the reputations of
themselves and their family
Regarding the victim barrier nurses held beliefs and
attitudes about IPV victims that likely hinder their screening
and take appropriate care. Nurses’ preconceptions and
beliefs included that victim had passive personalities that
resulted in the IPV situation. This finding are supported
by [29] and [33] who studied Health professionals’
perceptions of intimate partner violence against women in
Serbia" both of them indicate that victims of IPV are
sometimes perceived as having personalities that account
for their victimization: low self-esteem, self-blame, and
dependent personalities. Regardless a woman’s
personality, women should be blamed for the violence
they experience. This may have indicated that Egyptian
women live within Egypt’s cultural and religious rules.
Egyptian culture is conservative and believes in the
dominant role of the male over the female throughout the
lifespan. Women tend to stay in an IPV relationship for
the sake of their children, stigma of divorce, and economic
dependence on their husbands. Also, [34] studied spousal
violence in Egypt, population Reference Bureau reported
that Egyptian women will not be supported by their family
and culture and will experience resistance if they want
divorce.
Regarding professional barrier nurses have a professional
responsibility to appropriately screen all patients seeking
health care. Nurse held preconceptions about IPV screening
such as their inability to ask about IPV because it is a
sensitive familial issue and they fear offending patients or
making them angry, and feared to disrupt their patients’
privacy. According to professional role domain, the
majority of nurses agreed that they are afraid of offending
patient when asking about IPV and about seventy percent
agreed that asking about IPV is invasion to patient privacy
and over half nurses agreed that it was not their role to ask
about IPV when victims choose not to disclose their
victimization. These findings are supported by [29] and
[35] who studied domestic violence screening and treatment
in the workplace, whose participants indicated that IPV
screening was not a nursing role. Nurses should be
educated to screen and ask patients in an appropriate way
about IPV. Placing value on IPV screening is a necessary
first step towards the universal screening of all patients.
Regarding victim/ provider safety barrier. This study
indicated that nurses concerns and fears about their own
and victim's safety may be due to inadequacy of security
services at the Egyptian health settings to protect them
when interacting with batterers and screening victims for
IPV. This finding was similar to the findings [29] and [36]
they indicated that Jordanian victims underwent batterers’
retaliation and revenge and increased violence severity
and intensity after their IPV disclosure.
Regarding nurses screening for IPV, the findings
revealed that it was low. The highest screening rate was
done for women seen for injuries (25. 9%).the same
results were reported by [29] and [37] who studied care
provided in visits coded for intimate partner violence in a
national survey department, both of them indicated that
the most common diagnosis for IPV victims seeking care
in the emergency department in Jordan and Columbia was
related to upper and lower extremity injuries (52% and
49%, respectively). Also, [38] who studied domestic
violence management in Malaysia found that injuries
resulting from violence might be one of the most common
complaints seen at three primary health care clinics in
Malaysia. However, only half of the clinicians screened
and asked the patients about the underlying causes of their
injuries. A consistent lack of screening even for females
with injuries were occurring.
Determining the barriers for nurses to screen for IPV
can help planners and researchers reduce those barriers
[30]. Reducing barriers could increase screening rates for,
and detection of cases of IPV. Earlier detection can lead to
earlier referral for IPV victims [39]. Based on available
information, it was hypothesized that the frequency
of IPV screening after implementing educational training
intervention for nurses will help them in reducing the
barriers for screening and also increase the rate of
screening for IPV.
Results of the current study reported that there were
statistically significant differences before and after the
implementation of educational training intervention
regarding barriers of screening which can be clustered as
nurse attitudes, nurse beliefs, victim barriers, and health
institutions. On the same context, Johnson et al., [40]
studied evaluation of an IPV curriculum in a pediatric
hospital in USA by conducted a longitudinal study
incorporating pre and post participation assessment
questionnaire and showed that a 30-minute curriculum on
IPV screening was accompanied by a significant improvement
among nurses for IPV Screening (P<0.012), improved in
the nurses’ perceived self-efficacy (p <0.001), Also, [41]
studied the effect of an IPV educational program on the
attitudes of nurses in USA concluded that educational
programs led to an improvement in nurses’ attitudes. This
showed the positive effect of educational training
intervention in overcoming the barriers for IPV screening.
Similarly, [42] who studied increasing nurse's knowledge
and skills for enhanced response to IPV in USA through
investigated nurses’ needs about IPV and implemented an
educational program to enhance their practice. Phase 1 of
the study revealed the nurses' lack of knowledge regarding
community resources for IPV and their incompetence
related to the skills of IPV intervention. Phase II of their
quasi-experimental study showed that training programs
resulted in a significant improvement in nurses’ skills
(P<0.003). Also, [43] who studied training and documentation
improve emergency department assessment of domestic
violence victims in New Zealand indicted that training and
supervision for nurses were impotent to promote nursing
competence, enhance confidence, and increase awareness
when dealing with victims of IPV. Also, this study was
contradictory with the results of [44] who studied training
program for healthcare professionals in domestic violence
in England reported that most training programs are
9. 206 American Journal of Nursing Research
limited in time frame (average one sessions of one –three
hours repeated or followed up, not mandatory and have
small numbers participating. The explanation or content or
design of program is often incomplete.
Regarding intimate partner violence screening rates are
variable and done infrequently before the implementation
of educational training intervention but there were highly
statistically significant increase screening rates of IPV
after the implementation of educational training intervention
due to certain factors which include its contents, screening
protocol implementation, providing a suitable environment
for disclosing sensitive information. This finding was
consistent with [45] studied a five-year follow-up study of
the Bristol pregnancy domestic violence program to
promote routine enquiry in United Kingdom likewise, [46]
studied training Sri Lankan public health midwives
on IPV both studies reported that there was positive
improvement in screening rates, increase in confidence
and skill level in practice and more positive attitudes towards
abused women were identified following implementation of
education programs for a new IPV screening or assessment
policy. Furthermore, [47] studied implementing successful
IPV screening programs in healthcare settings: Evidence
generated from a realist-informed systematic review in
Canada a systematic review of screening programs identified
that healthcare providers were more likely to screen for
IPV when they were confident with the process (usually
occurring with more extensive training programs). Similarity,
[48] studied intimate partner violence screening and
intervention in the healthcare setting in USA. Also, this
come in agreement with [47] and [49] studied domestic
violence screening in medical and mental health care
setting: overcoming barriers to screening, identifying, and
helping partner violence victims, this indicated that
overcoming barriers of domestic violence screening allow
nurses for improving the rate of screening in clinical
practice. In the same line, [50] studied screening and
intervention for intimate partner violence in healthcare
settings: creating sustainable system-level programs
reported and emphasized that a nursing educational
training program on IPV can increase nurses’ confidence
and competency in screening for IPV.
5. Conclusion
This study highlights the beneficial effect of educational
training intervention as an effective method in reducing
the barriers for IPV screening by nurses for women
attending the outpatient clinics; improving the rate of
screening and periodical examination of nurses regarding
IPV. This study highlights the importance of educational
training intervention as an effective strategy in reducing
the barriers in screening IPV by nurses in outpatient
clinics. A significant improvement in both screening and
routine examination rate to IPV are reported among nurses
after receiving an educational training intervention.
6. Recommendations
Based on the results of the present study, the following
recommendations were suggested:
• A common IPV screening tool and protocol of
management for abused women should be applied
in primary health care including outpatient clinics
and hospitals.
• In-service training courses for nurses on current
updates regarding IPV management.
• Join nurses, health care team and community
leaders in the management of IPV issue in
workplace and community settings.
• Further studies are needed with a large sample from
all governorates will provide a picture of IPV
screening, barriers, referrals and prevalence rate in
Egypt.
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