The document discusses paragraph and report writing. It provides guidelines for designing effective paragraphs, including keeping paragraphs short, maintaining unity around a single topic or idea, and using topic sentences. It also discusses the key features of reports, such as being concise documents written for a specific purpose and audience that often include recommendations. The document outlines different types of reports, including informal versus formal reports and statutory versus non-statutory reports. It concludes with characteristics of good reports, such as simplicity, clarity, accuracy, and relevance.
The Minimum Wages Act 1948 is an Act of Parliament concerning Indian labour law that sets the minimum wages that must be paid to skilled and unskilled labour.
An agreement between a seller and a buyer for the sale of goods. The contract should, at a minimum, identify the seller and buyer, the quantity and type of product, delivery time, price and conditions of payment.
Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behavior and performance of an economy as a whole. It focuses on the aggregate changes in the economy such as unemployment, growth rate, gross domestic product and inflation.
Six Golden Rules for Excellent Comprehension
1. Analyze the Non Verbals
2. Gain an overview
3. Understand Purpose, like,
Were they trying to describe something?
Were they writing an informative text?
Were they explaining something?
Are they writing instructions?
Are they trying to persuade you to a point of view?
4. Decide on your response
5. High Comprehension Reading, which includes
make notes
draw pictures of the information, eg mind maps
highlight key words
WORKING CAPITAL
According to the definition of Weston and Brigham, “Working Capital refers to a firm’s investment in short-term assets, cash, shortterm securities, accounts receivables and inventories”. Working Capital may be categorised: - Gross Working Capital - Net Working Capital
Business Economics
• According to Mc Nair and Meriam, Business economic consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations. • Siegel man has defined business economic (or business economic) as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management
The Minimum Wages Act 1948 is an Act of Parliament concerning Indian labour law that sets the minimum wages that must be paid to skilled and unskilled labour.
An agreement between a seller and a buyer for the sale of goods. The contract should, at a minimum, identify the seller and buyer, the quantity and type of product, delivery time, price and conditions of payment.
Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behavior and performance of an economy as a whole. It focuses on the aggregate changes in the economy such as unemployment, growth rate, gross domestic product and inflation.
Six Golden Rules for Excellent Comprehension
1. Analyze the Non Verbals
2. Gain an overview
3. Understand Purpose, like,
Were they trying to describe something?
Were they writing an informative text?
Were they explaining something?
Are they writing instructions?
Are they trying to persuade you to a point of view?
4. Decide on your response
5. High Comprehension Reading, which includes
make notes
draw pictures of the information, eg mind maps
highlight key words
WORKING CAPITAL
According to the definition of Weston and Brigham, “Working Capital refers to a firm’s investment in short-term assets, cash, shortterm securities, accounts receivables and inventories”. Working Capital may be categorised: - Gross Working Capital - Net Working Capital
Business Economics
• According to Mc Nair and Meriam, Business economic consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations. • Siegel man has defined business economic (or business economic) as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management
CONTRACT OF BAILMENT
Section 148 of the Indian Contract Act states that, Bailment is the delivery of goods by one person to another for some purpose, upon a contract that they shall, when the purpose is accomplished, be returned or otherwise disposed of according to the directions of the person delivering them.
Business communication is information sharing between people
within and outside an organization that is performed for the
commercial benefit of the organization. It can also be defined as
relaying of information within a business by its people.
Reservation of Company Name:
First , the applicants are required to apply for a name in Form No. INC-1. The fee for seeking a name approval is Rs.1000/- as prescribed and 60 days are allowed for incorporating the company. The name should not be undesirable i.e.; identical, resembling, restricted or prohibited.
Binary Logic • Deals with binary variables that take 2 discrete values (0 and 1), and with logic operations • Three basic logic operations: –AND, OR, NOT • Binary/logic variables are typically represented as letters: A,B,C,…,X,Y,Z
ITR E FILING PROJECT REPORT TO SPA CAPITALAnkit Rautela
THIS REPORT I HAVE PREPARED WHEN I WAS RESEARCHING TECHNICAL ISSUES OCCUR WHEN ANY ONE FILES IT THROUGH INTERNET, MY FIELD AREA IS WIPRO LIT NEW DELHI.
OVERVIEW OF CODD’s RULE
• A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd.
• A short definition of an RDBMS may be a DBMS in which data is stored in the form of tables and the relationship among the data is also stored in the form of tables.
• E.F. Codd, the famous mathematician has introduced 12 rules (0-12)for the relational model for databases commonly known as Codd's rules. The rules mainly define what is required for a DBMS for it to be considered relational, i.e., an RDBMS.
CONTRACT OF BAILMENT
Section 148 of the Indian Contract Act states that, Bailment is the delivery of goods by one person to another for some purpose, upon a contract that they shall, when the purpose is accomplished, be returned or otherwise disposed of according to the directions of the person delivering them.
Business communication is information sharing between people
within and outside an organization that is performed for the
commercial benefit of the organization. It can also be defined as
relaying of information within a business by its people.
Reservation of Company Name:
First , the applicants are required to apply for a name in Form No. INC-1. The fee for seeking a name approval is Rs.1000/- as prescribed and 60 days are allowed for incorporating the company. The name should not be undesirable i.e.; identical, resembling, restricted or prohibited.
Binary Logic • Deals with binary variables that take 2 discrete values (0 and 1), and with logic operations • Three basic logic operations: –AND, OR, NOT • Binary/logic variables are typically represented as letters: A,B,C,…,X,Y,Z
ITR E FILING PROJECT REPORT TO SPA CAPITALAnkit Rautela
THIS REPORT I HAVE PREPARED WHEN I WAS RESEARCHING TECHNICAL ISSUES OCCUR WHEN ANY ONE FILES IT THROUGH INTERNET, MY FIELD AREA IS WIPRO LIT NEW DELHI.
OVERVIEW OF CODD’s RULE
• A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd.
• A short definition of an RDBMS may be a DBMS in which data is stored in the form of tables and the relationship among the data is also stored in the form of tables.
• E.F. Codd, the famous mathematician has introduced 12 rules (0-12)for the relational model for databases commonly known as Codd's rules. The rules mainly define what is required for a DBMS for it to be considered relational, i.e., an RDBMS.
Forum's ABZ Valves come in a wide variety of sizes and functions. From general purpose to high performance pneumatic and electric, you will find that our valves withstand difficult fluid compositions and high-temperature applications.
ITHAKA The Next Wave 2016: Mitchell Stevens - What in the World Might Happen ...ITHAKA
Mitchell Stevens, associate professor and director of Stanford University's Center for Advanced Research in Online Learning, looks at the forces changing the higher education landscape in the US and proposes a potential way forward in California where there is a need for more capacity at colleges and universities as well as stronger alignment with what employers need.
Παρουσιάζουμε μια κορυφαία άποψη που αφορά συστηματα κουφωματων
Πρόκειται για τις σειρές IDEAL , που διαθέτει εξαιρετικά χαρακτηριστικά .
Χωρίς να σημαίνει οτι αυτό αποτελεί εξαίρεση οι νέες προδιαγραφές που βάζει η αγορά διαμορφώνει τις συνθήκες για να ξεκαθαρίσουμε σαφώς τις νέες τεχνικές προδιαγραφές.
Τα uPvc αποτελούν τα πιο οικονομικά που υπάρχουν στην αγορά .
Βρείτε το πρωτότυπο κείμενο που μιλάει για 'Σειρές συνθετικών κουφωμάτων pvc IDEAL
Πατήστε εδώ: http://www.kataskevastikh.gr/blog/seires-sinthetikon-koufomaton-pvc-ideal/
Όλα αυτά εξαιτίας της πολύ καλής δουλειάς που έχει κάνει η εταιρεία Aluplast .
Τα uPvc είναι εξαιρετικά σχεδιασμένα που θα κάνουν τον χώρο σας όμορφο , είναι διαθέσιμα σε όλα τα σχέδια εκτός από τα κυκλικά , συμβατικά , τοξωτά κ.α .
Κλείνοντας υπενθυμίζουμε οτι αν ενδιαφέρεστε για να διαβάσετε με λεπτομέρειες σχετικά με συστηματα κουφωματων pvc πατήστε εδώ: http://www.kataskevastikh.gr/%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1-%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1-pvc/
[ 스마트하게 일 (안)하는 방법 ]
단순반복업무에 많이 지친 사무직 직장인들을 위한 강의
- 문과생도 들을 수 있는 강의
- 중도포기자가 생기지 않는 강의
- 귀찮고, 번거로운 일을 이제 안해도 되게 되는 강의
http://www.fastcampus.co.kr/biz_camp_python4auto/
문의 : 김용성 매니저 02-517-0686
The Art of Listening shows how important is listening in communication and to lead a better life. one will opent the book of life only when one understands the art of listening
Meaning of Financial Management
• Managerial activities which deals with planning and controlling of firms and financial sources. • Financial management is an area of financial decision making, harmonising individual motives and enterprise goals.
Scope of business economics, no uniformity of views exists among various authors. However, the following aspects are said to generally fall under business economics.
1. Demand Analysis and Forecasting
2. Cost and production Analysis.
3. Pricing Decisions, policies and practices.
4. Profit Management.
5. Capital Management.
Capital Investment
• Capital investment refers to funds invested in a firm or enterprise for the purpose of furthering its business objectives. Capital investment may also refer to a firm's acquisition of capital assets or fixed assets such as manufacturing plants and machinery that is expected to be productive over many years. Sources of capital investment are manifold and can include equity investors, banks, financial institutions, venture capital and angel investors.
Business is influenced not only by what decisions are taken within the firm but also by the general business environment. General decisions are based on two factors : • External Factors : This includes all those factors which are outside the control of business. The firm can only make timely adjustment to these external factors. • Internal Factors : This includes all those factors which are within the control.
Meaning of Financial Management
• Managerial activities which deals with planning and controlling of firms and financial sources. • Financial management is an area of financial decision making, harmonising individual motives and enterprise goals.
Business Economics
• According to Mc Nair and Meriam, Business economic consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations. • Siegel man has defined business economic (or business economic) as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management.
Business Economics
• According to Mc Nair and Meriam, Business economic consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations. • Siegel man has defined business economic (or business economic) as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management.
Meaning
•Management accounting, also called managerial accounting or cost accounting, is the process of analyzing business costs and operations to prepare internal financial report, records, and account to aid managers’ decision making process in achieving business goals.
•In other words, it is the act of making sense of financial and costing data and translating that data into useful information for management and officers within an organization.
Meaning
•Management accounting, also called managerial accounting or cost accounting, is the process of analyzing business costs and operations to prepare internal financial report, records, and account to aid managers’ decision making process
in achieving business goals.
What is Business
• A business is usually defined as a commercial enterprise • Some are run by only one person who carry out all of the required functions • Others employ thousands of people and provide goods and services to people all over the world • Each business can be defined or described by its type of ownership, the goods produced or services offered, the types of jobs provided, or the functions it performs in a community.
Auditing
Spicer and Pegler: "Auditing is such an examination of books of accounts and vouchers of business, as will enable the auditors to satisfy himself that the balance sheet is properly drawn up, so as to give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the business and that the profit and loss account gives true and fair view of the profit/loss for the financial period, according to the best of information and explanation given to him and as shown by the books; and if not, in what respect he is not satisfied."
Business Environment and Ethical Practices (BBA LLB 213 )cpjcollege
The objective of the course is to familiarize students with the different aspects of business environment and ethical practices to be adopted by organizations in conducting their business.
Strategic Management
A set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of a corporation. Includes: Internal and external environment scanning Strategy formulation Strategy implementation Evaluation and control.
Cost and management accounting• Provides management with costs for products, inventories, operations or functions and compares actual to predetermined data • It also provides a variety of data for many day-to-day decision as well as essential information for long-range decisions
Production Management & Total Quality Managementcpjcollege
Principles of Forecasting
Many types of forecasting models that differ in complexity and amount of data & way they generate forecasts: 1. Forecasts are rarely perfect 2. Forecasts are more accurate for grouped data than for individual items 3. Forecast are more accurate for shorter than longer time periods.
Have a good understanding of the: – basic types of financial management decisions and the role of the financial manager – goal of financial management – financial implications of the different forms of business organization – conflicts of interest that can arise between managers and owners.
What is technical communication?
• Communicating about technology • Writing about technology • Writing about scientific subjects • Writing highly detailed information for specific audiences • Writing user-centered documents • Training people to use technology
To understand the concept of Taxation, heads of income, including foreign income assessment procedures, adjudication and settlement of tax disputes are the focus points of study
in this paper.
Socio-Legal Dimensions of Gender (LLB-507 & 509 )cpjcollege
This paper intends to sensitize the students about the changing
dimensions of gender and also familiarizes them with the subtle manifestations of inequality rooted in our society.
The objective of the paper is to apprise the students with the laws relating to marriage, dissolution, matrimonial remedies, adoption, contemporary trends in family institutions in India, in particular the Hindus and Muslims.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) [LLB -309] cpjcollege
Alternative Dispute Resolution has become the primary means by which cases are resolved now days, especially commercial, business disputes. It has emerged as the preferred method for resolving civil cases, with litigation as a last resort. Alternative Dispute Resolution provides an overview of the statutory, procedural, and case law underlining these processes and their interplay with litigation. A significant theme is the evolving role of
professional ethics for attorneys operating in non-adversarial settings. Clients and courts increasingly express a preference for attorneys who are skilled not only in litigation but in problem-solving, which costs the clients less in terms of time, money and relationship. The law of ADR also provides an introduction to negotiation and mediation theory.
Environmental Studies and Environmental Laws (: LLB -301)cpjcollege
The objective of this paper is to acquaint the students with the environmental issues and the measures taken for its protection along with the norms prevailing at international and national
level
The paper will focus on the civil procedures followed in instituting a suit. The students will be familiarised with certain important concepts and practical skill development activity will provide insights into the actual working of the court procedures.
The objective of this paper is to provide an understanding of basic concepts of Indian Constitution and various organs created by the Constitution and their functions.
The paper needs to be taught in light of the New Companies Amendment Act 2013. The Companies act 1956 has not been repealed. The New Act of 2013 is made applicable by notifications as to particular sections by the Ministry of Company Affairs. The
notified sections which replace the provisions of Companies Act 1956 will be highlighted
It is an indispensable complementary part of our legal system without the study of which no advocate is suitably equipped with the basic requisites required to go to the court.
This paper focuses on understanding the forms that governments acquire along with nature and conflicts encountered by different forms of governments. Students would get trained to look into center-state conflicts and legislature-executive –judiciary conflicts.
The design is to look into how emerging issues in international relations become important in the legal context and prepare the students to understand International Law.
This paper focuses on various aspects of health care law including the constitutional perspective, obligations, and negligence of medical professionals and remedies available to
consumers of health care.
The object of this paper is to focus on land reforms in India, Constitutional provisions related to land reforms, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act,2013, Urban Real Estate Development Laws and the Provisions of the Rent Laws under the
Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958.
The objective of the course is to familiarize students with the different aspects of managing Human Resources in the organization through the phases of acquisition, development and retention
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
BBA(G)
(Second Semester)
PDCS-II
Paper Id 17112
BBA(G)
(Second Semester)
PDCS-II
Paper Id 17112
Paragraph & Report Writing
By:Ms.Garima Khatri
AP(MGMT)
2. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
PARAGRAPH WRITING
•A paragraph is a cohesive arrangement of sentences that
move around on one idea. Different sentences in a
paragraph are bound together by one dominant thought.
•Different sentences should be put in a logical order so
that a paragraph makes a clear and effective writing.
3. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Guidelines For Designing A Paragraph
1. Keep the Paragraph short: A short paragraph is clear
and more effective than a long one. Short paragraphs
emphasize the beginning and ending of each item
covered. The average length of a paragraph should
generally be eight or nine lines.
•Length of a paragraph also has a psychological effect.
When it is broken into smaller units, it becomes attractive
and interesting even though there is no change in the
content.
4. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
2. Maintain Paragraph Unity: unity in a paragraph can be
achieved by building the paragraph around a single topic or idea.
3. Make effective use of topic sentences: the sentence that
expresses the main idea in the paragraph is known as Topic
Sentence. Generally, it is written in the very beginning of the
paragraph. For eg: Economics is the basis of all commercial
activities. Economics is concerned with the satisfaction of human
wants. In order to satisfy human wants goods & services are
produced. Exchange or transfer of goods & services becomes
necessary once goods are produced. Economics is the study of
human behavior in ensuring a livelihood.
5. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
4. Avoid unnecessary detail: a good paragraph contains
only the necessary information. The writer should keep in
mind the needs of the reader than the information at his
command while designing the paragraph.
5. Make the paragraph move forward: an effective
paragraph moves forward through logically connected
sentences.
Clarity of thought, logical arrangement of ideas, a smooth
writing style, intelligent use of transition & proficiency in
designing sentences are helpful.
Careful use of sentence connectors can make the paragraph
move forward. Eg: in addition to, therefore, however etc.
6. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Report Writing
A report is a short, sharp, concise document which is written for
a particular purpose and audience. It generally sets outs and
analyses a situation or problem, often making recommendations
for future action. It is a factual paper, and needs to be clear and
well-structured.
7. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Features of a Report
•Statement containing some information.
•Orderly presentation of facts.
•An objective and unbiased presentation of facts.
•Written for a specific audience.
•Contains conclusions drawn by the writer together with
the procedure followed for collection & interpretation of
data.
8. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
•It often includes recommendations.
•Written for some specific purpose.
•Submitted by a lower authority to a higher authority.
•Serves the following purposes:
a.Presents factual information to management.
b.Contains results of investigation & analysis for future
reference.
c.Provides useful information to shareholders, creditors,
general public & other stakeholders.
d.It offers recommendations for future course of action.
9. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Distinction Between Project And Report
Basic of
distinction
Project Report
1. Nature It is not
official communication
It is an official
communication
2. Time
orientation
Concerns the future Concerns the past
3. Investment Involves investment of
money
May not involve
investment of
money
10. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
ImBasis of distinction Project Report
4. Sequence It involves a time
bound sequence of
activities- a
beginning and an
end
May not involve a
time bound
sequence of
activities
5. Purpose To complete a major
risk
To present findings
&
recommendations.
11. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Types of Reports: on the basis of communication media
ORAL REPORTS:
•Face- to- face communication of an impression or observation.
•It is comparatively informal & time saving.
•It is simple & easy to present. But receiver has to listen to every
word.
•No record for future reference.
WRITTEN REPORTS:
•Relatively more accurate & precise.
•Tends to be more formal & can be referred to again & again.
•Permanent record & cannot be denied at any time.
•Can change hands without any danger of distortion.
12. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Types of Reports: on the basis of format & procedures
adopted
Informal Reports:
•Usually in the form of person-to-person communication.
•May range from a few lines to several pages of detailed
information.
•Often written in the form of a letter or a memorandum
•Prepared according to need & convenience of the org.
•Do not have a uniform structure.
•These are short & use simple style.
13. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Types of Reports: on the basis of format & procedures
adopted
Formal Reports:
•Presented in a prescribed form.
•Prepared in accordance with an established law or
procedure & is submitted to a prescribed authority.
•Eg: report submitted by board of Directors to its
shareholders
Main features:
a)Written by an individual or a committee which was
assigned a specific object.
b)Written to assist higher authorities in taking an
important decision.
.
14. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Types of Reports: on the basis of format & procedures
adopted
c. Contains specific information, findings &
recommendations
d. Well planned & properly organized
e. Generally submitted along with a transmittal letter
which introduces the report.
f. Not presented in letter or memo form.
15. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Types Of Formal Reports
Statutory reports Non statutory reports
Reports prepared and Presented
according to the form & procedure laid
down by law
Formal reports which are not required
under any law but which are prepared
to help the management in formulating
policies and in taking important
decisions.
Eg: Reports submitted at the statutory
meeting of Shareholders, Auditor’s
Report
For Eg: Every branch of a company
may be asked to submit a monthly
report on sales.
These are prepared as per the
requirements of the Companies Act
1956
16. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Characteristics Of A Good Report
• Simplicity
• Clarity
• Accuracy
• Precision
• Completeness
• Relevance & reliability
• Distinctive Appearance
• Cross reference
• Objectivity
• Brevity
• Reader Oriented
• Consistency
• Right Form
• Timeliness
• Properly addressed.
17. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Preparing A Report
• Stage 1: Collect the material: notes, documents etc.
• Stage 2: Plan the report
a. Define the purpose , to whom it is submitted and how will it
be used. The purpose may be to inform, to persuade or to
recommend.
b. Determine the information it should contain- CONTENTS
c. Arrange the information in a logical order- LAYOUT
d. Prepare an outline of the report, making rough notes.
e. Decide where illustrations & diagrams are required- STYLE
18. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Stage 3: Draft the report
a.Write the introduction- the purpose, the heading and the
summary
b.Write the body of the report
c.Write the conclusions and recommendations
d.Summarize the report.
Stage 4: Edit the report
a.Examine the draft- will it serve the purpose.
b.Check your grammar, spelling, punctuations, style, etc.
c.Check your illustrations