3. Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR)
Technique widely used in molecular biology to make
multiple copies of a specific DNA segment.
In vitro technique for amplification of a region of DNA
whose sequence is known or which lies between two
regions of known sequence.
4. Short history of PCR
1983: Dr. Kary Mullis developed PCR
1985: First publication of PCR by Cetus Corporation
appears in Science.
1986: Purified Taq polymerase first used in PCR
1988: PerkinElmer introduces the automated thermal
cycler.
1993: Dr. Kary Mullis shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry
for conceiving PCR technology.
5. Application
PCR is molecular technique to amplify segment of
DNA
Used in clinical and research laboratories for a
broad range of applications
◦ Diagnosis of genetic diseases
◦ Genetic fingerprints
◦ Detection and diagnosis of infectious diseases
◦ Detection of infection in the environment
6. Principles of PCR
Based on DNA replication in vivo
DNA is unwound to single strand, duplicated,
rewound
Amplify DNA in short period of time
Amplify DNA fragment between 0.1 to 10kbp
Some allow to amplify up to 40 kbp
7. Basic requirements for PCR
reaction
A DNA template: DNA target region to amplify.
Size of template can be <0.1 to few kilobase
Total amount of DNA for PCR is 0.05-0.1ug
A DNA polymerase: An enzyme that polymerizes new
DNA strands; heat-resistant Taq polymerase is
especially common, as it is more likely to remain intact
during the high-temperature DNA denaturation process.
Primers:
16-30 nucleotides long primers are used
Complementary to the 3' ends of each of the sense and
anti-sense strands of the DNA target;
without primers there is no double-stranded initiation
site at which the polymerase can bind
8. Cont…
Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs): Building
blocks to synthesizes a new DNA strand.
Reaction Buffer: Providing a suitable chemical
environment for optimum activity and stability of the
DNA polymerase.
Bivalent cations: Mg++
Mg ion stimulate polymerase activity
Increase melting temperature of primer
Monovalent cations: Potassium (K) ions
9. PCR COMPONENTS
Water
10x reaction buffer
MgCl2
dNTPs
Target DNA
Forward primer
Reverse primer
Polymerase enzyme
10. Dream Taq Green PCR Master
Mix
Optimum PCR components are
directly used in form of mastermix
Contain
1. Dream Taq DNA polymerase
2. Optimized Dream Taq Green buffer
3. MgCl2
4. dNTPs
Higher yields compare to conventional
Taq DNA polymerase
11. Significance of master mix
Direct loading of PCR prodcuts on gel
High yield and high sensitivity of PCR
Amplification of long targets upto 6kb
from genomic DNA and up to 20 kb
from viral DNA
Incorporate modified nucleotides, but
doesnot incorporate dUTP
12. Procedure of PCR
Carried in reaction volume of 10-200ul
in small tubes called PCR tubes
PCR tubes 0.2-0.5mL
Placed in thermocycler
13. Main steps
Consists of series of 20-40 repeated temperature
changes called cycles
If 100% efficiency is assumed in each cycle there
will be 220 fold amplification after 20 cycle of pcr
14. Steps in PCR
Steps Temp. Duration
Denaturation 92°C to 95°C 1min
Annealing 50°C to 55°C 45sec
Elongation 70°C to 75°C 1-2min
20. Visualization of PCR products
Gel electrophoresis is employed to
check pcr products
Visualized under x-rays
Size is determined by comparing with
ladder.
21. Types of PCR
Allele-specific PCR
Assembly PCR
Asymmetric PCR
Convective PCR
Dial-out PCR
Digital PCR (d PCR)
Hot start PCR
In silico PCR (digital PCR, virtual PCR, electronic
PCR, e-PCR)
23. Allele-specific PCR
A PCR application in which alleles that differ by
one or more nucleotides can be distinguished on
the basis of PCR amplification.
It permits the detection of any mutation in human
DNA by analysing the PCR products directly in an
ethidium bromide-stained agarose or
polyacrylamide gel.
Used in DNA-based diagnostic techniques
involving the diagnosis of genetic and infectious
diseases.
24. Hot start PCR
Modified form of PCR that reduces non-
specific amplification during the initial set
up stages of the PCR.
It may be performed manually by heating
the reaction components to the
denaturation temperature (e.g., 95 °C)
before adding the polymerase.
25. Multiplex-PCR
Consists of multiple primer sets within a
single PCR mixture to produce amplicons
of varying sizes that are specific to different
DNA sequences.
Annealing temperatures for each of the
primer sets must be optimized to work
correctly within a single reaction.
26. Nested PCR
Increases the specificity of DNA amplification, by
reducing background due to non-specific amplification
of DNA.
Two sets of primers are used in two successive PCRs:
In the first reaction, one pair of primers is used to
generate DNA products, which besides the intended
target, may still consist of non-specifically amplified
DNA fragments.
27. Cont…
The product(s) are then used in a second PCR with
a set of primers whose binding sites are completely
or partially different from and located 3' of each of
the primers used in the first reaction.
Nested PCR is often more successful in specifically
amplifying long DNA fragments than conventional
PCR, but it requires more detailed knowledge of the
target sequences.
28. Quantitative PCR (qPCR)/Real
Time PCR
Used to measure the quantity of a target sequence
(commonly in real-time).
It quantitatively measures starting amounts of DNA,
cDNA, or RNA. quantitative PCR is commonly used
to determine whether a DNA sequence is present in
a sample and the number of its copies in the
sample.
Quantitative PCR has a very high degree of
precision.
29. Reverse transcription PCR
(RT-PCR)
It is used for amplifying DNA from RNA.
Reverse transcriptase reverse transcribes RNA into
cDNA, which is then amplified by PCR.
RT-PCR is widely used in expression profiling, to
determine the expression of a gene or to identify the
sequence of RNA transcript.
30. Touchdown PCR (step-down PCR)
A variant of PCR that aims to reduce
nonspecific background by gradually lowering
the annealing temperature as PCR cycling
progresses.
The annealing temperature at the initial
cycles is usually a few degrees (3–5 °C)
above the Tm of the primers used, while at the
later cycles, it is a few degrees (3–5 °C)
below the primer Tm.
The higher temperatures give greater
specificity for primer binding, and the lower
temperatures permit more efficient
33. Advantages of PCR
Fairly simple to understand and to use.
Produce Automated, fast, reliable results.
Highly sensitive.
Potential to produce millions to billions of copies
of a specific product for sequencing, cloning, and
analysis.
Broad uses.
Defined, easy to follow protocol.
34. Limitations of PCR
Smallest amount of contaminated DNA can be
amplified, resulting in misleading or ambiguous
results.
Need for target DNA sequence information
Boundary regions of DNA to be amplified must be
known.
Infidelity of DNA replication: Taq Pol – no Proof
reading– Error 40% after 20 cycles
35. Cont…
Short size and limiting amounts of
PCR product
Up to 5kb can be easily amplified .
Up to 40kb can be amplified with some
modifications.
Cannot amplify gene >100kb
Cannot be used in genome sequencing projects.
36. Things to try if PCR does not
work
A) If no product ( of correct size )
produced:
Check DNA quality.
Reduce annealing temperature.
Increase magnesium concentration.
Add dimethyl sulphoxide ( DMSO ) to assay ( at
around 10% ).
Use different thermostable enzyme.
Throw out primers - make new stocks.
37. Cont…
B) If extra spurious product bands
present:
Increase annealing temperature
Reduce magnesium concentration
Reduce number of cycles
Try different enzyme
38. Applications of PCR
Common applications of PCR in various fields can
be explained in following categories:
Medical Applications
Infectious disease Applications
Forensic Applications
Research and Molecular Genetics
39. Forensic applications
Can be used as a tool in genetic fingerprinting.
This technology can identify any one person from
millions of others in case of:
•crime scene.
•rule out suspects during police
investigation.
•paternity testing even in case of availability
of very small amount of specimens (stains of
blood, semen, hair etc.).
40. Research and molecular genetics
In genomic studies: to compare the genomes of
two organisms and identify the difference between
them.
In phylogenetic analysis: minute quantities of
DNA from any source like a fossilized material, hair,
bones, mummified tissues.
In study of gene expression analysis, PCR
based mutagenesis.
In Human genome project for aim to complete
mapping and understanding of all genes of human
beings.
41. Conclusion
PCR is not only vital in the clinical laboratory by
amplifying small amounts of DNA for STD
detection, but it is also important for genetic
predisposing for defects.
The PCR technology can also be employed in
law enforcement, genetic testing of animal
stocks and vegetable hybrids, and drug
screening along with many more areas.
42. References
Molecular Cell Biology ( Lodish, Darnell..)
https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-
content/uploads/2011/09/nested-pcr.gif
http://11e.devbio.com/ch/03/wt/031005/figure1.
jpg
https://www.thermofisher.com/pk/en/home/bran
ds/thermo-scientific/molecular-
biology/molecular-biology-learning-
center/molecular-biology-resource-
library/basic-principles-rt-qpcr.html
Paul, N. (2010). Hot start PCR. Methods in
Molecular Biology. 630. pp. 301–318
Fundamentals of Biochem ( Voet, Voet, Pratt)