This document discusses the pathophysiology of hypertension. It defines hypertension and classifies it as primary or secondary. Primary hypertension can be affected by non-modifiable factors like age, sex, race, and genetics as well as modifiable lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol, obesity, hyperlipidemia, physical inactivity, and high salt intake. Secondary hypertension is caused by underlying conditions like renal disease, endocrine disorders, coarctation of the aorta, neurologic disorders, or side effects of certain drugs. The document provides details on how different conditions and lifestyle factors can increase blood pressure and lead to hypertension.

1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OF
HYPERTENSION
A.UDAY KIRAN
ROLL NO -04
2019 BATCH

2. DEFINITION
• Hypertension is defined as persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure
• Hypertension can be classified as:-
• A) primary hypertension
• B) secondary hypertension

3. FACTORS AFFECTING PRIMARY HYPERTENSION
Non-modifiable
factors
1) Age
2) Sex
3) Race
4) Genetics
Modifiable factors
1) Smoking
2) Alcohol
3) Obesity
4) Hyperlipidemia
5) Sedentary lifestyle
6) Salt intake and
sensitivity
Smoking increases nicotine and
carbon monoxide which are potent
vasoconstrictors
Hyperlipidemia causes clogging and
narrowing of arteries
Sedentary lifestyle causes obesity and
hyperlipidemia
Salt intake causes retention of water in
the blood which increases hydrostatic
pressure and thus increases blood
pressure

4. ALCOHOL AND HYPERTENSION
ALCOHOL INTAKE
Increased renin
Increased cirtisol
Decreased baroreceptor
sensitivity
Increased
calcium
binding to
walls of
arteries
HYPERTENSION
Weight gain

5. SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
• Based on etiology it is described as:-
• A) Renal hypertension
• B) Endocrine hypertension
• C) Coarctation of aorta
• D) Neurogenic hypertension
• E) Drug induced hypertension

6. RENAL HYPERTENSION
• It is divided into two sub groups
• 1) renal vascular hypertension:- eg. Occlusion of major renal
artery,pre eclampsia, eclampsia,polyarteritis nodosa.
• 2) Renal parenchymal hypertension :- eg.
Glomerulonephritis,pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis,
amyloidosis, polycystic kidney disease.
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY :- Cause by one of the following
mechanisms
• A) activation of renin angiotensin aldoesterone system
• B) sodium and water retention

7. ENDOCRINE HYPERTENSION
• 1) Adrenal gland causes:-
• Primary aldosteronism:- excessive aldoesterone release→excess retention of
sodium and water →increased hydrostatic pressure in the blood vessels
→hypertension
• Cushing syndrome:- Here there are elevated levels of glucocorticoids due to
pituitary adenoma. Hypertension is due to:-.
• A)mineralocorticoid action of glucocorticoids
• B) activation of RAAS
• C). Increased sensitivity of beta adrenergic receptors to catecholamines

8. • PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA:- It is a tumor of Adrenal medulla →excess secretion of
catecholamines →incsreased blood pressure → hypertension
• 2) Thyroid gland causes:- hyperhyroidism also causes hypertension due to
increased heart rate.

9. • CO-ARCTATION OF AORTA:- here due to narrowing of segment of aorta the left
ventricle has to pump harder which increases the blood pressure in the upper
extremities
• NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION:- it is seen in psychogenic conditions,
polyneuritis,increased intracranial pressure, section of spinal cord.
• Increased intracranial pressure →decreases cerebral perfusion →increased
systemic blood pressure to restore cerebral perfusion

10. DRUG INDUCED HYPERTENSION

11. THANK YOU