PATERAKI ABSTRACT 1(1)
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This study characterized fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM1) concentrations and chemical composition from samples collected at a roadside location in Athens, Greece. Samples were taken at two heights (1st and 5th floor) along the open road and within a street canyon. Average daily PM concentrations did not exceed recommended limits but were higher along the open road. PM1 accounted for over 90% of PM2.5 mass at the 5th floor location, indicating an increase in ultrafine particles with height. Vertical profiles showed significant differences in PM1/PM2.5 ratios between floors within the street canyon. The study aims to evaluate the carcinogenic and mutagenic potential of traffic-related PM at different sampling heights
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This document presents the results of a systematic study measuring indoor radon concentration levels across the main urban areas of Cyprus. Between 2004-2012, over 400 measurements were taken using portable detectors in the districts of Lefkosia, Lemesos, Larnaka, and Pafos, which are home to 67.3% of Cyprus' population. The districts were divided into 189 grid cells of 1 km2 each. Grid cell mean radon concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 86.4 Bq/m3, with an overall mean of 14.3 Bq/m3. This is lower than the estimated global average of 39 Bq/m3. Equivalent annual effective dose rates were also calculated and
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Spatial Patterns of Urban Air Pollution in an Industrial Estate, Lagos, Nigeria
Spatial Patterns of Urban Air Pollution in an Industrial Estate, Lagos, NigeriaInternational Journal of Engineering Inventions www.ijeijournal.com
This study investigated spatial patterns of air pollution in an industrial estate in Lagos, Nigeria. Seven sampling sites were selected to measure levels of particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methane (CH4), and noise. Statistical analysis using principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed two main sources of air pollution: traffic emissions contributed most to NO2 levels, while fossil fuel combustion and industrial sources contributed most to SO2, CO, and H2S levels. The levels of SO2, NO2, and PM10 exceeded national standards at some sites, indicating traffic and industrial pollution are problems. Appropriate vehicle emission controlsSIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Interest in air pollution investigation of urban environment due to existence of industrial and commercial activities along with vehicular emission and existence of buildings and streets which setup natural barrier for pollutant dispersion in the urban environment has increased. The air pollution modelling is a multidisciplinary subject when the entire cities are taken under consideration where urban planning and geometries are complex which needs a large software packages to be developed like Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), California Line Source model (CALINE series) etc. On overviewing various works it can be summarized that the air pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons and all linked phenomenon such as wind flow, pollutant concentrations, temperature distribution etc. generally depend on wind speed and direction, building heights and density, road width, source and intensity of air pollution, meteorological variables like temperature, humidity etc. A unique and surprising case is observed every time on numerous combinations of these factors. The main aim of this study is to simulate the atmospheric pollutant dispersion for given pollutant like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and given atmospheric conditions like wind speed and direction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for analysing the atmospheric pollutant dispersion is done after natural airflow analysis. Volume rendering is done for variables such as phase 2 volume fraction and velocity with resolution as 250 pixels per inch and transparency as 20%. It can be observed that all the three pollutant namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide the phase 2 volume fraction changes from 0 to 1. The wind velocity changes from 3.395×10-13 m/s to 1.692×102 m/s. The dispersion of pollutants follow the sequence Sulphur dioxide>Carbon monoxide>Nitrogen dioxide.
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2) The biogeochemical cycling loop illustrates the circulation of materials like carbon and nitrogen between environmental compartments.
3) The causality loop links human activities, their impacts on the environment, and feedback through economic and social factors.
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1
This document summarizes a study that measured carbonaceous aerosol concentrations at an urban residential site in Agra, India from May to August 2011. The key findings include:
1) The average concentration of PM2.5 was 55.3±17.4 μg/m3, within prescribed limits. Organic carbon varied from 7.6 to 37.5 μg/m3 with an average of 18.2±6.4 μg/m3. Elemental carbon ranged from 1.2 to 9.4 μg/m3 with an average of 3.2±1.6 μg/m3.
2) Total carbonaceous aerosols accounted for 64.9%
ORIGINAL PAPERRisk assessment of atmospheric heavy metals .docx
ORIGINAL PAPER
Risk assessment of atmospheric heavy metals exposure
in Baotou, a typical industrial city in northern China
Kexin Li . Tao Liang . Lingqing Wang
Received: 11 March 2015 / Accepted: 1 September 2015 / Published online: 8 September 2015
! Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract Industrial activities have led to serious air
pollution and the potentially toxic elements in atmo-
spheric particles can cause various health problems to
humans. In this study, inhalable particulate matter
(PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5) were collected from
four typical sites in Baotou, an industrial city in
northern China. We investigated both the mass
concentrations of particulate matter and the concen-
trations of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn, Co,
and Zn) in the collected samples. We assessed the
public health risks associated with atmospheric heavy
metal exposure. The results showed that the mass
concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 as well as these
heavy metal concentrations varied notably influenced
by the prevailing wind directions. Among the studied
metals, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cr were the main metal
pollutants in both PM10 and PM2.5. The results of the
health assessment showed that the eight heavy metals
studied pose significant non-carcinogenic risks and Cr,
Cd, and Co pose lifetime lung cancer risks to local
residents, especially to children.
Keywords PM10 ! PM2.5 ! Heavy metals !
Health risk ! Baotou
Introduction
Mining activities are notorious for adverse environ-
mental impacts, including pollution, habitat loss, soil
erosion, and geological disasters (Salomons 1995;
Klukanová and Rapant 1999; Aguilar et al. 2004; Luı́s
et al. 2011). Among these environmental problems
caused by mining activities, the production and
dispersion of atmospheric particles has become a
great concern in recent years (Kaonga and Kgabi
2011; Chen et al. 2013; Serbula et al. 2014). Atmo-
spheric particulates are generated from numerous
sources, both natural and anthropogenic, but in areas
near mining, mining operations are considered the
largest contributor. The processes of mining, such as
crushing, grinding, excavating, smelting, and refining,
can produce large quantities of particulate matter
(PM), containing dangerously high levels of heavy
metals (Csavina et al. 2012).
Inhalable particulate matter (PM10), particularly
fine particles (PM2.5), have been shown to cause
adverse effects on human health, including asthma,
lung cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (Pope et al.
2002; Sanchez et al. 2009). Lung and other organ
injuries from atmospheric heavy metal exposure have
also been well-documented (Espinosa et al. 2001;
Cancio et al. 2008; Leili et al. 2008).
K. Li ! T. Liang (&) ! L. Wang (&)
Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation,
Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,
China
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Wang
e-mail: [email p.
Righi et-al-acp-15-633-2015
Introduction
The transport sectors, including land transport, shipping and
aviation, are major sources of atmospheric pollution (e.g.,
Righi et al., 2013). The emissions from transport are growing
more rapidly than those from the other anthropogenic activities.
According to the ATTICA assessment (Uherek et al.,
2010; Eyring et al., 2010), land transport and shipping shared
74 and 12 % of the global CO2 emissions from transport in
the year 2000, respectively. In the time period 1990–2007,
the EU-15 CO2-equivalent emissions from land transport and
shipping increased by 24 and 63 %, respectively. This growth
is expected to continue in the future, due to increasing world
population, economic activities and related mobility. The future
road traffic scenarios analyzed by Uherek et al. (2010)
essentially agree in projecting an increase of both fuel demand
and CO2 emissions until 2030, with up to a factor of
∼ 3 increase in CO2 emissions with respect to 2000. The ATTICA
assessment also showed that emissions of CO2 from
land transport and shipping affect the global climate by exerting
a radiative forcing (RF) effect of 171 (year 2000)
and 37 mW m−2
(year 2005), respectively. These two sectors
together account for 13 % of the total anthropogenic CO2
warming (year 2005).
In addition to long-lived greenhouse gases, ground-based
vehicles and ocean-going ships emit aerosol particles as well
as a wide range of short-lived gases, including also aerosol
precursor species. Atmospheric aerosol particles have significant
impacts on climate, through their interaction with solar
radiation and their ability to modify cloud microphysical
and optical properties (Forster et al., 2007). In populated areas,
they also affect air quality and human health (Pope and
Dockery, 2006; Chow et al., 2006).
Air Quality Monitoring Using Model: A Review
Air pollution is a global environmental challenge that has continued to receive worldwide attention despite the recent decline in concentration of atmospheric pollutants following stringent environmental protection regulations. The major source of this pollution remains fossil fuels; hence the urgent need for cleaner energy sources. This study presents a review of the models applied in monitoring ambient air quality. The primary aim of air pollution modeling is to identify and quantitatively characterize pollutant emission at its source and subsequent dispersion through the atmosphere, subject to meteorological conditions, physical and chemical transformations. The common models and model assumptions for modeling air pollution and quality were critically reviewed and analyzed in this work for application in both forecasting and estimation of air pollutants on the basis of considered causes and in air quality assessment and air pollution control.
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PATERAKI ABSTRACT 1(1)
- 1. Chemical characteristics and health risk assessment of traffic related particles St. Pateraki1 , K. Bairachtari1,2 , C. Markellou3 , G. Chousos1 , Α. Stamatelopoulou1 , N. Mihalopoulos3,4 , Ch.Vasilakos1 and Th. Maggos1 1 Environmental Research Laboratory/ I.N.RA.S.T.E.S., National Centre for Scientific Research “DEMOKRITOS”, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece 2 Hellenic Army Academy, Division of Physical Sciences & Applications, Vari Attica 16673, Greece 3 Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece 4 Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 152 36, Athens, Greece Keywords: Fine particles, roadside, chemical composition, health risk assessment Presenting author email: stella@ipta.demokritos.gr Roadside air quality in cities is an environmental and simultaneously health issue of increasing concern, especially in urban areas where many roadways are lined by dense and high-rise buildings forming street canyon that greatly limits the dispersion of mobile emissions. Recently, the WHO classified diesel exhaust as Group I Carcinogen (Rakowska et al., 2014) while aerosol samples taken in urban areas show that motor vehicular emissions, especially diesel exhausts, constitute the most significant source of ultrafine and fine particles (Lee et al., 2006). Despite the implementation of emission control programs, roadway transport is still a major source of PM pollution (Rakowska et al., 2014). In general, horizontal aerosols profile in a roadside microenvironment has been studied extensively. Unfortunately, there are only limited studies observing the vertical characteristics of traffic originated particles (Tian et al., 2013). Therefore, a roadside monitoring campaign in terms of PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations and chemical components took place within the urban atmosphere of Athens (ions, OC, EC, PAHs). Being considered as traffic hot spot due to its location next to one of the busiest roads of the capital, the selected roadside allows the thorough investigation of the behavior of different, traffic-impacted, diameter particles. The placement of the experimental equipment on different heights of a 19m high building (1st and 5th floor) i) along the open road and ii) at the street canyon (H/W ratio~1.5), allocates the parallel analysis of the configured vertical and horizontal PM status. Moreover, taking into consideration the toxic and mutagenic equivalency factor (TEF and MEF, respectively) method, will be evaluated the carcinogenic and mutagenic potential of PM2.5 and PM1- bound PAHs, both horizontally and vertically. The particle mass determination was conducted according to EN 12341. The water-soluble ions and the carbon elements will be detected using suppressed ion chromatography and a carbon analyzer, respectively while the analysis of the PAHs will be performed according to ISO 12884. During the fieldwork (8-12/9/14 & 22-26/9/14), a total of 60 samples were collected. In total, the daily PM2.5 and PM1 values did not exceed 32.4 and 27.5μg/m3 , respectively. As it was expected, the obtained average load, was higher along the open road, than the one at the street canyon. In both investigated cases it should be highlighted the fact that i) the average PM2.5 peak occurred at the 1st floor while the maximum PM1 average value was recorded at the 5th one and ii) the PM1 partitioning at the PM2.5 mass was increased on the 5th floor (90% and 92% at the open road and the street canyon, respectively). It is worthy to note the significant vertical differentiation, at the street canyon, between the PM1/PM2.5 ratio on 22/9; 43% and 96% on the 1st and 5th floor, respectively. Fig. 1 Average PM concentration on the vertical and the horizontal axis This work was supported by thefinancial supported from the EnTeC FP7 Capacities programme (REGPOT-2012- 2013-1, FP7, ID: 316173) Lee, SC., Cheng, Y., Ho, K.F., Cao, J.J., Louie, PK.-K, Chow J.C. and Watson J.G. (2006) Aerosol Sci. Technol. 40, 157-165. Rakowska, A., Wong, K.C., Townsend, T., Chan, K. L., Westerdahl, D., Ng, S., Mocnik, G., Drinovec, L. and Ning Z. (2014) Atmos Environ 98, 260-270. Tian, Y.-Z., Shi, G.-L., Han, S.-Q., Zhang, Y.-F., Feng, Y.-C., Liu, G.-R., Gao, L.-J., Wu, J.-H. and Zhu, T. (2013) Sci Total Environ 447, 1–9. 0 10 20 30 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 Concentration(μg/m^3) Along the open road Street Canyon 5 th floor1 st floor