This document provides an overview of American political parties and elections. It lists 27 third parties in the US and discusses the functions of political parties, including candidate recruitment, organizing elections, and presenting policy alternatives. It outlines the history of the two-party system and reasons it has endured, including election laws and winner-take-all elections. The document also examines party organization, campaign finance laws, and voting methods used in American elections.
The American Presidency Project contains the most comprehensive collection of resources ... Presidential Elections Data: ... click the slide share on election year for detail .
April De Simone, Founder, Designing the WE
Celinda Lake, President, Lake Research Partners
Sam Munger, Director, State Innovation Exchange
Shaun Chapman, Chief of Staff, SolarCity
Richard Eidlin, Vice President, American Sustainable Business Council (moderator)
Watch this webinar: http://asbcouncil.org/video/what-election-means-sustainable-businesses#.WCzKTCSECAU
George Floyd Murder Trials: Official Evidence Handbook. Free Book.The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/george-floyd/
Free book available at this link.
This book is about what this author neutrally terms the
‘George Floyd event’. A tragedy. It contains four parts.
Section One is an inventory of official state and federal
government agencies such as County Sheriff websites. Part
Two provides a listing of privately owned databases. The
segment on page 2 offers a list of official databases that will
publicize new material about the George Floyd murder trials
in forthcoming weeks, months, and years. A handful other
additional databases are listed in this book’s body.
It is possible that some, most or all official evidence are
partially or entirely flawed. Please take nothing for granted.
This book urges readers to mostly consult official original
evidence sources direct in their full unedited format. Fake
news crime agencies such as CNN and The New York Times
may exclude, edit, sequence, and fabricate ‘evidence’ to suit
their transparent Order out of Chaos toxic R Card agenda.
This book provides a link to official evidence that concerns the George Floyd murder trials. This inventory may aid novice researchers to avoid analyzing corrupt fake ‘factcheck ‘ sites such as Snopes.
george perry floyd jr, george floyd, tou thao, thomas kiernan lane, alexander kueng, minnesota, Minneapolis, police, arrest, choke, neck, murder, manslaughter, second degree murder, black, white, race, racism, riots, civil liberties, FBI, president donald trump, black lives matter, derek chauvin, derek michael chauvin, darnelle frazier, 17, seventeen, coroner, medical report,, Ben crump law, national guard, martial law, autopsy, minnesota police department, attorney general, civil rights, hennepin county, plea deal, plea bargain, trial, false flag, fake
The American Presidency Project contains the most comprehensive collection of resources ... Presidential Elections Data: ... click the slide share on election year for detail .
April De Simone, Founder, Designing the WE
Celinda Lake, President, Lake Research Partners
Sam Munger, Director, State Innovation Exchange
Shaun Chapman, Chief of Staff, SolarCity
Richard Eidlin, Vice President, American Sustainable Business Council (moderator)
Watch this webinar: http://asbcouncil.org/video/what-election-means-sustainable-businesses#.WCzKTCSECAU
George Floyd Murder Trials: Official Evidence Handbook. Free Book.The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/george-floyd/
Free book available at this link.
This book is about what this author neutrally terms the
‘George Floyd event’. A tragedy. It contains four parts.
Section One is an inventory of official state and federal
government agencies such as County Sheriff websites. Part
Two provides a listing of privately owned databases. The
segment on page 2 offers a list of official databases that will
publicize new material about the George Floyd murder trials
in forthcoming weeks, months, and years. A handful other
additional databases are listed in this book’s body.
It is possible that some, most or all official evidence are
partially or entirely flawed. Please take nothing for granted.
This book urges readers to mostly consult official original
evidence sources direct in their full unedited format. Fake
news crime agencies such as CNN and The New York Times
may exclude, edit, sequence, and fabricate ‘evidence’ to suit
their transparent Order out of Chaos toxic R Card agenda.
This book provides a link to official evidence that concerns the George Floyd murder trials. This inventory may aid novice researchers to avoid analyzing corrupt fake ‘factcheck ‘ sites such as Snopes.
george perry floyd jr, george floyd, tou thao, thomas kiernan lane, alexander kueng, minnesota, Minneapolis, police, arrest, choke, neck, murder, manslaughter, second degree murder, black, white, race, racism, riots, civil liberties, FBI, president donald trump, black lives matter, derek chauvin, derek michael chauvin, darnelle frazier, 17, seventeen, coroner, medical report,, Ben crump law, national guard, martial law, autopsy, minnesota police department, attorney general, civil rights, hennepin county, plea deal, plea bargain, trial, false flag, fake
On November 8, 2016 citizens of the United States of America vote for the next President and we have front-row seats. This presentation features American English, basic to trending vocabulary. Please clap. Your comments are welcome and so are embeds, likes, clips and shares.
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/usa2016
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/usa2016#lvdebate
The blind lawyer’s dramatic path to New York gripped the world’s attention during Hillary Clinton’s April 2012 visit to China for a major bilateral dialogue. After escaping house arrest in his hometown and making it all the way to the U.S. embassy in Beijing, Chen’s plea for refuge overshadowed the summit and top State Department officials spent a week negotiating Chen’s permission to travel to the U.S. with his immediate family.
The 2016 United States elections will be held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. During this presidential election year, the President of the United States and Vice President will be elected. In addition, elections will be held for all 435 voting-member seats in the United States House of Representatives (as well as all 6 non-voting delegate seats) and 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate. Twelve state governorships, two territorial governorships, and numerous other state and local elections will also be contested.
The United States presidential election of 2016 will be the 58th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. The current electoral vote distribution was determined by the 2010 census. Presidential electors who will elect the President and Vice President of the United States will be chosen; a simple majority (270) of the 538 electoral votes are required to win the election. The incumbent president, Democrat Barack Obama, is ineligible to be elected to a third term due to term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. There are numerous potential candidates in the Republican Party, Democratic Party, and among third parties. Assuming Barack Obama serves out his full term, the winner of this election will become the 45th President of the United States.
Rafael Edward “Ted” Cruz (born December 22, 1970) is the junior United States Senator from Texas. Elected in 2012, he is the first Cuban American or Latino to hold the office of US Senator from Texas. Cruz is a member of the Republican Party. He served as Solicitor General of Texas from 2003 to May 2008, after being appointed by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott. Between 1999 and 2003, Cruz served as the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the United States Department of Justice, and as Domestic Policy Advisor to U.S. President George W. Bush on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign. Cruz was also an Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, where he taught U.S. Supreme Court litigation, from 2004 to 2009.
He was the first Hispanic Solicitor General in Texas, the youngest Solicitor General of Texas, and the longest-serving Solicitor General in Texas’ history. Cruz is one of three Latinos in the Senate; the others — also Americans of Cuban ancestry — are fellow Republican Marco Rubio of Florida and Democrat Bob Menendez of New Jersey.
Martin catino antifa propaganda aug 2020martincatino
Far more than the smoke of burning buildings and police cars is rising in American cities in the aftermath of ANTIFA’s riots. ANTIFA is waging a well-contrived propaganda campaign used as a smokescreen to cover its major activities and objectives which include gaining the psychological, operational, and political space it craves to sequentially weaken and violently overthrow the United States Government. As a self-professed anarchist-communist organization often disguised as ordinary social or political advocacy groups, ANTIFA functions as the national hub and web of violent and radical anarchists, and readily links with or directly influences similar organizations, groups, and personality types.
Will Populism Kill the American EconomyInvestingTips
http://www.profitableinvestingtips.com/investing-trading/will-populism-kill-the-american-economy
Will Populism Kill the American Economy
Representatives of an American populist movement, the Tea Party, are using their votes in the US House of Representatives to exert power beyond what their numbers might normally command. The United States has been without a Federal budget for more than two weeks. If the mandated Federal debt ceiling is not raised the oldest democracy in the world may default on its sovereign debt for the first time in its 221 year history. Angry populism has led the United States to a condition of increasingly poor governance. From the view of the investor, will populism kill the American economy? Successful stock market investing requires a degree of stability and, ideally, a healthy economy. The predictions of what will happen if the USA defaults on its debts include banking collapse, major disruptions in world trade, and a substantial fall in the value of the US dollar. Prices will go up in the USA and another recession is likely, perhaps as bad as the Great Depression, and lasting decades. The unthinkable is happening as governance fails on Capitol Hill. So, will populism kill the American economy?
Populism, What Is It?
Populism is a political doctrine. The short, take home point, is that in populism a person or group sides with the people against the elite. Dictators used this approach to take over Germany and Italy and bring about World War II. In India and Latin America the same doctrine brought strong men into power. The widespread result of these movements is typically the loss of political freedom and the consolidation of power in the hands of a new elite. The strongest example is Communism as seen in the world of today. Although Marx envisioned a world of fairness to the worker, witness the huge amount of wealth amassed by the Communist Party elite in China and the power and privilege of the Russian commissars before the collapse of the USSR. If one believes that free enterprise, capitalism, and democracy go hand in hand then one comes to the conclusion that populism when it gains final control falls into the hands of scoundrels and defeats its stated purpose. Will populism kill the American economy? Could be if things go too far.
Fundamental Analysis of Investments
Basic to successful investing is the ability to analyze the fundamentals. One considers the forward looking income stream of a stock, its intrinsic value. If intrinsic value is more than current value a smart long term investor buys the stocks. If the reverse is the case he sells or simply does not buy.
We Can Find Full Information About Latest Special Reports Politics News And Top Breaking News, Updates Politics News, Current Affairs And News Headlines Online, Current US Politics, US Political Parties, US Political System
US Midterm Elections: What Happened, Why it happened, and What it means
Speaker: Paul Sracic
Lecture video is available here: https://youtu.be/UczRVA2TdJY
On November 8, 2016 citizens of the United States of America vote for the next President and we have front-row seats. This presentation features American English, basic to trending vocabulary. Please clap. Your comments are welcome and so are embeds, likes, clips and shares.
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/usa2016
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/usa2016#lvdebate
The blind lawyer’s dramatic path to New York gripped the world’s attention during Hillary Clinton’s April 2012 visit to China for a major bilateral dialogue. After escaping house arrest in his hometown and making it all the way to the U.S. embassy in Beijing, Chen’s plea for refuge overshadowed the summit and top State Department officials spent a week negotiating Chen’s permission to travel to the U.S. with his immediate family.
The 2016 United States elections will be held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. During this presidential election year, the President of the United States and Vice President will be elected. In addition, elections will be held for all 435 voting-member seats in the United States House of Representatives (as well as all 6 non-voting delegate seats) and 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate. Twelve state governorships, two territorial governorships, and numerous other state and local elections will also be contested.
The United States presidential election of 2016 will be the 58th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. The current electoral vote distribution was determined by the 2010 census. Presidential electors who will elect the President and Vice President of the United States will be chosen; a simple majority (270) of the 538 electoral votes are required to win the election. The incumbent president, Democrat Barack Obama, is ineligible to be elected to a third term due to term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. There are numerous potential candidates in the Republican Party, Democratic Party, and among third parties. Assuming Barack Obama serves out his full term, the winner of this election will become the 45th President of the United States.
Rafael Edward “Ted” Cruz (born December 22, 1970) is the junior United States Senator from Texas. Elected in 2012, he is the first Cuban American or Latino to hold the office of US Senator from Texas. Cruz is a member of the Republican Party. He served as Solicitor General of Texas from 2003 to May 2008, after being appointed by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott. Between 1999 and 2003, Cruz served as the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the United States Department of Justice, and as Domestic Policy Advisor to U.S. President George W. Bush on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign. Cruz was also an Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, where he taught U.S. Supreme Court litigation, from 2004 to 2009.
He was the first Hispanic Solicitor General in Texas, the youngest Solicitor General of Texas, and the longest-serving Solicitor General in Texas’ history. Cruz is one of three Latinos in the Senate; the others — also Americans of Cuban ancestry — are fellow Republican Marco Rubio of Florida and Democrat Bob Menendez of New Jersey.
Martin catino antifa propaganda aug 2020martincatino
Far more than the smoke of burning buildings and police cars is rising in American cities in the aftermath of ANTIFA’s riots. ANTIFA is waging a well-contrived propaganda campaign used as a smokescreen to cover its major activities and objectives which include gaining the psychological, operational, and political space it craves to sequentially weaken and violently overthrow the United States Government. As a self-professed anarchist-communist organization often disguised as ordinary social or political advocacy groups, ANTIFA functions as the national hub and web of violent and radical anarchists, and readily links with or directly influences similar organizations, groups, and personality types.
Will Populism Kill the American EconomyInvestingTips
http://www.profitableinvestingtips.com/investing-trading/will-populism-kill-the-american-economy
Will Populism Kill the American Economy
Representatives of an American populist movement, the Tea Party, are using their votes in the US House of Representatives to exert power beyond what their numbers might normally command. The United States has been without a Federal budget for more than two weeks. If the mandated Federal debt ceiling is not raised the oldest democracy in the world may default on its sovereign debt for the first time in its 221 year history. Angry populism has led the United States to a condition of increasingly poor governance. From the view of the investor, will populism kill the American economy? Successful stock market investing requires a degree of stability and, ideally, a healthy economy. The predictions of what will happen if the USA defaults on its debts include banking collapse, major disruptions in world trade, and a substantial fall in the value of the US dollar. Prices will go up in the USA and another recession is likely, perhaps as bad as the Great Depression, and lasting decades. The unthinkable is happening as governance fails on Capitol Hill. So, will populism kill the American economy?
Populism, What Is It?
Populism is a political doctrine. The short, take home point, is that in populism a person or group sides with the people against the elite. Dictators used this approach to take over Germany and Italy and bring about World War II. In India and Latin America the same doctrine brought strong men into power. The widespread result of these movements is typically the loss of political freedom and the consolidation of power in the hands of a new elite. The strongest example is Communism as seen in the world of today. Although Marx envisioned a world of fairness to the worker, witness the huge amount of wealth amassed by the Communist Party elite in China and the power and privilege of the Russian commissars before the collapse of the USSR. If one believes that free enterprise, capitalism, and democracy go hand in hand then one comes to the conclusion that populism when it gains final control falls into the hands of scoundrels and defeats its stated purpose. Will populism kill the American economy? Could be if things go too far.
Fundamental Analysis of Investments
Basic to successful investing is the ability to analyze the fundamentals. One considers the forward looking income stream of a stock, its intrinsic value. If intrinsic value is more than current value a smart long term investor buys the stocks. If the reverse is the case he sells or simply does not buy.
We Can Find Full Information About Latest Special Reports Politics News And Top Breaking News, Updates Politics News, Current Affairs And News Headlines Online, Current US Politics, US Political Parties, US Political System
US Midterm Elections: What Happened, Why it happened, and What it means
Speaker: Paul Sracic
Lecture video is available here: https://youtu.be/UczRVA2TdJY
Citizens United Is Unconstitutional - Restore Democracy to The PeopleLinda Sturgeon
Visit http://americansforamendment.org/ for more information.
We are not affiliated with MTA, but, this quote is most applicable from https://movetoamend.org/voters-both-parties-object-supreme-court-activism "We’re fed up with the influence of Big Money in our political system. “If anything can unite Americans across party and ideological lines, it should be the arrogant and unprecedented Supreme Court ruling [Citizens United] that corporations [including unions, associations, and other entities] are “persons” with all the protections and rights of the Constitution. In a case trumped up by the court itself, five activist judges reversed 100 years of precedent to allow unlimited, special-interest money to be spent in our local, state and federal elections. Corporations [and other entities] are now free to spend unlimited money on behalf of a candidate they favor, or against one they wish to silence. No grassroots organization will ever be likely to raise enough money for their candidate to compete on a level playing field. Put simply in a New York Times headline, the story comes down to, “Lobbies’ New Power: Cross Us and Our Cash Will Bury You.” As moderate Washington Post columnist E.J. Dionne, Jr. wrote, “The only proper response to this distortion of our political system by ideologically driven justices is a popular revolt.”The choice is simple. Will government answer to the people, or serve special interests? Will elections be an opportunity for the people to speak powerfully to their government, or will elections become competitions among corporate powers, unions and giant foundations to serve their own interests? And what if corporate interests are tied to an unfriendly foreign power? It is difficult to imagine how our democracy would be strengthened by a large infusion of cash into our political process from such governments as Russia, China or Saudi Arabia. Most outrage at this attack on democracy focuses on national politics. However, the ruling also nullifies protections against corporate domination of elections in the 23 states, including Colorado, that model their laws on the federal Constitution.”
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
2. American Political PartiesAmerican Political Parties
govote2016.com
(1)AmericaFirstParty(2)American
Conservative Party(3)American Freedom
Party,(4)PartyAmerican Populist Party
(5)America‘sParty,(6)ChristianLiberty
Party(7)Citizens Party of the United
States
(8)CommunistPartyUSA(9)Freedom
SocialistParty(10)IndependentAmerican
Party(11)Justice Party
3. (11)Modern Whig Party(12)National
Socialist Movement(13)World Union of
National SocialistsObjectivist Party
(14)Party for Socialism and
Liberation(15)Peace and Freedom Party
(16)Pirate arty,
(17)Prohibition Party(18)Socialist
Action(19)Reform Party of the United
States of America
govote2016.com
7. FunctionsFunctions
Candidate
Recruitment
◦ Parties need to find
viable candidates for a
whole range of elected
positions at the federal
and state level
◦ Obstacles to
recruitment include:
time, privacy, finances,
prospects
govote2016.com
9. FunctionsFunctions
Presenting alternatives to the electorate
◦ Voters need choices among candidates and
among policy alternatives
◦ Democratic Party Platform
◦ Republican Party Platform
govote2016.com
12. History of American Party SystemHistory of American Party System
US developed the modern political party
US relatively unique in the world in having
a 2-Party System
◦ most of the world is multiparty (with a few
uniparty systems in non-democratic states)
govote2016.com
13. HistoryHistory
Founding Period
◦ Federalists vs Antifederalists
issues
size and power of national government
base
Federalists primarily merchant/commerical/wealthy
Antifederalists primarily small farmer/craftsmen and south
govote2016.com
14. HistoryHistory
Post Constitution/Post Washington
◦ Federalists (Adams)
vs Republicans (Jefferson)
issues:
size and power of national government
state rights
base:
–Federalist: wealthy merchant and
commerical intersests
–Republican: artisans farmers
govote2016.com
15. HistoryHistory
“Era of Good Feelings”
◦ FollowingWar of 1812,
Federalists cease to be a
major party at the
national level, confined
primarily to New England
◦ Enter period of One
Party rule
1816-1825 (Monroe)
Competition among
individual Republican
candidates, or factions
within the Republican
party, but not really
different parties
govote2016.com
16. HistoryHistory
Birth of the Modern Democratic Party
◦ 1824 Election the Republican Party splits, when
Andrew Jackson leaves party to form own
◦ Republicans change name to National Republicans
◦ Jackson wing becomes the Democratic Party
This is the same Democratic Party we have today
◦ 1828 Jackson wins, National Republicans rename
themselves Whigs
issues: “popular” democracy, federal
power
base: Dems - rural/south, Whigs: north, urban
govote2016.com
18. HistoryHistory
Birth of the
Republican Party
◦ 1856 modern
Republican Party
forms
◦ remnant of Whig
party split, anti-
slavery Democrats,
and the Free Soil
Party
govote2016.com
19. HistoryHistory
Republican Party Dominance
◦ From 1860 through 1932
Republicans control White House
every presidential election cycle with the
exception of
Grover Cleveland (1885-1889; 1883-1897)
Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
govote2016.com
20. HistoryHistory
Democratic Party Dominance
◦ From 1932 to 1968 Democrats control
White House (with the exception of
Dwight Eisenhower (1952-1960)
and they control
Congress from 1932 to 1952
govote2016.com
21. HistoryHistory
Contemporary Party
◦ Republican Ascendance?
1968 to 2008 Republicans control
White House for all except:
Carter (1976-1980)
Clinton (1992-2000)
Obama (2009- ?)
govote2016.com
22. HistoryHistory
Democratic Party controls both houses
of Congress from 1955-1980, and the
House from 1955 until 1994.
Republicans control both houses of
Congress from 1994-2000; House from
1994 to 2006.
With 2008 results, too soon to say if we
are moving to new Democratic era
govote2016.com
23. Why 2 Parties?Why 2 Parties?
Election and Ballot Access Laws
◦ State legislatures devise ballot access laws
◦ State legislatures are dominated by the major
parties
◦ State legislatures make it difficult for minor
parties to challenge the major party
monopoly
govote2016.com
24. Why 2 Parties?Why 2 Parties?
Neither major party is ideologically rigid
◦ Both Democratic and Republican parties can
shift platform to accomodate new social
movements
◦ Difficult for minor parties to find any room to
maneuver between the 2 major parties
govote2016.com
25. Why 2 Parties?Why 2 Parties?
Winner Take All vs. Proportional
Representation (PR)
◦ In PR systems, seats in the legislature are
allocated to parties based on the percentage
of vote they receive in the election
for example, if a party receives 15% of the votes, it
would get roughly 15% of the seats in the
legislature
govote2016.com
26. Why 2 Parties?Why 2 Parties?
Winner Take All vs. Proportional
Representation (PR)
◦ In PR, parties do not need to “win” an
election in order to have representation in
the legislature
◦ Seems to encourage multiple parties since
even small parties can influence legislative
process and bring some measure of “success”
to its membership base
govote2016.com
27. Why 2 Parties?Why 2 Parties?
Winner Take All
(WTA) vs.
Proportional
Representation (PR)
◦ InWTA, seats are
allocated according to
single member districts
◦ Parties must “win” the
election in order to win
a seat
◦ Undermines minor
parties since they have
little to show supporters
after the election
govote2016.com
28. Why 2 PartiesWhy 2 Parties
Tradition
◦ Both major American parties have deep roots
in American political culture
govote2016.com
29. Party OrganizationParty Organization
The two party model we’ve described is
only partly accurate in that federalism
creates something more like 52 parties
with 2 common names
That is, we have two national parties (the
Democratic and Republican parties) and
50 state versions of these parties
govote2016.com
36. CampaignsCampaigns
1974 Federal Election Campaign Act
• Public financing of presidential elections
• Limits on spending if accept public finance
• Created Federal Election Commission
• Required candidates and donors to report donations to the
FEC, with caps now on donations
• Required candidates and donors to establish Political Action
Committees (PACs) to handle money end of the campaigns
• Limited amount of personal wealth candidates could spend
govote2016.com
37. CampaignsCampaigns
Buckley vs. Valeo (1976)
• restrictions on personal spending violate
the First Amendment
• caps on contributions, however, do not
• federal finance of campaign do not, as long
as it is voluntary (that is, candidates can opt
to accept the money -- and the limits -- or
not)
govote2016.com
38. CampaignsCampaigns
Loopholes within the FECA
• No limits on donations to party (“soft
money”)
• No limits on party spending for “get out the
vote” drives (“soft money”)
• No limits on number of political action
committees
• “bundling”
govote2016.com
39. CampaignsCampaigns
2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
(BCRA)
• Closed soft money loophole
• Raised the limits on PAC contributions and
other donations
• Bans “group sponsored” ads 30 days prior
to a primary and 60 days prior to general
election
govote2016.com
41. CampaignsCampaigns
• In 2008 House elections, in only 2% of the
races did the candidate with lower
campaign contributions win
• In 2008 Senate races, in only 6% of the
races did the candidate with lower
campaign contributions win.
govote2016.com
42. CampaignsCampaigns
Better financed campaigns generally have a
better chance of success
◦ They can hire better talent
◦ They can buy advertising to rebut or make charges
◦ They can extend the campaign longer and respond to
changes in the election atmosphere
Efforts to curtail influence of money in
campaigns began in earnest with post-
Watergate reforms
govote2016.com
43. CampaignsCampaigns
Our concern depends on why people or
organizations contribute
Do they contribute for policy/electoral
reasons or for “service” reasons?
Who contributes?
govote2016.com
44. ElectionsElections
Types of Elections
◦ National and State Level
Primary: elect nominees for party
General: elect candidates to office
◦ State Only
Initiative: Citizen initiated legislation
Referendum: Voters asked to approve legislation
Recall: Voters asked to retain/remove official from office
Ratification: Voters asked to approve constitutional changes
govote2016.com
45. Voting ParadoxVoting Paradox
Recall, democratic theory predicated on the
idea that somehow the vote reveals “the will of
the people”
That means we need to be able to move from
individual preferences to something like a
“social preference”
The winner of the election is in some
meaningful sense reflective of what “the
people” want
govote2016.com
46. Voting ParadoxVoting Paradox
Yet as we examine the various voting
systems put forth in the world we need
to keep in mind some conceptual
problems with voting theory
It may not be possible to move from
individual to group preferences smoothly
or meaningfully
govote2016.com
47. Voting SystemsVoting Systems
Plurality (one person, one vote, most
votes win)
Majority (one person, one vote, winner
needs a majority of votes cast
Ranked (voters rank their candidate
preferences
Non ranked (voters simply express a
preference in a vote)
govote2016.com
48. Ranked SystemsRanked Systems
Majority Preferential (Sequential Elimination)
◦ Winning candidate needs to have a majority of votes
◦ Voters rank candidates from most preferred to least
preferred
◦ Count everybody’s first place votes, if no candidate
has a majority, eliminate the lowest vote-getter and
transfer votes to next candidate on each voter’s
preference list
govote2016.com
49. Ranked SystemsRanked Systems
Borda Count
◦ Voters rank candidates, most preferred to
least preferred
◦ Point values are assigned for each position
◦ Add the point values for each candidate and
candidate with most points wins
govote2016.com
50. A B C D E E
D E B C B C
E D E E D D
C C D B C B
B A A A A A
18 12 10 9 4 2
First
Choice
Second
Choice
Third
Choice
Fourth
Choice
Fifth
Choice
Number of Delegates
govote2016.com
51. Other SystemsOther Systems
Approval Voting
◦ Voters receive “x” number of votes,
corresponding to the number of candidates in
the election
e.g., if 3 candidates, voters get 3 votes
◦ Voters allocate those votes however they
want among the candidates
◦ Winning candidate is the one with the most
votes
govote2016.com
52. Other SystemsOther Systems
Negative Voting
◦ Voters receive one vote, but that vote can be
either a vote for (+) or a vote against (-) a
candidate
◦ Voters cast a single ballot (+ or - )
◦ Winning candidate is the one with the most
votes
govote2016.com
53. Other SystemsOther Systems
Weighted Voting
◦ Voters receive extra votes based on some
predetermined relevant criteria
◦ Voters cast a single ballot with all their votes
to a single candidate
◦ Winning candidate is the one with the most
votes
govote2016.com
54. Methods of VotingMethods of Voting
Secret vs. Public Ballot
◦ Australian or secret ballot introduced in U.S.
in the 1880s
◦ Prior to that, ballots were colored coded by
party
◦ Voters asked for the ballot of a particular
party
govote2016.com
55. Methods of VotingMethods of Voting
Ballot Design and Voting
2000 ballot in West Palm Beach, Floridagovote2016.com
56. Methods of VotingMethods of Voting
Elections are the responsibility of state,
rather than the federal government
States then give that power to counties
to determine election protocol
◦ voter registration
◦ polling places
◦ ballot design
◦ voting method
govote2016.com
58. Parties, Elections, and DemocracyParties, Elections, and Democracy
Elections are crucial to democracy
politics
Parties play an essential role in both the
electoral and governing process
The increasing costs of campaigning,
though, and the
govote2016.com