This document provides guidelines for cooling tower design, including key parameters to consider. It discusses heat load calculation, circulating water rate, wet bulb temperatures, optimizing costs, makeup water, blowdown rates, and cycles of concentration. Electrical installations for cooling towers must use corrosion-resistant materials and hazardous area classifications due to possible flammable gas releases. Environmental and safety concerns like effluent quality and fire protection are also addressed.
The most popular Thai magazine in the field of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering. Technic Magazine is printed in Thailand and distributed throughout Thailand since 1984.
MORE INFORMATION: www.me.co.th
Air Preheat System Upgrade on Coker HeatersAshutosh Garg
Furnace Improvements design, engineered and revamped the existing air preheat system for a refinery in Houston. This paper was presented at an AIChE conference in October 2019.
This document provides information about heat exchangers, including:
- Heat exchangers transfer energy between fluids at different temperatures through conduction, convection and radiation.
- They have advantages like being economical, having high efficiency and being easy to modify.
- Heat exchangers can be classified by their flow configuration, transfer process, construction and heat transfer mechanism.
- Common types include shell and tube, plate, double pipe, and condensers, evaporators and boilers.
- Maintenance includes hydrotesting to detect leaks and plugging leaking tubes temporarily or permanently.
This document compares three fire suppression agents: FM200 (heptafluoropropane), CO2 (carbon dioxide), and Argonite (a mixture of nitrogen and argon).
FM200 is odorless, electrically nonconductive, and safe enough to be used in medical inhalers. It is effective on class A, B, and C fires. CO2 reduces oxygen levels and is effective on class A, B, and C fires but can cause burns or injury to humans at high concentrations. Argonite also reduces oxygen levels, is effective on class A, B, and C fires, and poses less risk to humans than CO2.
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the applicat...Gerard B. Hawkins
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the application of Zinc Titanates
1 Executive Summary
2 Claus Process
2.1 Partial Combustion Claus
2.2 Split Flow Claus
2.3 Sulfur Recycle Claus
3 Zinc Titanates
4 Application of Zinc Titanate to Debottleneck Partial Combustion Claus by 10%
4.1 Process
4.2 ASPEN Modeling Results
4.3 Cost of Zinc Titanate Bed Installation
4.3.1 Basis of Costing
4.3.2 Zinc Titanate Beds
4.3.3 Regen Cooler
4.3.4 Blowers
4.3.5 Results
4.4 Alternative Debottlenecking Technology for Partial Combustion Claus
4.5 Cost of 10% Debottlenecking Using COPE Process
5 Debottlenecking Claus Split Flow System by 10% with Zinc Titanates
6 Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recycle System With Zinc Titanate
7 Effect of Zinc Titanate Debottlenecking on Existing Tail; Gas Treatment Systems
7.1 Selectox
7.2 SuperClaus99
7.3 Superclaus 99.5
7.4 SCOT Process
7.5 Zinc Titanate as a Claus Tail Gas Treatment
7.6 H2S Removal Efficiency With Zinc Titanate
8 Effects on COS and CS2 Formation
9 Questions for further Investigation
FIGURES
Figure 1 Claus Unit and TGCU
Figure 2 Claus Process
Figure 3 Typical Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit
Figure 4 Two-Stage Claus SRU
Figure 5 The Super Claus Process
Figure 6 SCOT
Figure 7 SCOT/BSR-MDEA (or clone) TGCU
REFERENCES: PATENTS
US4333855_PROMOTED_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYTIC_AGENT
US4394297_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYST
US6338794B1_DESULFURIZATION_ZINC_TITANATE_SORBENTS
PV Elite 2008 is a Windows program for analyzing pressure vessels and other cylindrical components. This version features updates to several material and code standards, as well as new features like bottom head piping modeling. The installation process allows for either a local or client-only network installation. The program's main interface provides tools for defining a vessel model, performing stress analysis, and reviewing results in reports and 3D graphics.
This document provides guidelines for cooling tower design, including key parameters to consider. It discusses heat load calculation, circulating water rate, wet bulb temperatures, optimizing costs, makeup water, blowdown rates, and cycles of concentration. Electrical installations for cooling towers must use corrosion-resistant materials and hazardous area classifications due to possible flammable gas releases. Environmental and safety concerns like effluent quality and fire protection are also addressed.
The most popular Thai magazine in the field of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering. Technic Magazine is printed in Thailand and distributed throughout Thailand since 1984.
MORE INFORMATION: www.me.co.th
Air Preheat System Upgrade on Coker HeatersAshutosh Garg
Furnace Improvements design, engineered and revamped the existing air preheat system for a refinery in Houston. This paper was presented at an AIChE conference in October 2019.
This document provides information about heat exchangers, including:
- Heat exchangers transfer energy between fluids at different temperatures through conduction, convection and radiation.
- They have advantages like being economical, having high efficiency and being easy to modify.
- Heat exchangers can be classified by their flow configuration, transfer process, construction and heat transfer mechanism.
- Common types include shell and tube, plate, double pipe, and condensers, evaporators and boilers.
- Maintenance includes hydrotesting to detect leaks and plugging leaking tubes temporarily or permanently.
This document compares three fire suppression agents: FM200 (heptafluoropropane), CO2 (carbon dioxide), and Argonite (a mixture of nitrogen and argon).
FM200 is odorless, electrically nonconductive, and safe enough to be used in medical inhalers. It is effective on class A, B, and C fires. CO2 reduces oxygen levels and is effective on class A, B, and C fires but can cause burns or injury to humans at high concentrations. Argonite also reduces oxygen levels, is effective on class A, B, and C fires, and poses less risk to humans than CO2.
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the applicat...Gerard B. Hawkins
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the application of Zinc Titanates
1 Executive Summary
2 Claus Process
2.1 Partial Combustion Claus
2.2 Split Flow Claus
2.3 Sulfur Recycle Claus
3 Zinc Titanates
4 Application of Zinc Titanate to Debottleneck Partial Combustion Claus by 10%
4.1 Process
4.2 ASPEN Modeling Results
4.3 Cost of Zinc Titanate Bed Installation
4.3.1 Basis of Costing
4.3.2 Zinc Titanate Beds
4.3.3 Regen Cooler
4.3.4 Blowers
4.3.5 Results
4.4 Alternative Debottlenecking Technology for Partial Combustion Claus
4.5 Cost of 10% Debottlenecking Using COPE Process
5 Debottlenecking Claus Split Flow System by 10% with Zinc Titanates
6 Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recycle System With Zinc Titanate
7 Effect of Zinc Titanate Debottlenecking on Existing Tail; Gas Treatment Systems
7.1 Selectox
7.2 SuperClaus99
7.3 Superclaus 99.5
7.4 SCOT Process
7.5 Zinc Titanate as a Claus Tail Gas Treatment
7.6 H2S Removal Efficiency With Zinc Titanate
8 Effects on COS and CS2 Formation
9 Questions for further Investigation
FIGURES
Figure 1 Claus Unit and TGCU
Figure 2 Claus Process
Figure 3 Typical Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit
Figure 4 Two-Stage Claus SRU
Figure 5 The Super Claus Process
Figure 6 SCOT
Figure 7 SCOT/BSR-MDEA (or clone) TGCU
REFERENCES: PATENTS
US4333855_PROMOTED_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYTIC_AGENT
US4394297_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYST
US6338794B1_DESULFURIZATION_ZINC_TITANATE_SORBENTS
PV Elite 2008 is a Windows program for analyzing pressure vessels and other cylindrical components. This version features updates to several material and code standards, as well as new features like bottom head piping modeling. The installation process allows for either a local or client-only network installation. The program's main interface provides tools for defining a vessel model, performing stress analysis, and reviewing results in reports and 3D graphics.
Alfa Laval owns the global trademarks for MISSIONTM and Alfa Laval. The document discusses Alfa Laval's thermal fluid heating systems, which use circulating oil to transfer heat from fuel-fired heaters to applications like fuel and cargo tanks. Alfa Laval is a global leader in supplying complete thermal fluid systems and has over 30 years of experience in the technology. Their systems offer advantages like high temperature capability, low maintenance, and global after-sales support.
O documento discute as relações teóricas no interior de bocais de motores foguete. Explica que o bocal convergente-divergente de Laval é o mais eficiente para acelerar gases a velocidades supersônicas, convertendo a entalpia dos gases em energia cinética de alta velocidade. Apresenta expressões para cálculo de pressões, temperaturas, velocidades e áreas ao longo do bocal, considerando expansão isentrópica dos gases.
This document discusses using ionic liquids for CO2 sequestration. It begins by providing background on global warming and evidence such as droughts and melting glaciers. It then discusses CO2's role in global warming by partially closing the water vapor window. The need for CO2 sequestration to reduce atmospheric levels is presented. Current CO2 capture systems like amine scrubbing are described along with their drawbacks. Ionic liquids are introduced as an alternative with properties like low vapor pressure and thermal stability. Methods of CO2 capture using ionic liquids like absorption and supported liquid membranes are overviewed. The document concludes ionic liquids have emerged as a novel media for CO2 capture compared to earlier strategies.
This document provides assembly, component, and maintenance details for a floating head heat exchanger. It includes general assembly and cross-sectional views labeling major components like the shell, tube bundle, floating head, and distributor. Step-by-step maintenance procedures are described for activities like removing the bundle, hydrotesting the shell and tube sides, eliminating tube leaks, and final hydrotesting before unit startup. Safety and proper housekeeping during maintenance are emphasized.
Mechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube ExchangersGerard B. Hawkins
Mechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube Exchangers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 STANDARD DIMENSIONS
4.1 Shell Diameters
4.2 Tube Lengths
4.3 Tube Diameters
4.4 Tube Wall Thicknesses
5 CLEARANCES
5.1 Tube Pitch
5.2 Pass Partition Lane Widths
5.3 Minimum 'U' Bend Clearance
5.4 Tube-to-Baffle Clearance
5.5 Baffle-to-Shell Clearance
5.6 Bundle-to-Shell Clearance
6 TUBESHEET THICKNESS
7 END ZONE LENGTHS
8 TUBE COUNTS
8.1 Program Correlations
8.2 Use of Tube count Tables
8.3 Graphical Layout
8.4 Use of Computer Programs
8.5 Tie Rods
TABLES
1 HEAT EXCHANGER SHELLS - GEOMETRICAL DATA
FOR INLET & OUTLET BRANCHES: PIPE WITH ANSI
150 FLANGE
2 HEAT EXCHANGER SHELLS - GEOMETRICAL DATA
FOR INLET & OUTLET BRANCHES: PIPE WITH ANSI
300 FLANGE
3 TEMA TIE ROD STANDARDS
FIGURES
1 DEFINITION OF TUBE PITCH, LIGAMENT THICKNESS & PASS PARTITION LANE WIDTH
2 DEFINITION OF PASS PARTITION LANE WIDTH FOR U-TUBES
3 BUNDLE TO SHELL CLEARANCES FOR DIFFERENT BUNDLE TYPES
4 ESTIMATED TUBESHEET THICKNESS FOR FIXED TUBE CONSTRUCTION
5 ESTIMATED TUBESHEET THICKNESS FOR U-TUBE CONSTRUCTION
6 END ZONE
7 EXAMPLE OF OPTU3 GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
The document provides information about a Sulphur Recovery Unit (SRU) including:
1) The SRU converts sulfur compounds from acid gas feeds into liquid elemental sulfur through a Claus process and incinerates various gas streams.
2) It describes the process flow, main equipment like the thermal reactor and steam generator, feed characteristics, product specifications, and basis of design.
3) The thermal reactor partially oxidizes the acid gas feed at high temperatures to convert some H2S into SO2 before the gases enter the catalytic converters to produce sulfur.
This presentation is to show how to design heat exchanger from process simulation data to complete mechanical design by using two software HTRI and COMPRESS in seamless streamline Auto duping data.
This document provides information about the design basis and process selection for a natural gas processing plant located in Kailashtilla, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The plant will process raw natural gas from wells with a maximum production capacity of 90 MMcfd and current production of 60 MMcfd. Key decisions include selecting Joule-Thomson expansion and a turbo-expander for cryogenic processing to extract natural gas liquids. For dehydration, molecular sieves will be used due to their high capacity and ability to reduce water content to below 0.1 ppm. Several processes were considered and compared for natural gas dehydration and NGL extraction based on factors like efficiency, cost, and operability.
thermodynamics dew point lab report Generally, hygrometers, or cooled mirrors, have been the conventional air measurement tools used for precise dew point measurement. The device is considered to be a humidity transfer standard. The process entails cooling a mirror until water vapor begins to condense on the surface. The temperature of the mirror is measured. This projects the dew point of the air. This process is generally used in laboratory practices.
A dew-point hygrometer was invented in 1751. For this instrument, cold water was added to water in a vessel until dew formed on the vessel, and the temperature of the vessel, the dew point, provided a direct index of humidity.
In this experiment acetone is used even though the sample is not necessary to be acetone nor the amount of volume matters that becomes vapor so that the temperature (dew point) is measured until the metal mirror starts to condense.
.
Relative Humidity Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio between saturated humidity over absolute humidity at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures; more water vapor is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage ; a higher percentage means that the air water mixture is more humid ; a lower percentage means that the air-water mixture is less humid.
Relative Humidity (%RH) =𝑭𝑺𝐅𝐀∗%𝟏𝟎𝟎
Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per cubic meter when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
4
Absolute humidity is the mass of the water vapor divided by the volume of the air and water vapor The absolute humidity changes as air temperature or pressure changes.
The saturation humidity (Hs or FA) is the maximum quantity of water vapor that air can contain at a given temperature, without phase separation. The relative humidity (φ or RH) is the ratio (as percentage) of the partial pressure of water vapor in air, to the vapor pressure of liquid water at the same temperature.
phase change occurs at dew point temperature when the temperature of a gas is the temperature at which the water vapor or low-boiling hydrocarbon derivatives contained in the gas is transformed into the liquid state.
The boiling point of a liquid varies according to the applied pressure; the normal boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the standard sea-level atmospheric pressure (760 mm [29.92 inches] of mercury). At sea level, water boils at 100° C (212° F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
5
Physical bases of the Measurement Procedure:
At room temperature ether is close to its boiling point. Rapid evaporation is already taking place
Storage tanks are used in several phases of the process plants. They can be used to store feed
prior to its use in the facility, as holding tanks for a partially process product awaiting further
processing, or to collect a finished product prior to its delivery or pick‐up by a customer.
Good arrangement of the storage tanks can save in land and cost of plant. In other hand, by
consideration a good nozzle orientation and good piping for these tanks operation problems
will be reduced. In this article we are going to review layout arrangement and piping of storage
tank farms that are related together closely.
To access a full version of this file follow this link: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07DC3YNJJ
This document provides an overview and recommendations for structural analysis of piping systems intended for offshore applications. It describes best practices for performing stress analysis, flexibility analysis, and fatigue analysis of topside and subsea piping to safeguard life, property, and the environment. The document references international codes and standards for piping design, and provides guidance on load considerations, calculations, documentation, and verification activities. Its aim is to describe a best practice approach for analyzing piping systems to ensure structural integrity and safety.
1) The document provides information on various types of boilers including Cochran boiler, Lancashire boiler, and Badcock and Wilcox water tube boiler. It describes the basic construction and working of these boilers.
2) The document also discusses common boiler mountings and accessories such as pressure gauges, water level indicators, safety valves, feed pumps, and air preheaters. It explains the main functions of these components for monitoring and controlling the boiler.
3) Additionally, the document covers other boiler auxiliaries like feed water heaters, superheaters, and draught systems. It describes how these systems enhance the efficiency and performance of boilers.
This document provides an overview of piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), including their definition, typical layout, components indicated, types of P&IDs, milestones in development, and the typical process for developing P&IDs from conceptual design through detailed engineering. It describes the 12 main steps in P&ID development, including developing the basis of design, process flow diagram, equipment list, piping design, instrumentation, and integrating information from other engineering disciplines. Examples of typical hookups for equipment like heat exchangers, pumps, vessels, and safety valves are also provided, along with exercises for engineers to practice developing sections of P&IDs.
This document discusses duct design for air conditioning systems. It defines the functions of ducts as transmitting air from air handling units to conditioned spaces. It also covers duct classifications, economic factors influencing duct layout like heat gain/loss and friction, common duct design methods, and dynamic pressure losses in ducts. Finally, it discusses the requirements of air distribution systems and common types of air outlets.
- LPG, or liquefied petroleum gas, is a natural fuel made of propane and butane that can be stored in high quantities in small tanks, making it an affordable alternative to petrol for vehicles.
- Most petrol vehicles can be converted to run on LPG, which is cheaper than petrol and produces fewer emissions. The LPG tank is installed in the spare tire area or boot.
- LPG systems are very safe, with safety features like automatic shut-off, and tanks are rigorously tested to withstand high pressures and temperatures. With over 4 million LPG vehicles worldwide, it has a strong safety record.
LPG tank installations must follow proper permitting and safety standards. Tanks can be installed above or below ground according to size and distance rules set by NFPA 58. Proper installation includes the tank, piping, valves, instruments, and connections to vaporizers and pressure regulators to store and distribute LPG safely. Installations can be bulk storage, mounded, spherical, or underground tanks designed and commissioned according to industry standards.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of process plant design including goals, plant design workflow, process departments and their roles, process flow diagrams, piping and instrumentation diagrams, and common diagram symbols. It discusses key stages in plant design from concept selection through detailed engineering design. It also covers topics like plot plan development, piping studies, piping fundamentals, standards, specifications, fittings, flanges and more. The document serves as an introduction to process plant design concepts and terminology.
This document discusses sulfur removal adsorbents for use in petroleum refinery processes. It provides an overview of applications for sulfur guard beds in refining catalytic reforming, isomerization, and benzene saturation processes. It compares UOP's sulfur guard bed adsorbents, including ADS-120 and ADS-130, and discusses their advantages over other adsorbents like copper, nickel, and zinc-based materials. The document also includes a case study on sulfur removal from a naphtha stream using ADS-120 and guidelines for handling ADS-120 adsorbent.
Alfa Laval owns the global trademarks for MISSIONTM and Alfa Laval. The document discusses Alfa Laval's thermal fluid heating systems, which use circulating oil to transfer heat from fuel-fired heaters to applications like fuel and cargo tanks. Alfa Laval is a global leader in supplying complete thermal fluid systems and has over 30 years of experience in the technology. Their systems offer advantages like high temperature capability, low maintenance, and global after-sales support.
O documento discute as relações teóricas no interior de bocais de motores foguete. Explica que o bocal convergente-divergente de Laval é o mais eficiente para acelerar gases a velocidades supersônicas, convertendo a entalpia dos gases em energia cinética de alta velocidade. Apresenta expressões para cálculo de pressões, temperaturas, velocidades e áreas ao longo do bocal, considerando expansão isentrópica dos gases.
This document discusses using ionic liquids for CO2 sequestration. It begins by providing background on global warming and evidence such as droughts and melting glaciers. It then discusses CO2's role in global warming by partially closing the water vapor window. The need for CO2 sequestration to reduce atmospheric levels is presented. Current CO2 capture systems like amine scrubbing are described along with their drawbacks. Ionic liquids are introduced as an alternative with properties like low vapor pressure and thermal stability. Methods of CO2 capture using ionic liquids like absorption and supported liquid membranes are overviewed. The document concludes ionic liquids have emerged as a novel media for CO2 capture compared to earlier strategies.
This document provides assembly, component, and maintenance details for a floating head heat exchanger. It includes general assembly and cross-sectional views labeling major components like the shell, tube bundle, floating head, and distributor. Step-by-step maintenance procedures are described for activities like removing the bundle, hydrotesting the shell and tube sides, eliminating tube leaks, and final hydrotesting before unit startup. Safety and proper housekeeping during maintenance are emphasized.
Mechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube ExchangersGerard B. Hawkins
Mechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube Exchangers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 STANDARD DIMENSIONS
4.1 Shell Diameters
4.2 Tube Lengths
4.3 Tube Diameters
4.4 Tube Wall Thicknesses
5 CLEARANCES
5.1 Tube Pitch
5.2 Pass Partition Lane Widths
5.3 Minimum 'U' Bend Clearance
5.4 Tube-to-Baffle Clearance
5.5 Baffle-to-Shell Clearance
5.6 Bundle-to-Shell Clearance
6 TUBESHEET THICKNESS
7 END ZONE LENGTHS
8 TUBE COUNTS
8.1 Program Correlations
8.2 Use of Tube count Tables
8.3 Graphical Layout
8.4 Use of Computer Programs
8.5 Tie Rods
TABLES
1 HEAT EXCHANGER SHELLS - GEOMETRICAL DATA
FOR INLET & OUTLET BRANCHES: PIPE WITH ANSI
150 FLANGE
2 HEAT EXCHANGER SHELLS - GEOMETRICAL DATA
FOR INLET & OUTLET BRANCHES: PIPE WITH ANSI
300 FLANGE
3 TEMA TIE ROD STANDARDS
FIGURES
1 DEFINITION OF TUBE PITCH, LIGAMENT THICKNESS & PASS PARTITION LANE WIDTH
2 DEFINITION OF PASS PARTITION LANE WIDTH FOR U-TUBES
3 BUNDLE TO SHELL CLEARANCES FOR DIFFERENT BUNDLE TYPES
4 ESTIMATED TUBESHEET THICKNESS FOR FIXED TUBE CONSTRUCTION
5 ESTIMATED TUBESHEET THICKNESS FOR U-TUBE CONSTRUCTION
6 END ZONE
7 EXAMPLE OF OPTU3 GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
The document provides information about a Sulphur Recovery Unit (SRU) including:
1) The SRU converts sulfur compounds from acid gas feeds into liquid elemental sulfur through a Claus process and incinerates various gas streams.
2) It describes the process flow, main equipment like the thermal reactor and steam generator, feed characteristics, product specifications, and basis of design.
3) The thermal reactor partially oxidizes the acid gas feed at high temperatures to convert some H2S into SO2 before the gases enter the catalytic converters to produce sulfur.
This presentation is to show how to design heat exchanger from process simulation data to complete mechanical design by using two software HTRI and COMPRESS in seamless streamline Auto duping data.
This document provides information about the design basis and process selection for a natural gas processing plant located in Kailashtilla, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The plant will process raw natural gas from wells with a maximum production capacity of 90 MMcfd and current production of 60 MMcfd. Key decisions include selecting Joule-Thomson expansion and a turbo-expander for cryogenic processing to extract natural gas liquids. For dehydration, molecular sieves will be used due to their high capacity and ability to reduce water content to below 0.1 ppm. Several processes were considered and compared for natural gas dehydration and NGL extraction based on factors like efficiency, cost, and operability.
thermodynamics dew point lab report Generally, hygrometers, or cooled mirrors, have been the conventional air measurement tools used for precise dew point measurement. The device is considered to be a humidity transfer standard. The process entails cooling a mirror until water vapor begins to condense on the surface. The temperature of the mirror is measured. This projects the dew point of the air. This process is generally used in laboratory practices.
A dew-point hygrometer was invented in 1751. For this instrument, cold water was added to water in a vessel until dew formed on the vessel, and the temperature of the vessel, the dew point, provided a direct index of humidity.
In this experiment acetone is used even though the sample is not necessary to be acetone nor the amount of volume matters that becomes vapor so that the temperature (dew point) is measured until the metal mirror starts to condense.
.
Relative Humidity Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio between saturated humidity over absolute humidity at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures; more water vapor is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage ; a higher percentage means that the air water mixture is more humid ; a lower percentage means that the air-water mixture is less humid.
Relative Humidity (%RH) =𝑭𝑺𝐅𝐀∗%𝟏𝟎𝟎
Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per cubic meter when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
4
Absolute humidity is the mass of the water vapor divided by the volume of the air and water vapor The absolute humidity changes as air temperature or pressure changes.
The saturation humidity (Hs or FA) is the maximum quantity of water vapor that air can contain at a given temperature, without phase separation. The relative humidity (φ or RH) is the ratio (as percentage) of the partial pressure of water vapor in air, to the vapor pressure of liquid water at the same temperature.
phase change occurs at dew point temperature when the temperature of a gas is the temperature at which the water vapor or low-boiling hydrocarbon derivatives contained in the gas is transformed into the liquid state.
The boiling point of a liquid varies according to the applied pressure; the normal boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the standard sea-level atmospheric pressure (760 mm [29.92 inches] of mercury). At sea level, water boils at 100° C (212° F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
5
Physical bases of the Measurement Procedure:
At room temperature ether is close to its boiling point. Rapid evaporation is already taking place
Storage tanks are used in several phases of the process plants. They can be used to store feed
prior to its use in the facility, as holding tanks for a partially process product awaiting further
processing, or to collect a finished product prior to its delivery or pick‐up by a customer.
Good arrangement of the storage tanks can save in land and cost of plant. In other hand, by
consideration a good nozzle orientation and good piping for these tanks operation problems
will be reduced. In this article we are going to review layout arrangement and piping of storage
tank farms that are related together closely.
To access a full version of this file follow this link: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07DC3YNJJ
This document provides an overview and recommendations for structural analysis of piping systems intended for offshore applications. It describes best practices for performing stress analysis, flexibility analysis, and fatigue analysis of topside and subsea piping to safeguard life, property, and the environment. The document references international codes and standards for piping design, and provides guidance on load considerations, calculations, documentation, and verification activities. Its aim is to describe a best practice approach for analyzing piping systems to ensure structural integrity and safety.
1) The document provides information on various types of boilers including Cochran boiler, Lancashire boiler, and Badcock and Wilcox water tube boiler. It describes the basic construction and working of these boilers.
2) The document also discusses common boiler mountings and accessories such as pressure gauges, water level indicators, safety valves, feed pumps, and air preheaters. It explains the main functions of these components for monitoring and controlling the boiler.
3) Additionally, the document covers other boiler auxiliaries like feed water heaters, superheaters, and draught systems. It describes how these systems enhance the efficiency and performance of boilers.
This document provides an overview of piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), including their definition, typical layout, components indicated, types of P&IDs, milestones in development, and the typical process for developing P&IDs from conceptual design through detailed engineering. It describes the 12 main steps in P&ID development, including developing the basis of design, process flow diagram, equipment list, piping design, instrumentation, and integrating information from other engineering disciplines. Examples of typical hookups for equipment like heat exchangers, pumps, vessels, and safety valves are also provided, along with exercises for engineers to practice developing sections of P&IDs.
This document discusses duct design for air conditioning systems. It defines the functions of ducts as transmitting air from air handling units to conditioned spaces. It also covers duct classifications, economic factors influencing duct layout like heat gain/loss and friction, common duct design methods, and dynamic pressure losses in ducts. Finally, it discusses the requirements of air distribution systems and common types of air outlets.
- LPG, or liquefied petroleum gas, is a natural fuel made of propane and butane that can be stored in high quantities in small tanks, making it an affordable alternative to petrol for vehicles.
- Most petrol vehicles can be converted to run on LPG, which is cheaper than petrol and produces fewer emissions. The LPG tank is installed in the spare tire area or boot.
- LPG systems are very safe, with safety features like automatic shut-off, and tanks are rigorously tested to withstand high pressures and temperatures. With over 4 million LPG vehicles worldwide, it has a strong safety record.
LPG tank installations must follow proper permitting and safety standards. Tanks can be installed above or below ground according to size and distance rules set by NFPA 58. Proper installation includes the tank, piping, valves, instruments, and connections to vaporizers and pressure regulators to store and distribute LPG safely. Installations can be bulk storage, mounded, spherical, or underground tanks designed and commissioned according to industry standards.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of process plant design including goals, plant design workflow, process departments and their roles, process flow diagrams, piping and instrumentation diagrams, and common diagram symbols. It discusses key stages in plant design from concept selection through detailed engineering design. It also covers topics like plot plan development, piping studies, piping fundamentals, standards, specifications, fittings, flanges and more. The document serves as an introduction to process plant design concepts and terminology.
This document discusses sulfur removal adsorbents for use in petroleum refinery processes. It provides an overview of applications for sulfur guard beds in refining catalytic reforming, isomerization, and benzene saturation processes. It compares UOP's sulfur guard bed adsorbents, including ADS-120 and ADS-130, and discusses their advantages over other adsorbents like copper, nickel, and zinc-based materials. The document also includes a case study on sulfur removal from a naphtha stream using ADS-120 and guidelines for handling ADS-120 adsorbent.
Cost Code Manual:
Cost Code and Cost Database is a Guidelines for setting up the cost codes In various projects in Project cost management controls. As well as creating a price database for marketing, preliminary project cost planning and preliminary project cost analysis.
42. 2-38 | คู่มือการจัดเตรียมเอกสารประกวดราคา
สัญญาออกแบบ จัดหา และก่อสร้าง ฉบับประสบการณ์
ราคาค่างานก่อสร้าง มาตรฐานฝีมือช่าง การปฏิบัติตามกฎหมายและระเบียบ การประเมินผลการปฏิบัติงาน
ของผู้ประกอบการ
2.4 เงื่อนไขของสัญญา (Conditions of Contract)
เงื่อนไขของสัญญาประกอบด้วย เงื่อนไขทั่วไปของสัญญา และเงื่อนไขเฉพาะ
เงื่อนไขของสัญญาทั่วไปประกอบด้วย รายละเอียดต่าง ๆ ดังต่อไปนี้
1. คาจากัดความและการตีความ (Definitions and Interpretations)
2. หลักประกันสัญญา (Performance Guarantee)
3. การโอนสิทธิหน้าที่และการทาสัญญาจ้างช่วง (Assignment and Subcontracting)
4. แบบรูป (Drawings)
5. ภาระหน้าที่โดยทั่วไป (General Obligations)
6. การดูแลบารุงรักษางาน (Care of Works)
7. การประกันภัยในงาน (Insurance of Works)
8. ความเสียหายต่อบุคคลและทรัพย์สิน (Damage to Persons and Property)
9. การแก้ไขกรณีผู้รับจ้างไม่ทาประกันภัย (Remedy on Contractor’s Failure to Insure)
10. การปฏิบัติตามกฎหมายและกฎระเบียบต่าง ๆ (Compliance with Laws and Regulations,
etc.)
11. การเข้าพื้นที่ของผู้รับจ้างรายอื่น (Access to other Contractors)
12. การดูแลรักษาหน้างานให้สะอาดและปลอดภัย (Maintaining the Site Clean and Safe)
13. แรงงาน (Labour)
14. วัสดุและฝีมือการทางาน (Materials and Workmanship)
15. การตรวจสอบการปฏิบัติงาน และงานที่มองไม่เห็นจากภายนอก (Inspection of Operations and
Examination of Hidden Work)
16. งานและวัสดุที่ไม่ถูกต้อง (Improper Work and Materials)
17. การหยุดงาน (Suspension of Works)
18. หนังสือแจ้งให้เริ่มงานและการครอบครองพื้นที่หน้างาน (Notice to Proceed, and Possession of
Site)
19. กาหนดเวลาแล้วเสร็จของงาน (Time for Completion)
20. การขยายกาหนดเวลาแล้วเสร็จของงาน (Extension of Time of Completion)
21. อัตราความก้าวหน้า การทางานกลางคืนหรือวันอาทิตย์ (Rate of Progress, Night or Sunday
Work)
22. ความล่าช้าของงาน (Works Delay)
43. 2-39 | คู่มือการจัดเตรียมเอกสารประกวดราคา
สัญญาออกแบบ จัดหา และก่อสร้าง ฉบับประสบการณ์
23. หนังสือรับรองการแล้วเสร็จของงาน (Certificate of Completion)
24. งานชารุดบกพร่อง (Defective Works)
25. การแก้ไขเปลี่ยนแปลงงาน การเพิ่มเติมงาน และการยกเลิกงาน (Alterations, Additions and
Omissions)
26. เครื่องจักรก่อสร้าง อุปกรณ์ของผู้รับจ้าง งานชั่วคราวและวัสดุ (Constructional Plant,
Contractor’s Equipment, Temporary Works and Materials)
27. การวัดปริมาณงาน (Measurement of Quantities)
28. การปรับมูลค่าสัญญาเนื่องจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงปริมาณงาน (Adjustment of Contract Sum Due
to Variations in Quantities)
29. เงินสารองเผื่อการใช้จ่าย (Provisional Sums)
30. การจ่ายเงิน และการหักเงินประกันผลงาน (Payment and Retention)
31. การเลิกสัญญาโดยผู้ว่าจ้าง (Termination of Contract by the Employer)
32. เหตุสุดวิสัย (Force Majeure)
33. การระงับข้อพิพาท (Settlement of Disputes)
34. การเลิกสัญญาโดยผู้รับจ้าง (Termination of Contract by the Contractor)
35. ความรับผิดของคู่สัญญา (Liabilities of the Parties)
36. ความช่วยเหลือจากผู้ว่าจ้าง (Assistance by the Employer)
37. การบอกกล่าว (Notices)
38. ภาษา (Language)
39. กฎหมายที่ใช้บังคับ (Law of Contract)
40. กฎหมายที่ต้องปฏิบัติตาม (Law to be Observed)
41. กฎหมายที่ออกมาภายหลัง
42. การเปลี่ยนแปลงราคา (Changes in Costs)
43. อัตราแลกเปลี่ยนเงินตรา (Rate of Exchange)
44. ภาษีและพิกัดศุลกากร (Taxation and Customs Duties)
45. อากรแสตมป์ (Stamp Duties)
46. การอนุมัติไม่มีผลต่อความรับผิดของผู้รับจ้าง (Liabilities not Affected by Approval)
47. การใช้วัตถุระเบิด (Use of Explosives)
48. การซ่อมแซมเร่งด่วน (Urgent Repairs)
49. เอกสารที่อธิบายความหมายร่วมกัน (Documents Mutually Explanatory)
50. พื้นที่ทางานอยู่นอกบริเวณหน้างาน (Work Areas outside the Site)
51 เงื่อนไขในการปฏิบัติงาน