Paris-Reid pg # Valerie Parris-Reid .docx

Paris-Reid pg #
Valerie Parris-Reid
Brescia, Erin
ENGL102 B012
23 Oct 2016
EQUALITY OF THE SEXES
There is a lot of profound insight that can be drawn from the
essay “On the Equality of
the Sexes.” The author of the essay embarks on a journey to
disprove the opinion that one sex is
superior to the other. The notion in question is basically the
cultural adage that the male gender is
superior to the female gender. This is an adage that has existed
ever since the inception of
modern contemporary human existence and still persists to this
day. However, there is no factual
backing for this perspective. Thus, the author of the essay fully
succeeds in advancing the notion
that there is equality when it comes to the sexes.

The author employs elements of logos to bring this point across.
A good example is the
fact that the author chooses men who are revered in religious
circles. These men include
prominent figures in the Bbible. These prominent figures are
then torn down based on their
various weaknesses. This appeals to logical thought as it points
to the flaws of men who are
thought of by society as being perfect. Thus, an extrapolation
can be made from these men to the
rest of the male society. However, there is a weakness to this
argument. The men that the author
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Paris-Reid pg #
uses to advance this argument are limited to the Bbible. This
means that the argument has a
religious connotation. This connotation might not appeal to
someone of another religion as
opposed to the one the author appeals to. Thus, to a person of
another religion, the author appears
completely biased and the figures chosen to advance the
argument might not necessarily be
known or revered in any sense.
Another argument that the author makes is that the men thought
of as being perfect in the
Bbible are in fact imperfect but no such evidence of female
imperfection is given. Thus, the
author advances the notion that females are likely to succeed
where males have failed and
therefore creates an appeal of equality between these two sexes.
However, it is important to note
that in this instance the author is appealing to a fallacy. The
author produces evidence of the

fundamental weaknesses of male characters in the bible and
implies that females would not share
in the same fundamental flaws. In the same breadth, the author
fails to provide evidence of
instances in which females have succeeded where males have
failed either in the Bible or
elsewhere. This is a major flaw in the argument made by the
author.
There is also an argument made by the author on the
glorification of the male gender in
works of literature. This is a very valid argument that tends to
strengthen the arguments being
made by the author. Even in modern artistic expressions such as
movies and theater there is a
glorification of the male gender over the female gen der. An
example of this is the fact that there
Paris-Reid pg #
are more male superheroes than there are female ones. It is also
a fact that the male super heroes
are almost infinitely more powerful than the female ones. This
creates an image of male
superiority and male dominance from a very early age as

opposed to letting the young decipher
the cultural position of the sexes on their own. This is a very
good example of appeal to pathos
by the author. The author takes an emotional look at how modes
of artistic expression are
seemingly conspiring against the female gender in a grand
scheme to make this gender appear
very weak. The audience if forced to sympathize with the
female gender which is portrayed as a
victim of a well- orchestrated conspiracy.
Equality of the sexes is one of the hottest debate topics in the
world today. The author of
the given essay makes a very valiant effort to advance the
notion of equality of the sexes.
However, this effort appears biased as it is aimed at tearing the
male gender down and in the
process uplifting the female gender. However, the argument
tends to point at certain fundamental
flaws in the male gender which are basically overlooked by
society. Thus, the notion of equality
of the sexes is well represented in the essay.
Works Cited
Dziuban, Laura, and Mark Ockerlboom. "On the EQUALITY of

the SEXES." THE
MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE. 2.4 (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 19
Oct. 2016.
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Paris-Reid pg #
ENGL102
Assignment
Rubric
EXEMPLARY LEVEL
ACCOMPLISHED
LEVEL
DEVELOPING

LEVEL
BEGINNING
LEVEL
Points
Earned
Purpose and
Audience
(20 Points)
18-20: The writing
engages the reader
with an original
approach to the
subject. It may
encompass conflicting
ideas and inspires the
reader to contemplate
the relationship of
complex ideas. The
cover letter provides
a thoughtful reflection
on the writing process
used in the
assignment.
16-17: The writing
clearly goes beyond
the minimum
requirements of the
assignment. It
attempts to engage

the reader through
originality and
presentation of
complex ideas. The
cover letter is
present.
14-15: The writing
meets the minimum
requirements of the
assignment. It offers
insight into the
subject through basic
logic and the
presentation of ideas
based on some
evidence. The cover
letter is present but
with some incomplete
or inadequate
responses.
13 or below: The
writing fails to meet
the minimum
requirements of the
assignment. It offers
little insight into the
subject and has
serious flaws in logic
and omissions in
evidence. The cover
letter is absent or
substantially
incomplete.

15/20
Thesis and
Support
(20 Points)
18-20: The writing
has a clearly
articulated original
thesis and
subordinate ideas
supported by reliable
and relevant
evidence.
16-17: The writing
has a clearly
articulated thesis
supported by
appropriate evidence
and sound logic.
Minor gaps in logic
and argument may
appear.
14-15: The writing
has a clear thesis and
related subordinate
ideas supported by
clear thinking and
appropriate evidence.

Logical arguments
may be one-sided or
incomplete.
13 or below: The
writing may need a
more clearly
articulated thesis
and/or appropriate
related subordinate
ideas. Fuzzy logic
may be evident.
14/20
Organization
(20 Points)
18-20: The writing
flows smoothly and
logically from a well-
defined thesis. It
contains an
appropriate
introduction,
conclusion, and
smooth transitions.
16-17: The writing is
organized logically
and flows well. An

introduction and
conclusion are
evident, but
transitions may be
smoother.
14-15: The writing
demonstrates
rudimentary
organization and
logical structure, but
ideas may be more
fully developed and
supported by more
appropriate evidence.
13 or below: The
writing is noticeably
lacking in
organization. There is
no clear introduction
nor conclusion and
ideas are neither
carefully nor fully
developed.
Supporting evidence
is clearly lacking.
12/20
Style
(10 Points)

10: The writing
engages the reader
through an original
prose style
appropriate to the
subject. Language is
precise. Sentences
are varied but not
noticeably so. Active
voice is apparent. All
quoted or
paraphrased material
is properly
documented and cited
in MLA style.
Quotations are
integrated smoothly
into the discussion.
8-9: The writing
keeps the reader’s
attention through a
carefully crafted prose
style. Language
chosen is appropriate
to the subject, but
may call attention to
itself in minor ways.
Most quoted and
paraphrased material
is properly
in MLA style.
Quotations are

integrated into the
discussion
6-7: The writing is
clear but could be
expressed in a style
more appropriate to
the subject. It is
jargon-free but may
require a more
complete explanation
of some terms used.
Sources are
but need to show
greater consistency in
use of MLA style.
Quotations are
dropped into the
discussion
5 or below: The
writing lacks clarity
and is sometimes
confusing. The
language chosen is
not appropriate to the
subject nor the
assignment. Sources
are overly quoted or
paraphrased and not
adequately
documented nor cited
in MLA style.

Quotations appear out
of place and/or are
dropped into the
discussion
7/10
Formatted: Highlight
Paris-Reid pg #
Grammar and
Mechanics
(20 Points)
20: The writing is free
of proofreading
errors. The writing
contains sentences
that are always

complete and
grammatically
correct, and free of
confusion and
ambiguity.
16-17: The writing
may exhibit a few
minor errors in
proofreading, but
they do not impair the
flow of the reading.
The writing contains
sentences that are
complete or which
imply unstated
connections and/or
conclusions.
14-15: The writing
could benefit from
additional
proofreading, as some
errors impede the
flow of the reading.
The writing contains
some grammatical
errors easily
corrected. Additional
proofreading would
help eliminate errors.
13 or below: The
writing exhibits
substantial errors in

proofreading. The
writing is confusing
and ambiguous owing
to substantial errors
of grammar and
syntax. There is no
evidence of
proofreading, editing,
or rewriting.
18/20
Formatting
(10 Points)
10: Student provides
a high-caliber,
formatted assignment
in proper MLA style.
8-9: Assignment
presents an above-
average use of
formatting skills with
few errors in MLA
style.
6-7: Appearance of
final assignment
demonstrates the
student's limited
ability to use MLA

style formatting.
5 or below:
Appearance of the
final assignment is
distracting. The
number of MLA style
formatting errors
impedes easy
reading.
7/10
Total:
You have some solid arguments here, but no specific evidence
cited from the essay has been
incorporated. Please make direct references via quotes to
support the claims within your essays. There
were a few MLA formatting inconsistencies, as well. 73/100
Forum Rubric Information
This rubric below outlines the scoring method for weekly forum
posts and participation.

Basic Forum Participation
Exemplary
____/38pts
Responses
____/38pts
Developing Unsatisfactory
33-38 pts (C-level)
Initial post
Accomplished 11-30 pts (D-level) 1-10 pts (F-level) 0 points
Initial post is thoughtful,
complete, and thoroughly
addresses the assignment.
The post meets specific
assignment requirements,
including length.
Responses are timely,
substantive, and thorough.
The writing is clear and

organized. You exhibit care
and consideration in your
responses to others.
Initial post meets specific Initial post is incomplete
assignment requirements, or does not address the
including length. The post assignment.
addresses the topic in
adequate detail.
Responses are timely and Responses are short or
thorough, but may lack perfunctory (one line
complete development of posts) and/or do not
ideas. encourage substantive
conversation, or are
argumentative or inhibit
academic discourse.
One response may be
missing.
Initial post is

missing, no
participation on
the forum. Initial
post may be
plagiarized.
Responses are
missing, no
participation on
the forum.
Forum Extension
The above rubric details how to earn a C, or average, grade for
the forum each week. In order to earn a higher grade,
students must post additional responses for more credit.
A fourth forum response that meets the above standards will
earn an additional 12 points, bringing that week’s forum
grade to a B. A fifth forum response that meets the above
standards will earn an additional 12 points, bringing that
week’s forum grade to an A.
Exemplary
____/12pts

Developing Unsatisfactory
10-12 pts
Extended
Replies
Accomplished 6-10 pts 1-5 pts 0 points
Initial post is thoughtful,
complete, and thoroughly
addresses the assignment.
The post meets specific
including length.
Initial post meets specific
including length. The post
addresses the topic in
adequate detail.
Initial post is incomplete
or does not address the

assignment.
Initial post is
missing, no
participation on
the forum. Initial
post may be
plagiarized.
Posting on Three Different Days
Students are expected to post on three different days each week.
Initial posts are due by Wednesday of each week.
Replies are to be completed by Sunday. Late or single-day posts
are cause for a deduction.
Initial posts that are completed after Wednesday without
instructor approval lose 5 points.
In addition, if a student has three or more posts, deduct 5 points
from the week’s total if a student has posted on only
two days. Deduct 10 points if a student has posted only on one
day.
Please note that this forum has several parts, so read these
instructions carefully.
First, choose one (1) of the essays from the “Issues Facing the

International Community” listed in the “Supplemental
Readings” section of the course lessons. Then, let the reader
know why you chose this particular essay. Does this essay
discuss an issue that is facing you currently? Next, discuss
whether or not your essay is peer-reviewed. How do you
know? State the claim of the essay. Then, discuss how the
author proves this claim. Is the author using the Toulmin
method? Use complete sentences, give citations to back up your
points, and create a final works cited citation for this essay.
After completing the first section, consider the
following. During week five, you are creating an argument
using the Toulmin model. Have you used this style of
argumentation before in your studies or career (either verbally
or in past writing assignments/projects)? Will you use it in the
future? Why or why not? Check out this amusing (ok, corny)
video rap on the Toulmin in a nutshell:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Hu5MyF8GLc
The text of the video is also available if you click on CC at the
bottom of the screen.
Finally, please revisit your first essay: The Critical Evaluation
Essay. Take a look at the comments your instructor made to
you about your essay. How will you incorporate your
instructor's feedback in your Toulmin essay, assigned this
week? What improvements do you hope to make in the Toulmin
essay?
AMERICAN PUBLIC UNIV SYSTEM
Title:
The Great Climate Experiment. By: Caldeira, Ken, Scientific
American, 00368733, Sep2012, Vol. 307, Issue 3

Database:
Academic Search PremierThe Great Climate Experiment
Contents
A DESERT IN ITALY
OCEANS OF CHANGE
CHASING VENUS
STARTING OVER
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ONLINE
Section:
BEYOND LIMITS: WHERE WE'RE HEADED
ECOLOGY
How far can we push the planet?
BUSINESS, GOVERNMENT OR TECHNOLOGY forecasts
usually look five or 10 years out, 50 years at most. Among
climate scientists, there is some talk of century's end. In reality,
carbon dioxide dumped into the atmosphere today will affect
Earth hundreds of thousands of years hence.
How will greenhouse gases change the far future? No one can
say for sure exactly how Earth will respond, but climate
scientists -- using mathematical models built from knowledge of
past climate systems, as well as the complex web of processes
that impact climate and the laws of physics and chemistry -- can
make predictions about what Earth will look like.
Already we are witnessing the future envisioned by many of
these models take shape. As predicted, there has been more
warming over land than over the oceans, more at the poles than
near the equator, more in winter than in summer and more at
night than in the day. Extreme downpours have become more
common. In the Arctic, ice and snow cover less area, and
methane-rich permafrost soils are beginning to melt. Weather is
getting weirder, with storms fueled by the additional heat.
What are the ultimate limits of the change that we are causing?
The best historical example comes from the 100-million-year-
old climate of the Cretaceous period, when moist, hot air
enveloped dinosaurs' leathery skin, crocodilelike creatures

swam in the Arctic and teeming plant life flourished in the
CO2-rich air. The greenhouse that is forming now will have
consequences that last for hundreds of thousands of years or
more. But first, it will profoundly affect much of life on the
planet -- especially us.
A DESERT IN ITALY
ONE OF THE GREATEST uncertainties in climate prediction is
the amount of CO2 that will ultimately be released into the
atmosphere. In this article, I will assume industrial civilization
will continue to do what it has been doing for the past 200 years
-- namely, burn fossil fuels at an accelerating rate until we can
no longer afford to pull them out of the ground.
Just how much CO2 could we put into the atmosphere? All told,
there are about one quadrillion metric tons (1021 grams) of
organic carbon locked up in Earth's sedimentary shell in one
form or another. So far we have burned only one twentieth of 1
percent of this carbon, or roughly 2,000 billion metric tons of
CO2.
With all the carbon locked in Earth's crust, we will never run
out of fossil fuels. We are now extracting oil from tar sands and
natural gas from water-fractured shale -- both resources once
thought to be technologically and economically inaccessible. No
one can confidently predict just how far ingenuity can take us.
Yet eventually the cost of extraction and processing will
become so high that fossil fuels will become more expensive
than alternative resources. In the scenario envisaged here, we
ultimately burn about 1 percent of the available organic carbon
over the next few centuries. That is in the range of the amount
of extraction most likely to become technologically feasible in
the foreseeable future. We further assume that in the future
humanity will learn to extract unconventional fossil fuels but
will burn them at slower rates.
Without any change in our habits, Earth may warm by about
five degrees Celsius (nine degrees Fahrenheit) by 2100,
although the actual warming could be half or even double this
amount, depending primarily on how clouds respond. This

change is about the difference between the average climate of
Boston, Mass., and Huntsville, Ala.
In the northern midlatitudes between 30 degrees north and 60
degrees north -- a band that includes the U.S., Europe, China,
and most of Canada and Russia -- the annual average
temperature drops two thirds of a degree C with each degree of
increasing latitude. With five degrees C of warming in a
century, that translates into an average poleward movement of
more than 800 kilometers in that period, for an average
poleward movement of temperature bands exceeding 20 meters
each day. Squirrels may be able to keep up with this rate, but
oak trees and earthworms have difficulty moving that fast.
Then there will be the rains. Earth is a planetary-scale heat
engine. The hot sun warms equatorial air, which then rises and
cools. The cooling condenses water vapor in the air, which falls
back to Earth as rain -- hence, the belt of torrential rains that
occur near the equator.
Yet this water condensation also heats the surrounding air,
causing it to rise even more rapidly. This hot, dry air reaches as
high as jets fly, then spreads laterally toward the poles. At
altitude, the hot air radiates heat to space and thus becomes
cool, which causes it to sink back toward the planet's surface.
The sun's rays pass through this dry, cloudless air, beating down
to heat the arid surface. Today such dry air sinks occur at about
30 degrees north and south latitude, thus creating the great belts
of desert that encircle the globe.
With greenhouse warming, the rising air is hotter. Thus, it takes
more time for this air to cool off and sink back to Earth. As a
result, these desert bands move toward the poles.
The climate of the Sahara Desert may move northward. Already
southern Europe has been experiencing more intense droughts
despite overall increases in precipitation globally, and it may
lose the Mediterranean climate that has long been considered
one of the most desirable in the world. Future generations may
say the same about the Scandinavian climate instead.
Up there in the northern midlatitudes, growing seasons are

getting longer. Spring springs sooner: plants flower, lake ice
melts and migratory birds return earlier than in the historical
past.
That will not be the only benefit to croplands in Canada and
Siberia. Plants make food by using the energy in sunlight to
merge CO2 and water. For the most part, plants absorb CO2 via
little pores in leaves known as stomata. When the stomata are
open wide, the plants can get plenty of CO2, but a lot of water
evaporates through these gaping holes. Higher concentrations of
atmospheric CO2 mean a plant can get the CO2 it needs by
opening its stomata slightly or even building fewer stomata in
leaves. In a high-CO2 world, plants can grow more using the
same amount of water. (This decrease in evaporation from
plants also leads to a further decrease in precipitation, and
because evaporation causes cooling, the decrease in evaporation
causes further warming.)
Such gains will not be felt everywhere. In the tropics, high
temperatures already compromise many crops; this heat stress
will likely get worse with global warming. The outlook may be
for increased crop productivity overall, with increases in the
north exceeding the reductions near the equator. Global
warming may not decrease overall food supply, but it may give
more to the rich and less to the poor.
OCEANS OF CHANGE
THE VAST OCEANS resist change, but change they will. At no
time in Earth's past -- with the possible exception of mass-
extinction events -- has ocean chemistry changed as much and
as rapidly as scientists expect it to over the coming decades.
When CO2 enters the oceans, it reacts with seawater to become
carbonic acid. In high enough concentrations, this carbonic acid
can cause the shells and skeletons of many marine organisms to
dissolve -- particularly those made of a soluble form of calcium
carbonate known as aragonite.
Scientists estimate that more than a quarter of all marine
species spend part of their lives in coral reefs. Coral skeletons
are made of aragonite. Even if chemical conditions do not

deteriorate to the point where shells dissolve, acidification can
make it more difficult for these organisms to build them. In just
a few decades there will be no place left in the ocean with the
kind of chemistry that has supported coral-reef growth in the
geologic past. It is not known how many of these coral-
dependent species will disappear along with the reefs.
Such chemical changes will most directly affect reef life, but
the rest of us would be wise to consider the physical changes
afoot. At the most basic level, water acts like mercury in a
thermometer: add heat and watch it rise. The sea is also being
fed by water now held in ice caps.
In high-CO2 times in the ancient past, Earth warmed enough for
crocodilelike animals to live north of the Arctic Circle. Roughly
100 million years ago annual average polar temperatures
reached 14 degrees C, with summertime temperatures exceeding
25 degrees C. Over thousands of years temperatures of this
magnitude would be sufficient to melt the great ice sheets of
Greenland and Antarctica. With the ice sheets melted
completely, sea level will be about 120 meters higher, flooding
vast areas. That water's weight on low-lying continental regions
will push those areas down farther into the mantle, causing the
waters to lap even higher.
The poles are expected to warm about 2.5 times faster than
Earth as a whole. Already the Arctic has warmed faster than
anywhere else, by about two degrees C compared with 0.8
degree C globally. At the end of the last ice age, when the
climate warmed by about five degrees C over thousands of
years, the ice sheets melted at a rate that caused sea level to rise
about one meter per century. We hope and expect that ice sheets
will not melt more rapidly this time, but we cannot be certain.
CHASING VENUS
OVER THE PAST several million years Earth's climate has
oscillated to cause the waxing and waning of great ice sheets.
Our greenhouse gas emissions are hitting this complex system
with a hammer. I have presented a scenario in which our climate
evolves fairly smoothly, but jumps and starts that could shock

biological, social and political systems beyond the limits of
their resilience are also possible.
Consider that Arctic warming could cause hundreds of billions
of metric tons of methane to rapidly bubble to the atmosphere
from Arctic seabeds and soils. Molecule for molecule in the
atmosphere, methane is about 37 times better at trapping heat
than CO2. Were this methane released suddenly, as may have
occurred in a warming event 55 million years ago known as the
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, we could experience
truly catastrophic warming. This risk is remote, however,
according to most scientists.
Some have also suggested that feedback effects such as melting
permafrost could cause a runaway greenhouse scenario where
the oceans become so hot they evaporate. Because water vapor
is itself a greenhouse gas, such a stronger water cycle could
cause Earth to get so hot that atmospheric water vapor would
persist and never rain out. In this case, atmospheric CO2 from
volcanoes and other sources would continue to accumulate.
Cosmic rays would break apart the water vapor at high
altitudes; the resulting hydrogen would eventually escape to
space. Earth's climate would then settle into a state reminiscent
of its planetary neighbor Venus.
Fortunately, ocean vaporization is not even a remote risk from
today's greenhouse gas emissions. Simply put, there is a limit to
how much CO2 can heat the planet. Once CO2 and water vapor
concentrations rise high enough, the molecules increasingly
scatter the incoming sunlight, preventing it from getting any
hotter.
If we continue to burn fossil fuels, however, greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere will reach levels last seen in
the Cretaceous. Back then, inland seas flooded vast areas of the
continents on a hot, moist Earth. Giant reptiles swam in the
oceans. On land, dinosaurs grazed on luxuriant plant growth. If
we burn just 1 percent of the organic carbon in Earth's crust
over the next few centuries, humans will breathe the same CO2
concentrations as the dinosaurs inhaled and experience similar

temperatures.
Compared with the gradual warming of hothouse climates in the
past, industrial climate change is occurring in fast-forward. In
geologic history, transitions from low- to high-CO2
atmospheres typically happened at rates of less than 0.00001
degree a year. We are re-creating the world of the dinosaurs
5,000 times faster.
What will thrive in this hothouse? Some organisms, such as rats
and cockroaches, are invasive generalists, which can take
advantage of disrupted environments. Other organisms, such as
corals and many tropical forest species, have evolved to thrive
in a narrow range of conditions. Invasive species will likely
transform such ecosystems as a result of global warming.
Climate change may usher in a world of weeds.
Human civilization is also at risk. Consider the Mayans. Even
before Europeans arrived, the Mayan civilization had begun to
collapse thanks to relatively minor climate changes. The
Mayans had not developed enough resilience to weather small
reductions in rainfall. The Mayans are not alone as examples of
civilizations that failed to adapt to climate changes.
Crises provoked by climate change are likely to be regional. If
the rich get richer and the poor get poorer, could this set in
motion mass migrations that challenge political and economic
stability? Some of the same countries that are most likely to
suffer from the changes wrought by global warming also boast
nuclear weapons. Could climate change exacerbate existing
tensions and provoke nuclear or other apocalyptic conflict? The
social response to climate change could produce bigger
problems for humanity than the climate change itself.
STARTING OVER
THE WOODY PLANTS that flourished during the Cretaceous
died, and some became coal over geologic time. The ocean's
plankton ended up buried in sediments, and some became oil
and gas. The climate cooled as sea life locked CO2 in shells and
skeletons.
The oceans will absorb most of our CO2 over millennia. The

resulting acidification will dissolve carbonate minerals, and the
chemical effects of dissolution will allow yet more CO2 to be
absorbed. Nevertheless, atmospheric CO2 concentrations will
remain well above preindustrial levels of 280 parts per million
for many tens of thousands of years. As a result, the ebb and
flow of ice ages brought on by subtle variations in Earth's orbit
will cease, and humanity's greenhouse gas emissions will keep
the planet locked in a hothouse.
Over time increased temperatures and precipitation will
accelerate the rate at which bedrock and soils dissolve. Streams
and rivers will bring these dissolved rocks and minerals,
containing elements such as calcium and magnesium, to the
oceans. Perhaps hundreds of thousands of years from now some
marine organism will take the calcium and CO2 and form a
carbonate shell. That seashell and millions of others may
eventually become limestone. Just as the White Cliffs of Dover
in England are a remnant of the Cretaceous atmosphere, the
majority of carbon in the fossil fuels burned today will become
a layer in the rocks -- a record, written in stone, of a world
changed by a single species.
MORE TO EXPLORE
Oceanography: Anthropogenic Carbon and Ocean pH. Ken
Caldeira and Michael E. Wickett in Nature, Vol. 425, page 365;
September 25, 2003.
Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. International
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
www.ipcc.ch/publications%5Fand%5Fdata/ar4/wg1/en/contents.
html
The Long Thaw. David Archer. Princeton University Press,
2010.SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ONLINE
For more on what to expect from climate change, watch the
video at ScientificAmerican.com/sep2012/future-climate
PHOTO (COLOR): NEAR FUTURE: Industrial civilization
continues to pump out more and more greenhouse gases with
each passing year, which will result in hotter temperatures, an
acidified ocean and weirder weather by century's end.

PHOTO (COLOR): FAR FUTURE: If greenhouse gas emissions
from burning fossil fuels continue unabated, sea levels may rise
by 120 meters and polar regions will become much warmer. Any
human civilization still extant will need to adapt to these
conditions.
~~~~~~~~
By Ken Caldeira
Illustrations by Tyler Jacobson
Ken Caldeira is a climate scientist working for the Carnegie
Institution for Science's Department of Global Ecology at
Stanford University. He investigates issues related to climate,
carbon and energy systems. Caldeira's primary tools are climate
and carbon cycle models, and he also does field-work related to
ocean acidification.Climate: Past as Future
FAST-FORWARD
Assuming we continue to burn fossil fuels at will, releasing
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide unabated into the
atmosphere, the planet will be transformed. Already global
temperatures have risen by nearly one degree Celsius -- more
than twice that in the Arctic. Average temperatures could
eventually rise by 10 degrees C, enough to melt the vast
quantities of water stored as ice in the glaciers of Greenland and
Antarctica. Enough water could be released to raise sea levels
by 120 meters. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide
will reach levels last seen during the Cretaceous period, when
dinosaurs roamed Earth, North America was cut in two by an
enormous inland sea and crocodilelike creatures inhabited the
poles.
GRAPH: Climate: Past as Future
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holder's express written permission. However, users may print,
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