This document describes a research study that examined parents' knowledge of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through a questionnaire. Thirty parents of children completed a 10-item true/false questionnaire about ASD facts, signs, and symptoms. The mean score was 8.1 out of 10, showing average knowledge of ASD among the sample. Only two participants scored below 7, indicating below average knowledge. The study found that parents have adequate baseline knowledge of ASD but could benefit from more in-depth education from nurses about early signs to help enable earlier diagnosis and intervention.
Ольга Бермант-Полякова. Новейшие исследования в современной зарубежной психол...Olga Bermant-Polyakova
This document summarizes key aspects of evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) as defined by the American Psychological Association (APA). It discusses that EBPP involves integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient characteristics, values, and context. It provides definitions for best research evidence, clinical expertise, and consideration of patient factors. It notes that the goal of EBPP is to promote effective psychological practice and enhance public health.
This document provides tips for evaluating interventions for autism spectrum disorders. It notes that while some treatments show effectiveness for some individuals, there is no single universally effective approach. The document encourages thorough investigation of any treatment and lists nine questions parents should consider, such as what the treatment involves, whether evidence supports its effectiveness, the treatment philosophy, credentials of staff, and potential negative effects. Parents are advised to make treatment decisions through comprehensive assessment and investigation of options.
The causes of drug addiction among street children in Dhaka city: a research ...K M Mehedi Hasan
This document is a research proposal that aims to study the causes of drug addiction among street children in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It outlines the introduction, objectives, literature review, methodology, data analysis plan, ethical considerations, timeline and limitations of the proposed research. The main objective is to identify the reasons why street children are addicted to drugs in Bangladesh. It will employ a survey method to collect data from 300 street children across 3 locations in Dhaka City over a period of 6 months.
From personalized medicine to personalized science - a new concept in biogero...Anna Ericsson
This document proposes a new model for patient-driven, goal-oriented biomedical research. The key aspects of the model are:
1) Patients with chronic conditions and no known cures would engage directly in research efforts by providing funding, samples, and project management expertise to a multidisciplinary research team.
2) Research organizations would assemble teams of scientists and physicians and announce specific research projects focused on patients' medical issues. Teams would be selected and funded by the interested patients.
3) The model is proposed to better integrate research and clinical practice by having patients directly involved in coordinating goal-oriented research projects aimed at their conditions.
Evidence based medicine what it is and what it is notDr. Jiri Pazdirek
This document discusses evidence-based medicine and related concepts. It defines evidence-based medicine as the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care. It involves integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. Medicine draws on both scientific knowledge and clinical expertise. While randomized controlled trials provide the strongest evidence, not all clinical questions can be answered through RCTs alone.
This study examined factors that influence relapse in people with mental health disorders in Indonesia, specifically in West Sumatera Province. The study found that stress of caregivers was the strongest predictor of relapse, with caregivers experiencing high stress being over 8 times more likely to experience patient relapse than low-stress caregivers. The study also found that lack of home visits from healthcare workers was associated with a higher likelihood of relapse. Improving home visit programs and supporting caregivers to reduce their stress levels could help lower relapse rates. The study was a cross-sectional analysis of 313 caregivers in West Sumatera that examined how demographic characteristics, stigma, home visits and caregiver stress related to patient relapse.
Sydney Burwell, Dean of Harvard Medical School from 1893-1967, stated that half of what is taught in medical school will be shown to be wrong within 10 years, but it is impossible to know which half.
The presentation discusses the history and concepts of evidence-based medicine (EBM), including its goals of improving patient care through decisions maximizing health outcomes based on the best available evidence. It outlines the 5 steps of EBM: asking questions, acquiring evidence, appraising the evidence, applying it based on expertise and patient values, and evaluating the process.
EBM has advantages like improving knowledge and decision-making, but also challenges like limited time and resources to implement its principles in practice.
Parents of children with ADHD sought alternatives to the dominant biomedical treatment model by expanding treatment options and developing a psychotherapeutic intervention based on experiential knowledge. However, parental choice was limited by scarce services. To influence policy, the parents' group formally evaluated the alternative through independent research, strategically engaging with evidence. While this allowed access to the medical domain, it also risked subsuming experience to science and substituting traditional experts with new professionals.
Ольга Бермант-Полякова. Новейшие исследования в современной зарубежной психол...Olga Bermant-Polyakova
This document summarizes key aspects of evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) as defined by the American Psychological Association (APA). It discusses that EBPP involves integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient characteristics, values, and context. It provides definitions for best research evidence, clinical expertise, and consideration of patient factors. It notes that the goal of EBPP is to promote effective psychological practice and enhance public health.
This document provides tips for evaluating interventions for autism spectrum disorders. It notes that while some treatments show effectiveness for some individuals, there is no single universally effective approach. The document encourages thorough investigation of any treatment and lists nine questions parents should consider, such as what the treatment involves, whether evidence supports its effectiveness, the treatment philosophy, credentials of staff, and potential negative effects. Parents are advised to make treatment decisions through comprehensive assessment and investigation of options.
The causes of drug addiction among street children in Dhaka city: a research ...K M Mehedi Hasan
This document is a research proposal that aims to study the causes of drug addiction among street children in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It outlines the introduction, objectives, literature review, methodology, data analysis plan, ethical considerations, timeline and limitations of the proposed research. The main objective is to identify the reasons why street children are addicted to drugs in Bangladesh. It will employ a survey method to collect data from 300 street children across 3 locations in Dhaka City over a period of 6 months.
From personalized medicine to personalized science - a new concept in biogero...Anna Ericsson
This document proposes a new model for patient-driven, goal-oriented biomedical research. The key aspects of the model are:
1) Patients with chronic conditions and no known cures would engage directly in research efforts by providing funding, samples, and project management expertise to a multidisciplinary research team.
2) Research organizations would assemble teams of scientists and physicians and announce specific research projects focused on patients' medical issues. Teams would be selected and funded by the interested patients.
3) The model is proposed to better integrate research and clinical practice by having patients directly involved in coordinating goal-oriented research projects aimed at their conditions.
Evidence based medicine what it is and what it is notDr. Jiri Pazdirek
This document discusses evidence-based medicine and related concepts. It defines evidence-based medicine as the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care. It involves integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. Medicine draws on both scientific knowledge and clinical expertise. While randomized controlled trials provide the strongest evidence, not all clinical questions can be answered through RCTs alone.
This study examined factors that influence relapse in people with mental health disorders in Indonesia, specifically in West Sumatera Province. The study found that stress of caregivers was the strongest predictor of relapse, with caregivers experiencing high stress being over 8 times more likely to experience patient relapse than low-stress caregivers. The study also found that lack of home visits from healthcare workers was associated with a higher likelihood of relapse. Improving home visit programs and supporting caregivers to reduce their stress levels could help lower relapse rates. The study was a cross-sectional analysis of 313 caregivers in West Sumatera that examined how demographic characteristics, stigma, home visits and caregiver stress related to patient relapse.
Sydney Burwell, Dean of Harvard Medical School from 1893-1967, stated that half of what is taught in medical school will be shown to be wrong within 10 years, but it is impossible to know which half.
The presentation discusses the history and concepts of evidence-based medicine (EBM), including its goals of improving patient care through decisions maximizing health outcomes based on the best available evidence. It outlines the 5 steps of EBM: asking questions, acquiring evidence, appraising the evidence, applying it based on expertise and patient values, and evaluating the process.
EBM has advantages like improving knowledge and decision-making, but also challenges like limited time and resources to implement its principles in practice.
Parents of children with ADHD sought alternatives to the dominant biomedical treatment model by expanding treatment options and developing a psychotherapeutic intervention based on experiential knowledge. However, parental choice was limited by scarce services. To influence policy, the parents' group formally evaluated the alternative through independent research, strategically engaging with evidence. While this allowed access to the medical domain, it also risked subsuming experience to science and substituting traditional experts with new professionals.
Mahima Sharma Dhungana presented a journal club presentation on an article assessing perceived stress and coping strategies among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. The presentation included an overview of the selected article, journal information, peer review process, critical appraisal of the article contents, strengths and weaknesses. It found that nursing students experienced moderate to high stress levels and used maladaptive coping strategies the most. The presentation contributes to the researcher's own planned study on stress and coping among health science students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
This document provides an introduction to evidence-based medicine (EBM). It discusses what EBM is not, including that it is not something physicians have always done, "cookbook" medicine, a tool only for administrators and insurers, or restricted only to randomized trials. It also notes that EBM is not opposed to patient-centered medicine. It then discusses the need for EBM in terms of costs, delays in research implementation, managing the growing medical literature, countering misleading marketing, and dealing with conflicting results. It provides examples of delays and misleading information to illustrate these points. Finally, it introduces the concept of asking clinical questions and finding evidence to help answer those questions.
This document provides an introduction to evidence-based medicine (EBM). EBM is defined as integrating the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to achieve the best possible patient management. The goal of EBM is to improve the quality of information used to make clinical decisions. EBM uses a series of steps including formulating an answerable clinical question, tracking down the best available evidence, critically appraising the evidence, applying the evidence to integrate with clinical expertise and patient values, and evaluating the effectiveness of the process.
Are we providing doctors with the training and tools for lifelong learning?Dr Matt Boente MD
Medical practice is evolving rapidly as new information supplants old. Gone are the days when newly graduated doctors were armed with most of the information they would need for a lifetime of practice. Today's clinicians are required to be lifelong learners so that they continue to adapt to the changing ecology of the medical environment. Are our educational systems preparing doctors for this role?
This journal club presentation summarizes a research article that studied sleep problems among Chinese adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey assessed insomnia, depression, anxiety, and social support in 11,835 participants aged 12-29. The results found that 23.2% of participants experienced insomnia symptoms during the pandemic period. Female sex, residing in cities, depression, and anxiety were risk factors for insomnia, while social support was a protective factor. The discussion concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted sleep and was a risk factor for insomnia in this population.
This journal club presentation summarizes a research article that assessed fear of COVID-19 among the Indian population using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The study used a cross-sectional online survey distributed via social media to 1499 respondents. It found that over half of the population reported low fear, while females, married individuals, those with lower education, and healthcare workers had significantly higher odds of high fear. The discussion noted that females and healthcare workers may be more prone to fear due to stress and their close contact with COVID-19 patients. The conclusion recommended further nationwide studies to evaluate fear and develop tailored intervention strategies.
This journal club presentation summarizes a study on knowledge and perceptions of universal safety precautions during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in Nepal. The study used an online survey of 871 adults and found that while knowledge of symptoms and incubation period was high, awareness of concepts like social distancing, isolation, and self-isolation periods was lower. The presentation provides a critical appraisal of the study methods, results, and conclusions. Some weaknesses noted were sampling bias due to the use of internet users and lack of generalizability. However, the findings could help inform government policies for pandemic control.
Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
This document discusses evidence-based laboratory medicine and the need to support clinical decision-making with robust evidence. It notes that while laboratory medicine is perceived as scientific, evidence for many diagnostic tests is limited or flawed. An evidence-based approach can help improve education, guidelines, decision-making and resource allocation. The challenges include a lack of evidence demonstrating the impact of diagnostic tests on patient outcomes. Health technology assessment and outcomes research are important tools to develop high-quality evidence and address the current pressures on healthcare systems.
The document outlines an introduction to evidence-based medicine (EBM) presented by Judy Tarselli. It begins with an overview of EBM, defining it as the conscientious use of current best evidence in patient care decisions. The presentation then covers the basic steps of EBM, which include forming a clear clinical question, finding the best evidence to answer it, critically appraising the evidence, applying useful evidence in practice, and evaluating the process. It emphasizes that a good clinical question is patient-focused, problem-oriented, and answerable through current literature. The document provides examples to illustrate the key points about EBM.
NIH Research grants (R series) are an important funding mechanism for independent investigators as these awards offer the opportunity to head up major research projects.
In this presentation, Dr. Ian de Boer will leverage his experience from winning six different R awards to provide R series grant writing strategies. He explores: which R award is best for you; readiness and qualifications for independent support; formulating focused and solid research strategies; how to avoid common mistakes; tips for early investigators; and NIH expectations and grant requirements.
MJFF Strategy for Accelerating Development of Parkinson’s TherapiesLaxmi Wordham
The document summarizes a research roundtable held by the Michael J. Fox Foundation (MJFF) to discuss their strategy for accelerating Parkinson's disease research. MJFF has funded over $240 million in Parkinson's research since 2000. They discussed key focus areas like developing disease-modifying therapies, biomarkers like the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative to help drug development, and improving treatments for motor/non-motor symptoms like dyskinesia. Experts from academic institutions also provided insights on challenges and opportunities in these areas.
This document summarizes a journal club presentation by Asmita Gautam on an article about knowledge, attitudes, and preventative practices related to COVID-19 among university populations in Pakistan. The presentation provides details on the selected article, journal, authors, methods, results, and conclusions. It evaluates an article published in Drugs & Therapy Perspectives that studied COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, and practices using a cross-sectional survey of 417 students and employees at two universities in Lahore, Pakistan. The presentation concludes that while knowledge and attitudes regarding COVID-19 were satisfactory, preventative practices were inadequate among the university populations studied.
This journal club presentation summarizes a research article that studied anxiety and depression among patients with thyroid disorders. The presentation provides details on the author presenting, journal being presented in, selected research article, critical appraisal of the journal and article. It summarizes the research methods, results and discussion section of the selected article. The presentation aims to fulfill requirements for a public health course through supervised critical analysis and discussion of a peer-reviewed research publication.
This journal club presentation summarizes an article on elderly abuse experienced by older adults living in Kathmandu, Nepal prior to living in old age homes. A cross-sectional study was conducted using interviews and questionnaires of older adults living in selected old age homes. The results found that 58% of respondents reported experiencing at least one form of abuse such as neglect, emotional abuse, financial abuse, physical abuse, or sexual abuse prior to living in an old age home. The most common abuse was neglect. The study recommends that the government take action to protect quality of life for elderly and further in-depth research is needed.
journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, health care, epidemiology, health system, health policy, health management, health economics, critical appraisal, online journal club, article appraisal, bachelor of public health, nursing, allied health sciences
This document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine (EBM). It defines EBM as systematically finding, appraising, and applying contemporaneous research findings to make clinical decisions. The key steps of EBM are asking a focused clinical question, searching for relevant evidence, critically appraising the evidence, applying valid evidence to the individual patient, and evaluating outcomes. High quality evidence comes from systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. Practicing EBM helps ensure patients receive the best possible care based on the most current scientific knowledge.
The document discusses the roles of teachers, parents, and technology in promoting students' learning. It states that teachers facilitate learning through classroom management and linking the school to the community. Parents are students' first teachers and their involvement in their child's education, like helping with homework and communicating with the school, contributes to academic success. The document also notes that technology supports different learning styles and allows students to learn through online resources.
Urban backyard scale bio recycling incorporating Composting, Vermiposting, hydroponics and carbon reforming in a semi closed system.
http://ausearth.blogspot.com/
Mahima Sharma Dhungana presented a journal club presentation on an article assessing perceived stress and coping strategies among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. The presentation included an overview of the selected article, journal information, peer review process, critical appraisal of the article contents, strengths and weaknesses. It found that nursing students experienced moderate to high stress levels and used maladaptive coping strategies the most. The presentation contributes to the researcher's own planned study on stress and coping among health science students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
This document provides an introduction to evidence-based medicine (EBM). It discusses what EBM is not, including that it is not something physicians have always done, "cookbook" medicine, a tool only for administrators and insurers, or restricted only to randomized trials. It also notes that EBM is not opposed to patient-centered medicine. It then discusses the need for EBM in terms of costs, delays in research implementation, managing the growing medical literature, countering misleading marketing, and dealing with conflicting results. It provides examples of delays and misleading information to illustrate these points. Finally, it introduces the concept of asking clinical questions and finding evidence to help answer those questions.
This document provides an introduction to evidence-based medicine (EBM). EBM is defined as integrating the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to achieve the best possible patient management. The goal of EBM is to improve the quality of information used to make clinical decisions. EBM uses a series of steps including formulating an answerable clinical question, tracking down the best available evidence, critically appraising the evidence, applying the evidence to integrate with clinical expertise and patient values, and evaluating the effectiveness of the process.
Are we providing doctors with the training and tools for lifelong learning?Dr Matt Boente MD
Medical practice is evolving rapidly as new information supplants old. Gone are the days when newly graduated doctors were armed with most of the information they would need for a lifetime of practice. Today's clinicians are required to be lifelong learners so that they continue to adapt to the changing ecology of the medical environment. Are our educational systems preparing doctors for this role?
This journal club presentation summarizes a research article that studied sleep problems among Chinese adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey assessed insomnia, depression, anxiety, and social support in 11,835 participants aged 12-29. The results found that 23.2% of participants experienced insomnia symptoms during the pandemic period. Female sex, residing in cities, depression, and anxiety were risk factors for insomnia, while social support was a protective factor. The discussion concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted sleep and was a risk factor for insomnia in this population.
This journal club presentation summarizes a research article that assessed fear of COVID-19 among the Indian population using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The study used a cross-sectional online survey distributed via social media to 1499 respondents. It found that over half of the population reported low fear, while females, married individuals, those with lower education, and healthcare workers had significantly higher odds of high fear. The discussion noted that females and healthcare workers may be more prone to fear due to stress and their close contact with COVID-19 patients. The conclusion recommended further nationwide studies to evaluate fear and develop tailored intervention strategies.
This journal club presentation summarizes a study on knowledge and perceptions of universal safety precautions during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in Nepal. The study used an online survey of 871 adults and found that while knowledge of symptoms and incubation period was high, awareness of concepts like social distancing, isolation, and self-isolation periods was lower. The presentation provides a critical appraisal of the study methods, results, and conclusions. Some weaknesses noted were sampling bias due to the use of internet users and lack of generalizability. However, the findings could help inform government policies for pandemic control.
Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
This document discusses evidence-based laboratory medicine and the need to support clinical decision-making with robust evidence. It notes that while laboratory medicine is perceived as scientific, evidence for many diagnostic tests is limited or flawed. An evidence-based approach can help improve education, guidelines, decision-making and resource allocation. The challenges include a lack of evidence demonstrating the impact of diagnostic tests on patient outcomes. Health technology assessment and outcomes research are important tools to develop high-quality evidence and address the current pressures on healthcare systems.
The document outlines an introduction to evidence-based medicine (EBM) presented by Judy Tarselli. It begins with an overview of EBM, defining it as the conscientious use of current best evidence in patient care decisions. The presentation then covers the basic steps of EBM, which include forming a clear clinical question, finding the best evidence to answer it, critically appraising the evidence, applying useful evidence in practice, and evaluating the process. It emphasizes that a good clinical question is patient-focused, problem-oriented, and answerable through current literature. The document provides examples to illustrate the key points about EBM.
NIH Research grants (R series) are an important funding mechanism for independent investigators as these awards offer the opportunity to head up major research projects.
In this presentation, Dr. Ian de Boer will leverage his experience from winning six different R awards to provide R series grant writing strategies. He explores: which R award is best for you; readiness and qualifications for independent support; formulating focused and solid research strategies; how to avoid common mistakes; tips for early investigators; and NIH expectations and grant requirements.
MJFF Strategy for Accelerating Development of Parkinson’s TherapiesLaxmi Wordham
The document summarizes a research roundtable held by the Michael J. Fox Foundation (MJFF) to discuss their strategy for accelerating Parkinson's disease research. MJFF has funded over $240 million in Parkinson's research since 2000. They discussed key focus areas like developing disease-modifying therapies, biomarkers like the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative to help drug development, and improving treatments for motor/non-motor symptoms like dyskinesia. Experts from academic institutions also provided insights on challenges and opportunities in these areas.
This document summarizes a journal club presentation by Asmita Gautam on an article about knowledge, attitudes, and preventative practices related to COVID-19 among university populations in Pakistan. The presentation provides details on the selected article, journal, authors, methods, results, and conclusions. It evaluates an article published in Drugs & Therapy Perspectives that studied COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, and practices using a cross-sectional survey of 417 students and employees at two universities in Lahore, Pakistan. The presentation concludes that while knowledge and attitudes regarding COVID-19 were satisfactory, preventative practices were inadequate among the university populations studied.
This journal club presentation summarizes a research article that studied anxiety and depression among patients with thyroid disorders. The presentation provides details on the author presenting, journal being presented in, selected research article, critical appraisal of the journal and article. It summarizes the research methods, results and discussion section of the selected article. The presentation aims to fulfill requirements for a public health course through supervised critical analysis and discussion of a peer-reviewed research publication.
This journal club presentation summarizes an article on elderly abuse experienced by older adults living in Kathmandu, Nepal prior to living in old age homes. A cross-sectional study was conducted using interviews and questionnaires of older adults living in selected old age homes. The results found that 58% of respondents reported experiencing at least one form of abuse such as neglect, emotional abuse, financial abuse, physical abuse, or sexual abuse prior to living in an old age home. The most common abuse was neglect. The study recommends that the government take action to protect quality of life for elderly and further in-depth research is needed.
journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, health care, epidemiology, health system, health policy, health management, health economics, critical appraisal, online journal club, article appraisal, bachelor of public health, nursing, allied health sciences
This document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine (EBM). It defines EBM as systematically finding, appraising, and applying contemporaneous research findings to make clinical decisions. The key steps of EBM are asking a focused clinical question, searching for relevant evidence, critically appraising the evidence, applying valid evidence to the individual patient, and evaluating outcomes. High quality evidence comes from systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. Practicing EBM helps ensure patients receive the best possible care based on the most current scientific knowledge.
The document discusses the roles of teachers, parents, and technology in promoting students' learning. It states that teachers facilitate learning through classroom management and linking the school to the community. Parents are students' first teachers and their involvement in their child's education, like helping with homework and communicating with the school, contributes to academic success. The document also notes that technology supports different learning styles and allows students to learn through online resources.
Urban backyard scale bio recycling incorporating Composting, Vermiposting, hydroponics and carbon reforming in a semi closed system.
http://ausearth.blogspot.com/
The document discusses production technology for bio-organic farm inputs. It covers topics such as soil management and nutrition, composting, vermicomposting, biofertilizer production, azolla, BGA and mycorrhiza production, plant disease and pest management, bio-pesticide production, nursery development, and input evaluation. The overall focus is on providing information on producing organic soil amendments, fertilizers, and pest management products for use in organic farming systems.
Production of Biofertilizers and Organic Farming - Food and AgricultureAjjay Kumar Gupta
Use of biofertilizers is one of the important components of integrated nutrient management, as they are cost effective and renewable source of plant nutrients to supplement the chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Several microorganisms and their association with crop plants are being exploited in the production of biofertilizers.
Organic farming system is not new in India and is being followed from ancient time. It is a method of farming system which primarily aimed at cultivating that land and raising crops in such a way as to keep the soil alive and in good health by use of organic wastes (crop, animal and farm waste, aquatic waste) and other biological material along with beneficial microbes (biofertilizers) to release nutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an eco-friendly, pollution-free environment.
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Advantages of biofertilizers, Become an Organic Farmer, Bio Fertilizer Business Opportunities, Bio fertilizer manufacturing process, Bio Fertilizer Process Plants, Bio fertilizer production line, Biofertilizer and Organic Farming Business, Biofertilizer Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biofertilizer Business Plan, Biofertilizer Manufacturing Business Ideas, Biofertilizer Processing Industry in India, Biofertilizer Processing Profitable Projects, Biofertilizer Processing Projects, Bio-Fertilizer Processing unit, Biofertilizer Production and Application, biofertilizer production process, biofertilizer production unit, biofertilizer production, Biofertilizer Small Business Manufacturing, Bio-Fertilizers and Bio-Pesticides Unit, Bio-fertilizers in organic agriculture, Biofertilizers Technology, Biogas Production from Organic Biofertilizer, Book on Biofertilizer and Organic Farming, Organic agriculture produce, Organic crops, Organic Farm Start Up, Organic farming and food production, Organic farming business plan in India, Organic Farming Entrepreneur, Organic Farming, Organic Food, Organic fruits and vegetables, Organic fruits, Organic Vegetables, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Production of Biopesticides, Profitable Biofertilizer Business Ideas, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Biofertilizer Manufacturing, Project identification and selection, Setting up and opening your Biofertilizer Business, Small Scale Biofertilizer Processing Projects, Small scale Biofertilizer production line, Small scale Commercial Biofertilizer making, Organic Farming technology book, Science and Technology of Organic Farming
The document identifies various molecules and determines whether they are organic or inorganic. It considers molecules like water, carbon dioxide, sodium carbonate, ethane, glucose, ribose, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, dipeptides, and triglycerides to be organic; and molecules like oxygen, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate to be inorganic based on the presence or absence of carbon in their structure.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are microorganisms that help plants grow by increasing nutrient availability. It describes how biofertilizers fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and produce plant hormones. Specific microorganisms are identified for their roles in nitrogen fixation (rhizobia, cyanobacteria, azospirillum), phosphorus solubilization (pseudomonas, bacillus), and plant growth promotion (pseudomonas). The document concludes that biofertilizers improve soil health and crop yields in a sustainable way without residual effects like chemical fertilizers.
Organic farming is a system of agriculture that uses natural and biodegradable inputs while avoiding synthetic fertilizers. The main principles of organic farming are health for the soil, plants, animals, humans and the planet; ecology in agriculture based on living ecological systems and cycles; and fairness and care for the common environment and life opportunities. Organic farming helps conserve the environment by using inputs that don't leave toxic residues, promoting biodiversity, and encouraging recycling of biodegradable materials.
The organic farming movement began in the 1930s-1940s as a reaction to agriculture's increasing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Sir Albert Howard is considered the "father of organic farming". Organic farming aims to sustain soil, ecosystem and human health by relying on ecological processes rather than chemical inputs. It combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the environment and promote fair relationships. Organic farming principles include sustaining health, working with ecological systems, ensuring fairness, and responsible management.
Lesson plan in_technology_and_livelihood_education_1[1]mishielannates
The lesson plan aims to teach students about the importance of proper nutrition and good health. It includes objectives, content, procedures, and evaluation. The procedures involve motivation, lecture, discussion, application activities, and assignments. The lesson compares malnutrition and optimum nutrition, and teaches students to classify and identify sources of different nutrients.
This document discusses organic farming methods and their advantages over conventional farming. Organic farming prohibits synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, genetic engineering, sewage sludge, and food irradiation. It relies on crop diversity, pest control, livestock, and plant nutrition to farm sustainably. Organic farming can reduce production costs by 25% while eliminating chemicals and increasing yields within 5 years. It produces food free from harmful additives and may reduce health risks like heart disease and cancer. Organic farming also benefits the environment by building soil, reducing water pollution, decreasing energy use and greenhouse gases, and sequestering carbon in the soil.
Information-Seeking Behaviors of Parents of Children with ADHD: Experiences, ...Laura Levy
Parents of children with ADHD often have unmet information needs when it comes to understanding and caring for their child's condition. This document discusses a study that aims to better understand the information seeking behaviors of these parents. It reviews literature showing that parents generally seek information from healthcare providers, the internet, peer groups and organizations. However, barriers like limited internet access, low health literacy and an inability to understand technical research can make finding reliable information difficult. The proposed study would survey parents of ADHD children about their confidence in and sources of information. It would also interview some parents to learn about how their information needs have changed at different stages of their child's diagnosis and care, using a model of progressive information seeking situations. The goal is
Here are some key advantages and disadvantages of third-party funding in arbitration:
Potential Advantages:
- Provides access to justice for parties who cannot afford arbitration costs. This allows more disputes to be resolved through arbitration rather than litigation.
- Spreads financial risk across multiple disputes, allowing third party funders to take on riskier cases.
- May increase efficiency by allowing parties to invest more resources into strong cases.
Potential Disadvantages:
- Raises conflicts of interest if third party funders influence procedural or settlement decisions for financial gain rather than merits.
- May increase costs of arbitration overall if third party funders factor in a return on multiple disputes.
- Lack of regulation could lead to predat
Methodology Chapter32016_Dissertation_Pro Chap1_2.docxHow do .docxARIV4
Methodology Chapter3/2016_Dissertation_Pro Chap1_2.docx
How do parents manage the education of their child with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Submitted by
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX University
Any Town USA
May 30, 2016
Dr. XXXX XXXX
Chapter 1: Introduction to the StudyIntroduction
In the recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). When parents receive an educational determination of autism for their child, both parents have the potential to be asymmetrically influenced. The “opportunity cost” to families of children with autism are defined as the alternatives experiences that foregone in terms of personal, social, and economical stressors (Amendah, Grosse, Peacock, & Mandell, 2011). A child diagnosed with an ASD can exhibit behaviors or actions that are overwhelming for a parent. Children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have many exacerbated behaviors that can increase a parent’s frustration.
A notable collection of research exists that reveals that overexertion can often occur when parenting a child with an ASD (Laxman, McBride, Jeans, Dyer, Santos, Kern, Sugimura, Curtiss, & Weglarz-Ward, 2014). There are a number of studies, on parental stressors in mothers and fathers of children with ASD (Laxman et al., 2014). However, there is very little research on how parents manage the education of their child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. This qualitative study will employ the use of a set of in-depth case studies, conceptualized within the social theory of symbolic interaction, to generate a solid narrative around familial factors related to parenting a child on the Autism Spectrum (Frieden, Joffe, Cono, Richards, & Iademarco, 2014).
Today’s educators report feeling unprepared to face the demanding task of teaching children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is not unexpected that parents and other stakeholders verbalize low levels of confidence in the capabilities of special education teachers (Tincani, Cucchiarra, Thurman, Snyder, & McCarthy, 2014). Research on the state of education and educator training programs has been going on for the past three decades (Buchanan, 2012; Gujarati, 2012; Gujarati, 2012), and has consistently displayed that teachers feel unready to work with parents. Regrettably, the results of the research have not manifested in substantial improvements in the circumstances.
Discovering methods of dealing with the educational process is dire. As stated, the number of children with ASD is on the rise (Frieden, Joffe, Cono, Richards, & Iademarco, 2014), and school officials and teachers will be challenged to adequately serve this growing population. Since current research does not provide an adequate response to the issue, this study will serve to explore this essential feature. One source of expertise, and also anxiety, may be parental involvement.
Criterion
*(Score = 0, 1, 2, or 3)
Learner Score
Chair Score
Methodologist Score
Content Expert Score
Introduct ...
Delay in the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Children.pdfsdfghj21
This document discusses a study examining delays in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis among Hispanic/Latino children. The study will analyze data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs to look at factors like pediatricians' screening practices, parental demographics, and age of diagnosis. The goal is to determine if these factors are associated with delays and inform efforts to improve early diagnosis and intervention for Hispanic children with ASD.
Here are the key similarities and differences between the two articles on authentic assessment:
Similarities:
- Both discuss authentic assessment as being performance-based and evaluating students in natural environments like home or classroom rather than standardized tests.
- They view authentic assessment as providing a holistic picture of students' strengths and weaknesses by observing real-life application of skills.
Differences:
- Bergen (1993) focuses on authentic assessment for young children through caregiver observation at home, while Dennis et al. (2013) examines its use for school-aged children in the classroom.
- Bergen emphasizes caregivers collaborating with teachers, while Dennis et al. place more responsibility on teachers to design and implement authentic assessments.
-
Parents perceptions of autism and theirhealth-seeking behavemelyvalg9
Parents' perceptions of autism and their
health-seeking behaviors
Maria Isabel O. Quilendrino a,*, Mary Anne R. Castor a,
Nenacia Ranali Nirena P. Mendoza b, Jacqueline R. Vea c,
Nina T. Castillo-Carandang c
a Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines,
Manila, Philippines
b Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine,
University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
c Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
c l i n i c a l e p i d e m i o l o g y a n d g l o b a l h e a l t h 3 ( 2 0 1 5 ) s 1 0 – s 1 5
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 15 September 2015
Accepted 13 November 2015
Available online 7 December 2015
Keywords:
Autism
Autistic disorder
Behavior
Perception
a b s t r a c t
Background: Parents' health-seeking behaviors, which in turn may be related to their per-
ceptions, are hypothesized to be the major determinant of the timing of diagnosis and
subsequent intervention for children with autism.
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to describe parental perceptions of autism
and health-seeking behaviors for urban Filipino children aged 2–6 years.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in several phases. The first phase
involved collection of qualitative data from key informant interviews and small group
discussions. The second phase involved the development of a validated and reliable ques-
tionnaire, which was administered to 41 parents of children with autism, aged 2–6 years.
Results: Parents had varying perceptions of autism. They were generally undecided with
regard to the etiology of autism, but were in agreement that psychosocial factors, such as
parental sins and curses, were unlikely to be associated with autism. The most common
presenting symptom noted by parents was a qualitative impairment in social interaction.
There was a noted trend towards earlier age of symptom recognition (mean of 24 months)
and diagnosis of autism (mean of 39 months) among parents with younger children.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed some trends: There is improved awareness
regarding autism and the needs of children with autism. Parents tend to disagree with
previous myths about autism. There was an observable trend toward earlier diagnosis for
this group.
# 2015 INDIACLEN. Published by Elsevier, a division of Reed Elsevier India, Pvt. Ltd. All
rights reserved.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +63 9178033888; fax: +63 27311631.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.I.O. Quilendrino).
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cegh
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2015.11.003
2213-3984/# 2015 INDIACLEN. Published by Elsevier, a division of Reed Elsevier India, Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://crossmar ...
This document discusses teaching exceptional learners, specifically those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It begins with an overview of ASD, noting its diverse effects on communication, social interaction, and behaviors. Effective teaching requires understanding each student's unique needs. Screening tools can help diagnose ASD early to provide support. Teachers must learn students' strengths and use strategies like visual learning, routines, and parental partnership to create supportive learning environments.
Introduction Teaching as a profession has been considered to.pdfbkbk37
Teaching children with autism can be challenging due to their unique needs and learning styles. Autism affects social skills, communication, and behaviors. While each child is different, some common strategies are effective. Teachers should learn each child's strengths and needs, use visual aids, maintain routines to reduce frustration, and partner with families by communicating daily in a journal about the child's progress, behaviors, and interests. This helps teachers develop individualized learning plans and care approaches for each student.
3Assignment Three Purpose of the study and Research Questions.docxlorainedeserre
3
Assignment Three: Purpose of the study and Research Questions
RES 9300
Recently, Autism has become a serious health concern to parents. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), about one in fifty nine United States children has been identified with autism spectrum disorder with one in six children developing developmental disability ranging from mild disabilities such as speech and language impairments to serious developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and autism (CDC,2018). World Health Organization (2019) estimates that 1 in 160 children globally has autism making it one of the most prevalent diseases. Despite the disease prevalence, most population has little knowledge about the disease. Many health practitioners have proposed early care as a means to control the disease effects.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this study is to determine whether early intervention services can help improve the development of children suffering from autism. This study also aims to explore the general public awareness and perception about autism disorder.
Research Questions
(1) How should service delivery for autistic patients be improved to promote their health? (2) What impact does early intervention services have on development of children suffering from autism? (3) How can public knowledge on autism improve support and care for autistic patients? (4) What effect will early intervention have on patient’s social skills?
References
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Data & Statistics. Retrieved From https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
World Health Organization. (2019). Autism Spectrum Disorders. Fact Sheet. Retrieved From https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders
3
Assignment Two: Theoretical Perspective and Literature Review
RES 9300
Literature Map
Parenting an Autism Child
(Dependent Variable)
9
Mothers/Father Role
Education
Religious Beliefs
Gender/Age
Financial Resources
Maternal Relationship
Region
Public Awareness
Support
Ethnicity
Independent Variables
Secondary Source I Will Be Using In My Literature Review
Mother/Father Roles
Glynn, K. A. (2015). Predictors of parenting practices in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.
Religious Beliefs
Huang, C. Y., Yen, H. C., Tseng, M. H., Tung, L. C., Chen, Y. D., & Chen, K. L. (2014). Impacts of autistic behaviors, emotional and behavioral problems on parenting stress in caregivers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1383-1390.
Education
Brezis, R. S., Weisner, T. S., Daley, T. C., Singhal, N., Barua, M., & Chollera, S. P. (2015). Parenting a child with autism in India: Narratives before and after a parent–child intervention program. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 39(2), 277-298.
Financial Resources
Zaidm ...
This document provides summaries of articles related to ADHD, including:
1. Parenting style can affect behavioral problems in children with ADHD, with positive parenting associated with fewer problems and maternal depression associated with more problems.
2. A study found that children with both autism and ADHD were four times more likely to bully than children overall, though more research is needed to understand these behaviors.
3. Teens who cyberbully others or are victims of cyberbullying are more likely to have psychological and behavioral issues including problems with concentration.
4. It is important for parents of children with ADHD to understand educational terms like IEPs and be advocates for their children's needs in
This document discusses the importance of early diagnosis and intervention for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While signs of ASD can be detected as early as age 2, the median age of diagnosis is around 4 years old. Minority and low-income children tend to be diagnosed even later, facing greater barriers to healthcare access. Relying solely on pediatricians for screening and diagnosis likely results in missed cases. Early childcare providers see children's development in a social context and may be well-positioned to recognize atypical development. However, little research has examined using early childcare providers as screeners for ASD. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of early childcare providers screening young children for ASD in underserved
Parents of teenagers face challenges in supporting their emotional and developmental needs. They must monitor the information their teens receive, validate sources, and guide their decision making. Key needs for parents include helping teens feel supported, overseeing risky behaviors, and living up to their ideals of parenting despite time constraints. Effective skills include listening skills, evaluating information sources, and finding resources to address barriers to responsibilities.
Undergraduate BA (Hons) Psychology Empirical ProjectJordan Purcell
This document provides a literature review and background on support workers' perspectives on counselling for those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. It discusses key topics like the definition and prevalence of ASD, theories of person-centered therapy and pre-therapy, labelling theory, and potential barriers to counselling for those with ASD. The review was conducted as part of a larger empirical project that involved interviews with 5 support workers to understand their views on counselling and whether they see it as beneficial for clients with ASD.
The document discusses various intervention methods considered best practices for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It categorizes the interventions into five groups: 1) technology such as iPads, computers, voice recorders and software; 2) pharmacological treatments including the FDA approved medications risperidone and aripiprazole; 3) models, prompts, reinforcers and self-management techniques; 4) early intensive behavioral intervention and applied behavioral analysis; and 5) gluten-free and casein-free diets. The purpose of the study is to understand the experiences of families and educators implementing these strategies in order to identify their successes and challenges.
This document summarizes current research on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to help clinicians provide guidance to families. It discusses that ASD is characterized by difficulties with social communication and repetitive behaviors. While ASD is lifelong, outcomes have improved in recent decades due to things like increased community support services. However, most individuals still require lifelong support. The document reviews signs and symptoms of ASD based on diagnostic criteria, issues around screening and diagnosis at different ages, risk factors and causes, available treatments and their effectiveness, transitions individuals face, and recommendations for clinicians in assisting families.
Parental Stress among Parents of Children with Autistic, Language Impairment ...ijtsrd
This research is a comparative study of stress between parents having normal children, and parents having children with autism, speech and hearing impairment. The study conducted was on parents of children between the age group of 4 to 15 years old and the age group of parent was 25 60. The study was conducted on 30 parents of children with autism and 30 parents of children with speech hearing impairment 30 parents with normal children. The parental stress scale by Judy O Berry and Warron H Jones was used for the study. The responses were scored according to the manual and the data was analyzed employing appropriate statistical methods using SPSS. The results show that parental stress was high on parents of children with autism than parents with normal children and speech hearing impairment children. Parents of children having autism scored highest mean 48.700 which shows autistic child’s parent experience more stress. The results indicate that parent’s age is a differentiator on parental stress among parents with normal children. The age group of parents with 25 35 got higher mean rank 20.11 than the other age groups 36 45 and 46 60 which shows that as the age increases stress levels decreases. Dr. R Krishnan Bhatt | Dr. Kiran Babu N. C | Ms. Grace Rini Roy "Parental Stress among Parents of Children with Autistic, Language Impairment and Normal Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33480.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/33480/parental-stress-among-parents-of-children-with-autistic-language-impairment-and-normal-children/dr-r-krishnan-bhatt
A Survey Of Autism Knowledge In A Health Care SettingAmy Cernava
This study surveyed 111 professionals from various healthcare fields about their knowledge of autism. It found that while all groups accurately understood the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for autism, primary healthcare providers and specialists differed from experts at an autism center (CARD) in their beliefs about autism's prognosis, course, and treatment. Primary providers showed the greatest number of differences from CARD. The study aims to increase understanding of knowledge and beliefs that influence autism diagnosis across healthcare settings.
IMPACTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN5Impacts MalikPinckney86
IMPACTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN 5
Impacts of Domestic Violence on Children
Name of the Student
Instructor
Institution
Course
Date
Abstract
The focus of the research will be oneffects of domestic violence on children with particular attention on those children brought up by intimate partners. Exposing children to domestic violence affects children psychologically, physically and emotionally. Literature suggests that domestic violence has lasting effects on children. This research will focus on children who have reached the school-going age from five years to thirteen years.
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
The study is aimed at researching and finding out the effects of domestic violence on children.
Scope of the Study
This study will focus on domestic violence in families from an intimate partner and how the children are affected by either being victims or witnesses.
The rationale of the Study
When children are exposed to domestic violence, their mental health is negatively affected. These are aspects that affect their ability to feel empathy and make them experience social discomfort. To understand the children's emotions, forensic psychologists use their expertise to assess and identify the sources of the problem.
The hypothesis of the Question
H1:Domestic violence affects the physical and emotional well-being of children
H2: Forensic psychologists provide wholesome support to children who experience or witness domestic violence
Key Concepts
Domestic violence: the abuse of power occurs when a partner physically or psychologically abuses or dominates the other.
Intimate partner violence: this is sexual, physical, or psychological abuse
Child abuse: this is emotional or physical harm by a caregiver to the child.
Forensic Psychologist: an expert in forensics and psychology.
Literature Review
Children living in an abusive home are more likely to experience social alienation. They are mentally affected and hence find it difficult to relate with others. According to Lloyd, this is an effect that affects their performance in school due to lack of concentration (2018). These children are also anxious because they can relate to the events taking place at home. Therefore, they perform poorly because of anxiety and fear that is directed towards adults, including teachers.
Maltreatment of the children affects them over a long time leading to emotional and psychological effects. The physiological changes are due to the effects on the child's brain. This leads to the changes that cause emotional stress and depression. According to Mallett and Schall, domestic violence against children is classified as criminal acts under the law (2019). The impacts they have can affect the future and mental stability of the child.
Although domestic violence is known to cause negative impacts on children, there are more cases not being reported. This is primarily due to the intimidation from the perpetrator (Sullivan, 2018). The child ...
The article discusses a woman who was diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder at age 18 and reflects on her diagnosis years later by reviewing her official discharge summary. While the diagnosis helped her receive treatment at the time, she now questions some of the labels and definitions applied to her condition. She believes diagnoses can be reductive and fail to consider the complexities of individual experiences with mental health issues.
1. PARENT’S KNOWLEDGE OF AUTISM Parent’s Knowledge i
Parent’s Knowledge of Autism
Courtney DeNicola
A Research Paper
Submitted to the Faculty of the Frances M. Maguire School of Nursing
Gwynedd Mercy University
Research Processes in Nursing Practice- Nursing 412
This study was completed through the use of simulation data and with a hypothetical setting.
Findings are not intended to change practice.
December 2016
Gwynedd Valley, PA
19437
2. Parent’s Knowledgeii
Abstract
The purpose of this descriptive research study is to identify and describe the general
knowledge that parents have of Autism Spectrum Disorder. A sample of 30 participants that have
at least one child was utilized. A ten item questionnaire was used to measure the knowledge that
parents have of facts, signs, and symptoms of Autism. Demographic information was obtained at
the end of the questionnaire as well. The questions were assigned one point for a correct answer
and zero points for an incorrect answer. A score of seven demonstrates average knowledge of
Autism. The mean score of the questionnaire was 8.1, showing that overall, parents of this
sample have an average knowledge of Autism. Out of the thirty participants, only two received a
score of below 7, indicating below average knowledge of Autism. Adequate knowledge of
Autism and the warning signs is crucial for early diagnosis. Early diagnosis of Autism can lead
to early intervention, which has shown the best outcomes for children diagnosed with the
disorder. This study shows that parents have an adequate knowledge of Autism, and may be able
to benefit from more in depth teaching by nurses.
Keywords: Autism, parent’s, questionnaire, descriptive research
3. Parent’s Knowledgeiii
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Title Page ..........................................................................................................................................i
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ii
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ iii
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................iv
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................v
Chapter One: The Conceptual Phase ...............................................................................................1
Introduction..................................................................................................................................1
Statement of the Problem.............................................................................................................1
Review of Literature ....................................................................................................................1
Conceptual Framework................................................................................................................6
Statement of Purpose ...................................................................................................................6
Definition of Terms......................................................................................................................6
Chapter Two: Methodology.............................................................................................................8
Research Approach/Technique for Data Collection ....................................................................8
Study Subjects/Setting Description..............................................................................................8
Procedures....................................................................................................................................8
Limitations ...................................................................................................................................9
Chapter Three: Presentation of Data..............................................................................................10
Chapter Four: Discussion...............................................................................................................14
Conclusions................................................................................................................................14
Limitations .................................................................................................................................14
Recommendations......................................................................................................................15
Implications ...............................................................................................................................16
Translation into Nursing Practice .............................................................................................16
References......................................................................................................................................18
Bibliography...................................................................................................................................20
Appendix A: Questionnaire ...........................................................................................................21
Appendix B: Permission Letter......................................................................................................24
Appendix C: Cover Letter..............................................................................................................25
4. Parent’s Knowledgeiv
List of Tables
Table 1: Average Scores by Age Category....................................................................................11
Table 2: Average Scores by Experience with Autism ..................................................................12
5. Parent’s Knowledgev
List of Figures
Figure 1: Ethnicity of Participants involved in study ....................................................................11
Figure 2: Variation of Scores by Knowledge Influence of Autism ..............................................13
6. PARENT’S KNOWLEDGE OF AUTISM Parent’s Knowledge 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
There have been numerous studies regarding early diagnosis and intervention in autistic
children as the most important part of treatment. Early intervention allows for proper support and
treatment to take place as soon as possible to avoid or lessen effects of a developmental or
intellectual disability. According to the Center of Disease Control, the prevalence of Autism in
children in the United States has increased by 119% from 2000-2010 (CDC 2016). Additionally,
the cost of lifelong care of a person with Autism can be reduced by two-thirds with early
diagnosis and intervention (National Autism Network 2016). Since most parents interact with
and care for their children more than anyone else, parents should be well versed on early signs
and symptoms of a developmental disability, such as autism. Parents can relay their observations
to their primary care providers, who can then recommend treatment and support to limit the
problem. Nurses have the potential to be exposed to autism when caring for patients in the
hospital, primary, or school setting. If nurses are able to teach parents about signs and symptoms
to be aware of, then parents may be more motivated to reach out for help to prevent chronic
problems with their child. Since the prevalence of Autism is rapidly increasing by 6-15% each
year, the chances of encountering a child with Autism are much more likely (CDC 2016).
Statement of Problem
What are parent’s knowledge of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Review of Literature
There are a number of studies published in recent years that relate to developmental
disabilities and early detection. There are few that go in depth regarding the average parents’
7. Parent’s Knowledge2
knowledge of early signs of a disability. Nonetheless, the following articles all contribute
valuable information that can be of importance to this research study.
One study discusses and investigates the development and feasibility of a structured
interview to be used to assess both parenting and developmental problems in children. The study
implements and examines the validity of the use of an instrument for early detection and
assessment of problems in toddlers that uses the perspectives and experiences of the parents as
well as the professional (Staal, van den Brink, Hermanns, Schrijvers, & Stel 2011). The
instrument, developed with an expert group of experienced nurses, examined twelve areas of
parent and child development using a structured interview with the parents. The areas examined
ranged from infancy review, motor, speech, language, and thought development, behavior,
parenting approach, early education, how the child spends their time, living environment, social
contacts, family issues, and an opportunity to discuss anything not mentioned during the
interview. The instrument first detected problems and concerns. Then, the researchers clarified
and determined the seriousness of the problems. Finally, the problems were analyzed and a plan
to address them was devised. The parents of 1000 toddlers were interviewed by a group of
trained nurses. The researchers’ goal was to develop a tool to identify problems and were
successful in doing so. They were able to obtain quality information from parents that could lead
to a conversation about the possibility of a developmental delay. They found that the topics with
the highest level of support needed were family issues, living environment, motor development,
and day care (Staal et al 2011). From this information collected by the health care providers,
83% of parents followed-up with their nurses. The researchers determined this instrument could
be useful for early detection of parenting and developmental problems in toddlers, but needs
8. Parent’s Knowledge3
further studies to determine validity and reliability. This tool, if valid and reliable, could be
extremely useful in helping identify the earliest signs of autism for early intervention.
Another study explored barriers to early intervention evaluations among referred infants
and toddlers. The method of data collection used was semi-structured interviews with parents of
children referred for early intervention services (Jimenez, Barg, Guevara, Gerdes, & Fiks 2012).
The researchers used an interview guide developed from literature reviews and consultations
with pediatricians, developmental psychologists, early intervention employees, and experts in
qualitative research. They used open ended questions regarding their child’s learning and
development. The researchers found five primary themes: parents reported communication
problems with their pediatrician, parents saw themselves as experts on their child’s development
and chose not to pursue services, families preferred to wait for the concern to resolve or work
with their child themselves, practical obstacles limited the completion of the evaluation, or early
intervention employees felt the parents avoided the evaluation because they mistook them for
child protective services. This study does show some causation as to why a referral would not be
followed up, which is helpful information for healthcare professionals. If a nurse can understand
why a family may neglect to follow up with an early intervention, they may be able to
compromise or work with that family to get the child resources.
Another study aimed to identify parent, child, community, and health care provider
characteristics associated with early intervention referral and multidisciplinary evaluation by
early intervention (Jimenez, Fiks, Ramirez Shah, Gerdes, Ni, Pati, & Guervara 2014). The
problem these researchers focused on was the fact that while children are being identified with a
developmental concern, only a small percentage were actually being referred for early
intervention. The method for data collection was from a secondary data analysis and qualitative
9. Parent’s Knowledge4
interviews. The secondary analysis was conducted from the Translating Evidence Based
Developmental Screening (TEDS) study, which tested the effectiveness of developmental
screening protocols. The interviews were conducted with the physicians who participated in that
study. The results of the data analysis showed that of a total of 2083 families who participated in
the TEDS study, 21% were identified with a developmental concern, but only 58% of that
number were referred to early intervention. The qualitative interviews showed common themes
among the pediatricians: office processes played an important role in facilitating the screenings
and referrals, family preference may discourage or promote the referral, and providers may defer
a referral if they thought the parents misunderstood a screening question. The researchers
determined that many children who were positively screened for a developmental concern were
not referred to early intervention for a variety of reasons. The researchers cannot assume
causation, but their findings open doors to other researchers to look into further understanding
the causes for these deferrals.
Another study, “Assessing early communication skills at 12 months: a retrospective study
of Autism Spectrum Disorder”, written by Swain, Eadie, Prior, & Reilly, aimed to investigate if
differences in early social communication skills could be detected at twelve months of age,
compared to children who were later diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, and to
determine whether differences remain when groupings are based on age and subsequent Autism
diagnosis (2015). The researchers collected data on children in early life, and then conducted
retrospective analyses for the children who were later diagnosed with Autism by age seven. They
used the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales- Developmental Profile Behavior
Sample when the participants were twelve months of age. This tool is a face-to-face evaluation
with the child and parent, which is videotaped and analyzed (Swain et al 2015). The researchers
10. Parent’s Knowledge5
found that there were clear differences in the abilities of twelve month old children later
diagnosed with Autism compared to a control group in social communication skills (Swain et al
2015). This study shows that there is reliable evidence of the importance of social
communication skills for the early detection of Autism. This is useful information for both
parents and healthcare professionals. If a parent or nurse was able to identify a symptom as early
as one-year-old, that could lead to a diagnosis and allow for timely early intervention.
One nurse performed a study interviewing a variety of nurses regarding their particular
professional contribution to the assessment of pre-school children for autism. The researcher
used written reflective accounts and transcripts from one-to-one interviews about their practice
as a method of data collection. To begin, each participant wrote an account of a time in their
practice that they contributed to an assessment of a child for autism. Then, those accounts were
reflected upon with the researcher in a discussion, where the researcher could ask questions and
gain an understanding of their feelings. The final phase included a discussion with a group of
participants, where they reflected on their actions and how they were influenced in the context of
their practice. The researcher found that the participants shared certain beliefs and values that
influenced their practice. First, they believed autism is real: meaning, they believe it is a medical
condition with a biomedical cause, not a “socially defined construct” (Halpin 2016). They also
believed the notion that “parents want perfect”, in that parents perceive that any kind of disability
as undesirable, but the nurses also noted they have empathy for the emotional distress the parents
go through (Halpin 2016). Nurses also stated that they believe that their knowledge and practical
expertise can serve as a great resource for parents, but acknowledge that parents know their
children best. The participants described nursing as “key” to the child’s care because the care is
holistic. The nurses value knowledge development, the nurse-patient relationship, and the
11. Parent’s Knowledge6
parent’s views when caring for the child. The most common notion was that holistic care is
important because it provides the most well-rounded care for the child. This study is similar to
the research question purposed in the purpose of this paper, only questioning parents on their
knowledge of autism.
Conceptual Framework
The concept behind this study is that early diagnosis and intervention of children with
Autism leads to better outcomes. Many studies have been conducted that test the effectiveness of
early intervention in children with Autism. In these studies, the interventions almost always yield
positive results in the improvement of the child’s social and communication skills. If a child is
diagnosed at an early age with autism, special initiative can be taken to enroll the child in an
early intervention program to improve the outcome. Some children with Asperger’s syndrome, a
variant of autism spectrum disorder, can go on to live normal lives if they have the proper
resources during their childhood. On the other hand, some children will regress and lose any
skills they once had if they do not receive prompt and proper intervention. If parents have
knowledge of autism and early symptoms, they may be able to refer their child for an early
diagnosis if they believe there is a problem.
Statement of Purpose
The purpose of this research study is describe of the knowledge parents have of Autism
Spectrum Disorder.
Definition of Terms
a. Early signs and symptoms: Includes inability to point to show interest, does not look at
objects when another person points at them, avoiding eye contact, dislikes being held or
cuddled, unaware when someone talks to them, inability to communicate, play, and relate
12. Parent’s Knowledge7
to others, repeats or echo’s works or phrases, will not play pretend games, repeats actions
over and over, trouble adapting to a new routine, unusual reactions to smell, taste, feel,
sound
b. Autism Spectrum Disorder: According to the CDC, autism is “a developmental disability
that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges” (2016).
c. Early Intervention: As simple as talking to the primary healthcare provider, seeing a
developmental pediatrician, neurologist, or psychologist, enrolling in special classes for
school aged children, support/parenting groups, and most importantly good parenting
techniques.
d. Parent: a father or mother; person who cares for a child
13. Parent’s Knowledge8
Chapter 2
ResearchApproach/Technique for Data Collection
The study used a descriptive research approach with a questionnaire. The questionnaire
(Refer to Appendix A) included a section of multiple choice questions to test knowledge of
autism. The questionnaire also included a demographic section. The participants were asked if
they were a parent, their age, their ethnicity, if they had a child with autism or had ever
interacted with a child with Autism, and what most greatly influenced their knowledge about the
disorder. The results of the questionnaire were then interpreted to conclude the level of
knowledge parents have regarding Autism. A score of 7 out of 10 indicated average knowledge
of Autism. Scores of parents of children with autism and parents without were also compared.
Study Subjects/Setting Description
A convenience sample was utilized for this study. The study subjects ranged in age from
under 24 to 55-64 years. The study was conducted online using Google Forms. The subjects
studied were parents of children in a local, suburban elementary school. The target population
were parents with at least one child.
Procedures
Permission to perform this study was granted by the International Review Board (IRB). A
letter of permission (Refer to Appendix B) and a copy of the cover letter (Refer to Appendix C).
explaining the purpose of this study were sent to the suburban elementary school’s principal. The
principal granted permission to perform this study. The cover letter was also given to parents
participating in the study informing them of the procedure. (Refer to Appendix C). The
questionnaire was sent to a large local elementary school to parents via e-mail. The participants
were asked to voluntarily participant in the study. They were informed that by participating, they
14. Parent’s Knowledge9
agree to do so voluntarily and answer all questions to the best of their ability. The school sent out
an email with a link to the questionnaire to 100 parents at random. The participants filled out the
questionnaire via Google Forms at their convenience, and submitted it for the researcher to
analyze. Each knowledge based question was given a score of 0 or 1, based on if it was answered
correctly. The highest potential score was a 10, and the lowest a 0. A score of above a 7 and
above indicated average knowledge of autism.
Limitations
The limitations of the questionnaire include limited time to carry out the study, a small
sample size, a low return rate, inexperience of the researcher, and the use of a new questionnaire
tool. A greater time allotted may have yielded a higher return rate and greater sample size. A
greater sample size would allow for more generalizability. The questionnaire developed by the
researcher was never used before and lacked reliability and validity.
15. Parent’s Knowledge10
Chapter 3
Presentation of Data
The aim of this research study was to identify the knowledge of parents regarding autism.
The sample was composed of 30 parents from a local elementary school. The parents were
emailed an online questionnaire and asked to voluntarily complete the questionnaire. Of 100
parents that were randomly sent the survey, 30 completed it, giving the research study a 30%
return rate. The questionnaire contained ten knowledge based questions and six demographic
questions. The demographic questions asked whether or not the participant was a parent, their
age, whether they have a child with Autism, whether they have interacted with a child with
Autism, their ethnicity, and what they feel most greatly has influenced their knowledge of
Autism.
The researcher determined that a score of 7 or above indicated an adequate knowledge of
Autism. The participants scores ranged from 6 to 10, with an average score of 8.1 out of 10.
100% of participants stated they were parents. Of the parents that responded, four were
under the age of 24, six were 25-34 years old, eight were 35-44 years old, seven were 45-54
years old, and five were 55-64 years old. No participants were over the age of 65. As shown in
Table 1, the 35-44 age category scored highest with a score of 8.6 on average. The lowest
scoring age category was under 24 with a score of 6.
16. Parent’s Knowledge11
Table 1: Average Scores by Age Category
Age Category Average Score
Under 24 6
25-34 7
35-44 8.6
45-54 7.25
55-64 7.5
The majority of participants were Caucasian, as identified in Figure 1. 93.3% of
participants identified as Caucasian, with the remaining 6.7% identifying as African American.
Caucasian participants had an average score of 8.1 and African American participants had an
average score of 8.0, which shows no real variance of knowledge between the two races in this
sample.
17. Parent’s Knowledge12
Figure 1: Ethnicity of Participants involved in study
All but one parent stated that they did not have a child diagnosed with Autism. The score
of the parent with a child with Autism was 9, while those without scored an average of 8.1. Both
groups still have sufficient knowledge by the researcher’s term, but the parent with a child with
Autism did score slightly higher. 73.3% of parents stated that they had interacted with a child
with Autism before, while 26.7% said they did not. As shown in Table 2, the scores did not vary
significantly.
Table 2: Average Scores by Experience with Autism
Category Average Score
Parent has interacted with child with Autism 7.6
Parent has never interacted with child with
Autism
7.3
Ethnicity of Participants
Caucasian African American
18. Parent’s Knowledge13
The researcher’s final demographic question asked what the participant felt had the
greatest influence on of their knowledge of autism. The majority of respondents stated that word
of mouth by family and friends was the greatest influence of their knowledge of autism. 26.7%
replied formal education, 13.3% replied social media, and 13.3% replied television. As shown in
Figure 2, there was a slight variation between the groups. Those who said word of mouth from
family and friends influenced their knowledge had an average score of 8, and those who said that
formal education influenced their knowledge had a score of 7.8. Those who said social media
influenced their knowledge had an average score of 6.2, which was deemed insufficient by the
researcher’s standard.
Figure 2: Variation of Scores by Knowledge Influence of Autism
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Television Social Media Formal Education Word of Mouth
KnowledgeInfluenceof Autism
19. Parent’s Knowledge14
Chapter 4
Conclusions
The purpose of this study was to determine parent’s knowledge of autism. Based on the
analysis of the data from this study and sample, the following conclusions were made:
1. Overall, parents have adequate knowledge of autism.
2. Parents under the age of 24 do not have adequate knowledge of autism.
3. There is no significant variance of scores among different ethnicity groups.
4. Parents of children with autism have a greater knowledge of those without.
5. Parents who interact with children with autism have a slightly higher knowledge of
autism.
6. Parents who allow social media to influence their knowledge of autism have insufficient
knowledge of the disorder.
Limitations
Several limitations can be identified in this study. The first limitation is the small sample
size. Only thirty participants were used to describe a large population. The second limitation was
that the questionnaire was online, so it is possible that not every participant had access to the
internet to complete it. The participant could have been distracted when completing the study as
well since it was done at their convenience. The third limitation was the use of the questionnaire.
Questionnaires lack validity and reliability. Another limitation is the researcher’s inexperience
with questionnaires and research studies. Finally, time constraint was identified as a limitation,
due to only having 3 months to complete the entire study.
20. Parent’s Knowledge15
Recommendations
Ongoing research is needed to indicate the validity of these results. Given the
interpretations, the researcher suggests that the study should be replicated, with a different group
of questions. Another questionnaire with more in-depth questions may elicit a different response.
The questionnaire used in this study only discussed broad, generalized questions related to
autism. Incorporating questions about new research theories, different types of interventions, and
specific diagnostic criteria, for example, may affect the scores. This will also further assess
knowledge of parents.
The sample size should also be increased. This study only had thirty participants to
represent a large population. Having a sample size of 100 or more participants would most likely
show a more valid indication of parent’s knowledge of Autism. Future studies should also
incorporate and encourage more diversity. A large majority of participants were Caucasian, and
only two of the thirty were African American. A more diverse population could potentially show
differences of scores among ethnic groups, since different cultures are known to have different
views on disorders such as autism. The sample used in this study was also of parents with
elementary school-aged children. Future studies in different settings, such as middle or high
school, could elicit different responses.
Using a different tool or research method in the future could also unveil more information
about parent’s knowledge of Autism. Many studies discussed, including one performed by
Jimenez, Barg, Guevara, Gerdes, & Fiks in 2012, used semi-structured interviews to collect data.
Using a guide with open-ended questions that allows for parents to explain their views and
beliefs on different topics related to autism may show more insight about their knowledge level.
21. Parent’s Knowledge16
Implications
Nursing Education
Studies show that early detection of symptoms and early diagnosis is key in successful
treatment of Autism. Nursing education should stress the importance of developmental
milestones, as the inability of a child to reach a milestone could be a symptom of autism. During
a nursing student’s pediatric rotation, they should practice observing patients in the clinical
setting to determine if the child has reached a milestone for their age. They should be given the
opportunity to practice with a screening tool as well, ideally in a primary care setting.
Nursing Practice
If the results of the study were accepted, this study shows there is room for teaching for
parents about Autism. While the overall score was deemed sufficient by the researcher, it was
not a perfect score. Nurses have a responsibility to teach and educate patients. While nurses
assess the child in the doctor’s office or hospital setting, they could educate the parents about
warning signs for autism, as well as explain some facts they may not already know. They may
give examples of milestones the child should be reaching and when to call the pediatrician for an
opinion or screening. Teaching parents about autism before the child is diagnosed could be key
in an early diagnosis. Usually, parents are with their child more than anyone else. If a parent is
aware of what milestones should be reached and can identify warning signs, they may be able to
receive early intervention for their child and prevent impaired functioning.
Translation into Nursing Practice
The researcher will present the research study and its findings at the Gwynedd Mercy
University Senior Research Day held on November 30th. The results of the study will be
discussed with peers and professors, as well as various other members of the nursing and
22. Parent’s Knowledge17
university community. Returning the questionnaire with an answer key to the original
participants would also provide an opportunity for them to see which questions were incorrect
and learn any mistakes or misconceptions. Fact sheets or check lists with different milestones
according to age groups may also be useful for parents. These would be discussed and distributed
at doctor’s offices during visits. As mentioned, the overall score identified adequate knowledge
among this group of parents, but there was still room for improvement, so teaching is necessary.
23. Parent’s Knowledge18
References
Autism Society. (2016). Facts and Statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.autism-
society.org/what-is/facts-and-statistics/
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Developmental Milestones. Retrieved from:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). Facts About Developmental
Disabilities. Retrieved from:
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/developmentaldisabilities/facts.html
Halpin, J. (2016). What do nurses think they are doing in pre-school autism assessment? British
Journal of Nursing, 25(6), 319-323.
Jimenez, M. E., Fiks, A. G., Ramirez Shah, L., Gerdes, M., Ni, A. Y., Pati, S., & Guevara, J. P.
(2014). Factors Associated with Early Intervention Referral and Evaluation: A Mixed
Methods Analysis. Academic Pediatrics, 14(3), 315-323.
Jimenez, M. E., Barg, F. K., Guevara, J. P., Gerdes, M., & Fiks, A. G. (2012). Barriers to
Evaluation for Early Intervention Services: Parent and Early Intervention Employee
Perspectives. Academic Pediatrics, 12(6), 551-557.
National Autism Network. (2016). The Importance of Early Intervention for Autism. Retrieved
from: http://nationalautismnetwork.com/about-autism/autism-treatments/early-
intervention.html
Staal, I. E., van den Brink, H. G., Hermanns, J. A., Schrijvers, A. P., & van Stel, H. F. (2011).
Assessment of parenting and developmental problems in toddlers: development and
feasibility of a structured interview. Child: Care, Health & Development, 37(4), 503-511.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01228.x
24. Parent’s Knowledge19
Swain, N. R., Eadie, P. A., Prior, M. R., & Reilly, S. (2015). Assessing early communication
skills at 12 months: a retrospective study of Autism Spectrum Disorder. International
Journal Of Language & Communication Disorders, 50(4), 488-498. doi:10.1111/1460-
6984.12150
25. Parent’s Knowledge20
Bibliography
Novak, C., Lingam, R., Coad, J., & Emond, A. (2012). 'Providing more scaffolding': parenting a
child with developmental co-ordination disorder, a hidden disability. Child: Care, Health
& Development, 38(6), 829-835. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01302.x
Wankoff, L. S. (2011). Warning Signs in the Development of Speech, Language, and
Communication: When to Refer to a Speech-Language Pathologist. Journal Of Child &
Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 24(3), 175-184. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2011.00292.x
26. Parent’s Knowledge21
Appendix A: Questionnaire
Autism Knowledge Questionnaire
Instructions
Please select the best answer, to the best of your knowledge. Circle the letter that
corresponds with your answer. Please answer questions truthfully, without researching any
information.
Percentages to the right of each question reflect the number of participants that answered the
question correctly. Correct answers are bolded.
Questions
1. Which of the following is an example of an early sign that may indicate Autism? 96.7%
A. Baby does not respond to their name by 12 months of age
B. Baby waves to family members
C. Baby becomes excited when a stranger enters the room
D. Baby throws toys across the room
2. Of the following factors, which is the most common link to Autism? 62.1%
A. Receiving vaccinations at a young age
B. Certain genetic conditions
C. Asian ethnicity
D. Being born a twin
3. Which of the following is the best definition of Autism? 93.3%
A. A problem where the child does not have the ability to focus.
B. A developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication, and
behavioral challenges.
C. A disorder where the child does not achieve a normal rate in height or weight.
D. A developmental disability caused by a combination of genetics and poor parenting.
4. How early can interventions begin in a child who shows signs of Autism? 86.7%
A. 5 years old.
B. 3 years old.
C. When the parent deems necessary
D. As soon as the child is diagnosed
5. What is the best action for a parent to take if they feel their child is displaying an early
symptom of Autism? 83.3%
A. Take the child to the Emergency Room
B. Mention it at the child’s next well visit
C. Contact your doctor as soon as possible and schedule a screening test
D. No action is needed.
27. Parent’s Knowledge22
6. When does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend children be screened for
developmental delays and disabilities? 60%
A. Ages 9 months, 18 months, and 24 months.
B. Birth, once they begin preschool, and once they begin first grade
C. Every well visit
D. Screening is only necessary if the child has a high risk factor
7. Which statement is true? 56.7%
A. Autism Spectrum Disorder is 4.5 times more common in boys than girls
B. Autism Spectrum Disorder is 2 times more common in girls than boys.
C. Autism Spectrum Disorder is more common in families with a history of cancer
D. Autism Spectrum Disorder is just as common in boys as it is girls.
8. Which of the following is (potentially) NOT a sign or symptom of Autism? 83.3%
A. A one-year-old child is shy and nervous around strangers
B. A four-year-old child does not understand “same” and “different”
C. A five-year-old child cannot brush their teeth, wash their hands, or get undressed
without help
D. A four-month old baby doesn’t smile at people
9. Which, of the following, is a potential sign of Autism? 93.3%
A. Child plays “pretend” games
B. Child does not point at an object to show interest
C. Child enjoys hugs from parents
D. Child is social with new people
10. Which best describes a child with Autism? 93.3%
A. A young boy has poor handwriting
B. A young boy cleans up his toys after playing
C. A young girl “tests” her parents by not following their directions
D. A school aged girl has trouble forming complete thoughts and sentences
Demographics
Are you a parent of at least one child?
____ Yes
____ No
Please identify which age category you fall into.
A. Under 24 years
B. 25-34 years
C. 35-44 years
D. 45-54 years
E. 55-65 years
28. Parent’s Knowledge23
F. older than 65
Has/have any of your children been diagnosed with any form of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
____ Yes
____ No
Have you ever interacted with a child with any form of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
____ Yes
____ No
Which ethnicity do you most identify with?
A. Caucasian
B. Asian
C. African American
D. Middle Eastern
E. Other (Please Specify): ________
Which of the following has most greatly influenced your knowledge of Autism Spectrum
Disorder?
A. Television
B. Social Media
C. Formal Education (school)
D. Word of Mouth from family and friends
E. Other (Please specify): ________
By submitting this questionnaire, you attest that you have answered the above questions
truthfully and to the best of your knowledge, and are voluntarily and anonymously participating
in this study.
29. Parent’s Knowledge24
Appendix B: Permission Letter
205 Maplewood Drive
Phoenixville PA, 19460
October 18, 2016
Dear Principal:
I am a registered nurse currently enrolled in Gwynedd Mercy University’s Bachelor of
Science in Nursing program. To fulfill the requirements for my course, Research Processes in
Nursing Practice, I must carry out a limited descriptive research project. I would like to conduct
this study at your elementary school.
The purpose of my research study is to determine the knowledge of parents regarding
Autism. In order to achieve this purpose, I plan to use a descriptive research approach. A short
questionnaire would be sent out via email to parents of children in the school to complete
voluntarily. I would like to collect data and send out the email on November 5th.
All information will remain confidential and all participants anonymous. A summary of
the research findings will be made available to you upon completion of the study.
Enclosed is a copy of the cover letter and questionnaire I plan to use. Also enclosed is a
card for you to indicate permission to conduct this study.
Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Courtney DeNicola, RN
610-724-2245
denicola.c@gmercyu.edu
Enclosures
Dear Courtney:
_______ Permission has been granted to proceed with your research
_______ Permission has not been granted to proceed with your research
Signature
Title
Date
Appendix C: Cover Letter
30. Parent’s Knowledge25
Dear Participant,
As part of my Research Processes in Nursing Practice course at Gwynedd Mercy
University, I must carry out a limited research study. The purpose of my study is to assess the
knowledge parents have of Autism.
I would appreciate your participation in this study if you are a parent. Participation is
voluntary. This questionnaire should take less than ten minutes to complete. It consists of ten
knowledge-based questions about Autism, followed by 6 demographic questions. All information
is confidential and anonymous. By completing the questionnaire, you give permission and
consent to be a part of this study. Please answer the questions to the best of your knowledge.
Sincerely,
Courtney DeNicola, RN
Gwynedd Mercy University