The document provides guidance on using parenthetical citations, including: 1) Citations are used to give credit to sources of direct quotes, paraphrases, and summaries. 2) Basic citations include the author's last name and page number. 3) Punctuation goes outside the parentheses, unless it's part of the quote. 4) Citations can include the author's name in the sentence instead of in parentheses. 5) Internet sources without authors or titles should be avoided if possible due to credibility issues.

1. Parenthetical Citations in disgustingly gross detail.

2. Reminder: We use parenthetical citations to give credit to the people’s thoughts we use. We give credit for: direct quotes paraphrasing summarizing

3. The general, garden variety citation: We see Scout admit that she lies to her father when she says, “I said I could like it very much, which was a lie, but one must lie under certain circumstances” (Lee 128).

4. Two things to note: We see Scout admit that she lies to her father when she says, “I said I could like it very much, which was a lie, but one must lie under certain circumstances” (Lee 128) . The author’s name and page number appear without a “p” or comma we know the number is a page we don’t need a comma, either Punctuation appears outside the quotation there are certain circumstances that require punctuation inside the quotation…

5. “Certain circumstances:” When the quotation has pertinent punctuation in it that change the meaning if omitted The older waiter in Hemingway's "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" asks himself, "What did he fear?" (79). But notice, there is still a closing punctuation mark after the citation

6. Speaking of Hemingway… You might have noticed that the citation didn’t have an author in it! The older waiter in Hemingway's "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" asks himself, "What did he fear?" (79). That’s because I already gave the author credit! Do you see it?

7. Trickery: Citing the author this way (in the sentence itself) accomplishes two things: it cites the author (duh) it varies your sentence structure automatically for you! this = good writing

8. What about those pesky internet sources? Cite the author, forget the page number no pages in cyberspace No author? Should you really use the site? if no one takes credit for it, is it a credible site? If you must, cite the website

9. Internet Example (Preferable) If you MUST use one without an author, use the article title: There is no truth to the rumor that al-Qaeda has poisoned the Coca-Cola supply in our country (“Coca-Cola No Al Queda”).

10. Internet example (no title?): There is no truth to the rumor that al-Qaeda has poisoned the Coca-Cola supply in our country (snopes.com). Note: I did not give the complete URL, only a snippet the complete URL goes in your reference page Also note that the good folks at “snopes.com” DO take credit for their work Their names are Barbara and David Mickelson and they do a nice job fact-checking…

11. But again, Try to use as few unaccredited web pages as humanly possible Source validity is a huge concern when the source takes no credit for their work

12. Side note: When we do literary analyses, like the poem one we’ve already done: do remember that characters don’t talk authors do!

13. Multiple authors: If more than one author wrote your article, they need to be cited. This applies to less than three authors less than / including three, cite them all!

14. Multiple authors example: There has been a drastic increase in frivolous lawsuits in the United States in the last ten years (Dewey, Cheatum and Howe 45). Note all authors credited with last name only.

15. More than three authors? Bust out the Latin stick! “ et al” is your pal! “ et al” literally translates to “and others” Cite the first author, then slap an “et al” after it! only applies to references with more than three authors!

16. Finally, the interview sources: Cite the last name of the interviewee Then that it was an interview

17. Interview example: As junior students, we were told that this paper is “dummy proof and it’s impossible to do wrong if you try” (Lesh interview). Note the same rules apply: no comma punctuation outside of the parentheses