The document provides guidelines for effectively paraphrasing and quoting source materials in academic writing. It discusses what to avoid, such as "near copy" paraphrasing that uses too much of the original text. It also outlines best practices for paraphrasing, such as summarizing the idea in your own words without copying unique phrases, and for quoting, such as using short quotes and incorporating them smoothly into your own writing. Steps are given for both paraphrasing and quoting a passage, including introducing, quoting, and analyzing quoted material.

1. E X P A N D -
effectively paraphrasing source materials: WHAT TO AVOID
“Near Copy”
Half of your paraphrase is
borrowed material from the
source, usually in a string of
phrases
“Minimal Revision”
Less than half but more than
20% of your paraphrase is
copied from the original
“Moderate Revision”
Less than 20% of paraphrase
is copied from the original,
most are individual words
What you need to do:
Paraphrase the text without
any copies of unique words,
phrases, or sentence
structure

2. WHEN TO PARAPHRASE
• when you want to put
someone else’s ideas into your
own words
• when you have several lines
that you want to use from a
single source
• when you are providing basic
information such as statistics,
dates, and places
E X P A N D -
effectively paraphrasing source materials: WHAT TO DO
GUIDELINES FOR WHEN YOU DECIDE
THAT YOU NEED TO PARAPHRASE
• read the passage you want to paraphrase at least
twice
• flip over your article when writing your paraphrase
so that you can’t see it
• summarize the idea in plain English
• make sure that you understand what you have
written
• make sure you have not inadvertently borrowed
unique words, phrases, or sentence structure

3. E X P A N D -
effectively paraphrasing source materials: STEP-BY-STEP
1). Read the passage until you
fully understand what is being
said.
2). Decide what you want to
paraphrase
3). Summarize the idea in your
own words
4). Include an in-text citation
“The trees are huge water users (according to one estimate it
takes a gallon of water to produce a single almond), and because
they are perennials, they can't suddenly be taken out of
production like, say, a field of tomatoes or wheat. The fact that
much of the pistachios and almonds are exported abroad only
adds to the resentment. Shipping water overseas? It seems
totally, well, nuts.”
For the quote above, one could paraphrase by stating the
following:
Almond trees are especially problematic in California’s growing
drought and subsequent agricultural crisis because an almond
crop cannot be simply be ripped out to plant a new type of fruit
or vegetable. Almond trees must be maintained and watered
throughout the year, though they only have one harvest.
Something that further complicates the situation is that most of
the almonds and the water they required are sold to different
countries (Mark, 2015).

4. E X P A N D -
effectively quoting from source materials: WHAT TO AVOID
“Stop and Plop” “Breadless Sandwich” “Kitchen Sink”

5. E X P A N D -
effectively quoting from source materials: WHAT TO AVOID
When a quote is
suddenly added to a
paragraph without
warning.
When the “meat” or
quoted material is added
without any surrounding
commentary or analysis
by the writer.
When long quotations are
added, therefore
overpowering the
paragraph and the
writer’s ideas.

6. WHEN TO USE QUOTES
• when you can’t find the right
words to paraphrase a source
• when language is especially
vivid or expressive
• when the accuracy of wording
is important
E X P A N D -
effectively quoting from source materials: WHAT TO DO
GUIDELINES FOR WHEN YOU DECIDE
THAT YOU NEED TO USE QUOTES
• use direct quotes sparingly; only 15-20% of your
paper should be direct quotation
• use primarily short quotations of one or two
sentences long
• be extremely accurate when transferring a quote to
your work
• incorporate your quotations into your sentences so
that they go with the flow of your essay and don’t
seem “stuck in” or out of place

7. E X P A N D -
effectively quoting from source materials: STEP-BY-STEP
1). Begin with your assertion and “graft” the quotes into your prose
Something that further complicates the situation is that “much of the pistachios and almonds are
exported abroad”
2). Include an in-text citation
(Mark, 2015, para. 14).
PUT IT TOGETHER:
Something that further complicates the situation is that “much of the pistachios and almonds are
exported abroad” (Mark, 2015, para. 14).

8. E X P A N D -
effectively quoting from source materials: STEP-BY-STEP
1). Introduce your quote (Tell the reader what you are trying to prove)
While the amount of water that almond trees need month after month is problematic, another issue
arises when considering just where all that water goes, as most of the almond harvest is exported.
2). Orient the reader by reminding them where the passage appears and/or who wrote it, then quote
your source In an article written by environmental journalist Jason Mark, he explores this issue, stating
that “the fact that much of the pistachios and almonds are exported abroad only adds to the resentment.
Shipping water overseas? It seems totally, well, nuts”
3). Include an in-text citation
(Mark, 2015, para. 14).
4). Follow up your quote (Remind your readers of your original point)
Mark expresses the sentiment of many frustrated Californians who have been forced to turn off the tap
or pay penalties if they don’t. When such enormous amounts of water are used to produce each almond
harvest, it is shocking and disturbing that the precious water California does have is being sold to
satisfy global markets.

9. E X P A N D -
effectively quoting from source materials: STEP-BY-STEP
putting it all together:
While the amount of water that almond trees need month after month is problematic, another
issue arises when considering just where all that water goes, as most of the almond harvest is
exported. In an article written by environmental journalist Jason Mark, he explores this
issue, stating that “the fact that much of the pistachios and almonds are exported abroad only
adds to the resentment. Shipping water overseas? It seems totally, well, nuts” (Mark, 2015,
para. 14). Mark expresses the sentiment of many frustrated Californians who have been
forced to turn off the tap or pay penalties if they don’t. When such enormous amounts of
water are used to produce each almond harvest, it is shocking and disturbing that the
precious water California does have is being sold to satisfy global markets.