This document is a report submitted by Priya Kumari for her summer internship at IOCL from May 1st to June 1st 2015. It includes an introduction to IOCL and its divisions, a history of the corporation, an overview of pipeline operations including basic functions and hydraulics, and details about product and crude oil pipelines. The report contains acknowledgements, a table of contents, and covers topics like slack line flow, surge, critical product parameters, pigging, valves, and interface management in pipelines.
FINAL TRAINING REPORT ROHIT GOYAL NIT CalicutROHIT GOYAL
This document provides a summary of Rohit Goyal's one month vocational training at the Indian Oil Corporation Limited Mathura Refinery from June 1-29, 2015. It discusses that the training provided insights into bridging the gap between theory and practical knowledge in the corporate world. The experience of observing refinery operations and processes was fascinating. The training reinforced that to be a successful process engineer requires both strong theoretical knowledge and practical application skills. The training served as an important stepping stone for his future career success.
This document is a summer training project report submitted by Peush Prabhakar to Bharat Pumps and Compressors Limited (BPCL). [BPCL] is a public sector company located in Naini, India that designs, manufactures, and supplies capital goods in the fluid handling field. The report provides an overview of BPCL, including its vision, mission, objectives, capabilities, products, and clients. It also includes sections on marketing plan and product analysis conducted during the author's summer training placement at BPCL.
Summer Training Report at IOCL (chemical engineering)Gaurav Singh
This document provides information about Gaurav Singh's 4-week summer training at Indian Oil Corporation Ltd in Panipat from June 1-28, 2017. It includes an acknowledgement of those who helped facilitate the training and an outline of topics to be covered in the full training report such as information about IOCL, descriptions of various units like the Crude Distillation Unit, and the objective of the training experience.
Indian Oil: Vocational Training Report 2013Pawan Kumar
This document provides a report on a vocational training completed by Pawan Kumar at the Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) Panipat Refinery & Petrochemical Complex from June 10 to July 5, 2013. It thanks various managers and engineers at IOCL for their guidance and support during the training. The report then provides an overview of IOCL and details of the Panipat Refinery. It also describes various field instruments used for process measurement and control including pressure, temperature, flow, and level measurement as well as valves. Process control and monitoring systems used at the refinery including distributed control systems, programmable logic controllers, vibration analysis, and plant resource managers are also summarized.
This document is a project report submitted by Md Riz Zama for their MBA in Oil & Gas Management. The project studied customer outlook towards supporting non-fuel revenue services at petrol pumps in Ranchi, India. It provides background on petroleum retailing in India, defines non-fuel revenue, lists potential non-fuel services, and analyzes customer survey results to understand perceptions and priorities for different services. The report concludes with recommendations to help generate more non-fuel revenue.
“A Study Of Important Issues In Allied Petro Retailing In India At Selected B...abhijit055
This document provides an overview of the Indian petroleum sector and outlines several key challenges facing oil marketing companies (OMCs) in their retail operations. It discusses issues like quality, quantity, pricing, value-added services, brand identity, volume generation, and reaching underserved areas. The document emphasizes the need for OMCs to adopt a more customer-centric approach and focus on continuous improvement to build a sustainable competitive advantage in the evolving market environment.
FINAL TRAINING REPORT ROHIT GOYAL NIT CalicutROHIT GOYAL
This document provides a summary of Rohit Goyal's one month vocational training at the Indian Oil Corporation Limited Mathura Refinery from June 1-29, 2015. It discusses that the training provided insights into bridging the gap between theory and practical knowledge in the corporate world. The experience of observing refinery operations and processes was fascinating. The training reinforced that to be a successful process engineer requires both strong theoretical knowledge and practical application skills. The training served as an important stepping stone for his future career success.
This document is a summer training project report submitted by Peush Prabhakar to Bharat Pumps and Compressors Limited (BPCL). [BPCL] is a public sector company located in Naini, India that designs, manufactures, and supplies capital goods in the fluid handling field. The report provides an overview of BPCL, including its vision, mission, objectives, capabilities, products, and clients. It also includes sections on marketing plan and product analysis conducted during the author's summer training placement at BPCL.
Summer Training Report at IOCL (chemical engineering)Gaurav Singh
This document provides information about Gaurav Singh's 4-week summer training at Indian Oil Corporation Ltd in Panipat from June 1-28, 2017. It includes an acknowledgement of those who helped facilitate the training and an outline of topics to be covered in the full training report such as information about IOCL, descriptions of various units like the Crude Distillation Unit, and the objective of the training experience.
Indian Oil: Vocational Training Report 2013Pawan Kumar
This document provides a report on a vocational training completed by Pawan Kumar at the Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) Panipat Refinery & Petrochemical Complex from June 10 to July 5, 2013. It thanks various managers and engineers at IOCL for their guidance and support during the training. The report then provides an overview of IOCL and details of the Panipat Refinery. It also describes various field instruments used for process measurement and control including pressure, temperature, flow, and level measurement as well as valves. Process control and monitoring systems used at the refinery including distributed control systems, programmable logic controllers, vibration analysis, and plant resource managers are also summarized.
This document is a project report submitted by Md Riz Zama for their MBA in Oil & Gas Management. The project studied customer outlook towards supporting non-fuel revenue services at petrol pumps in Ranchi, India. It provides background on petroleum retailing in India, defines non-fuel revenue, lists potential non-fuel services, and analyzes customer survey results to understand perceptions and priorities for different services. The report concludes with recommendations to help generate more non-fuel revenue.
“A Study Of Important Issues In Allied Petro Retailing In India At Selected B...abhijit055
This document provides an overview of the Indian petroleum sector and outlines several key challenges facing oil marketing companies (OMCs) in their retail operations. It discusses issues like quality, quantity, pricing, value-added services, brand identity, volume generation, and reaching underserved areas. The document emphasizes the need for OMCs to adopt a more customer-centric approach and focus on continuous improvement to build a sustainable competitive advantage in the evolving market environment.
Summer Training Report,Oil India LimitedRijumoni Boro
The document provides details about an industrial training program at Oil India Limited's (OIL) LPG department in Duliajan, Assam, India. It discusses OIL's LPG recovery and filling plant operations, the LPG production process, safety and fire protection systems, and summaries the students' experiences in learning about various sections like operations, maintenance, instrumentation, and quality control. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of LPG production from natural gas and the facilities and safety measures in place at OIL's LPG plant.
This document provides a 3 paragraph summary of a summer training project report submitted by Sachin Sharma for their BBA degree. The report details Sachin's summer internship project with Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited. The report includes sections on the company's mission and vision, history, products and services, refineries, board of directors, and corporate governance practices. The high-level summary is as follows:
The report provides details of Sachin Sharma's summer internship project with Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) submitted for their BBA degree. It outlines HPCL's vision to be a world-class energy company and mission to become a fully integrated company in hydrocarbons.
This presentation provides an overview of the Indian Oil Corporation's Barauni refinery in India. It discusses the company profile of Indian Oil, describing it as India's largest public corporation. It then summarizes details about the Barauni refinery, including that it was built in 1964, has a capacity of 6 MMTPA, and processes crude oil imported from Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The presentation also lists the main products produced at the refinery like LPG, motor spirit, diesel, and kerosene. It includes brief descriptions of the basic refining processes and the mechanical systems like pumps and valves used.
Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) is an Indian state-owned oil and gas company headquartered in New Delhi. It is the largest commercial enterprise in India. IOCL operates in various areas of the hydrocarbon value chain including refining, transportation, marketing, exploration and production. It has subsidiaries in Sri Lanka, Mauritius and the Middle East. IOCL's main business divisions are refineries, pipelines, marketing, research and development, petrochemicals, exploration and production, and explosives/cryogenics. It produces a wide range of petroleum and petrochemical products and has extensive refining and pipeline infrastructure across India.
Customer overview of retail outlets hpcl vs. reliance Supa Buoy
Hi Friends
This is supa bouy
I am a mentor, Friend for all Management Aspirants, Any query related to anything in Management, Do write me @ supabuoy@gmail.com.
I will try to assist the best way I can.
Cheers to lyf…!!!
Supa Bouy
A Project Report on Management Information Systems of Hindustan Petroleum Cor...Chandan Pahelwani
Here are the 5 types of report systems used in HPCL:
1. Daily report: This report is prepared on daily basis by the planning and operational
department regarding the stock position, product receipt and dispatch details.
2. Monthly report: This comprehensive report is prepared by all departments covering
their monthly performance and achievements. It is submitted to head office.
3. Quarterly report: All the financial details like income, expenditure, profit/loss etc. are
covered in this report prepared by finance department every quarter.
4. Half yearly report: This report covers the overall performance of the terminal for 6
months including achievements and challenges faced.
5. Annual report: The annual
HPCL is an Indian state-owned oil and natural gas company headquartered in Mumbai. It operates two major refineries in Mumbai and Vishakhapatnam. The document analyzes HPCL's mission, vision, products, competitors, shareholding pattern, financial performance, ratio analysis, SWOT analysis, and future outlook. It recommends automating Kandla Terminal's manual operations to increase efficiency and support effective decision making.
This document provides an overview of Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), an Indian state-owned oil and gas company. Some key points:
- HPCL has a 16% market share in India and owns and operates two coastal refineries in Mumbai and Vishakhapatnam.
- The company reported revenues of INR 1,294,757.90 million in fiscal year 2009, an increase of 16.53% over 2008. However, net profit decreased 44.48% from 2008.
- Competitors include other state-owned oil companies like IOCL and BPCL as well as private companies like Reliance Industries. Analysis shows RIL is a major competitor and
This project report summarizes the history and operations of Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL). IOCL was established in 1964 by merging Indian Refineries and Indian Oil Company to oversee petroleum operations in India. It is now India's largest commercial enterprise and one of the largest petroleum companies in the world, with a network of refineries, pipelines, and fuel stations across India. IOCL's vision is to become a major, diversified, transnational energy company playing a key role in India's oil security and distribution needs.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd is India's largest commercial enterprise and one of the largest oil refining and marketing companies in the world. It has a diverse portfolio of petroleum products including fuels such as gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Indian Oil also engages in oil and gas exploration and production and petrochemicals. It owns and operates 10 of India's 20 oil refineries and has a vast marketing infrastructure for its products. The company reported higher profits in the third quarter of 2021 driven by increased sales volumes.
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) operates 4 oil refineries that process 12 million metric tons of crude oil per year. BPCL has an end-to-end supply chain for products like automotive fuels, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, industrial fuels, aviation turbine fuel, and natural gas. The document discusses BPCL's supply chain management in six strategic business units and how it uses SAP software and other technologies to gain benefits like improved visibility, efficiency and customer service.
- Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is an Indian state-owned oil and gas company headquartered in Mumbai.
- The presentation discusses HPCL's business operations, products, and the importance of implementing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) at retail fuel stations.
- SOPs standardize processes, increase productivity and sales, and improve customer experience. However, some HPCL retail stations surveyed needed improvements to facilities and SOP compliance.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd is India's largest commercial oil and gas company. It has a history dating back to 1959 and has expanded significantly over the decades through mergers and acquisitions. The company's core business includes refining, marketing, transportation and distribution of petroleum products. It operates numerous refineries and has subsidiaries involved in petrochemicals and other energy sectors. Indian Oil also engages in corporate social responsibility initiatives focused on education, healthcare and community development.
This document provides an overview and summary of an internship project conducted by Vindyanchal Kumar at Indian Oil Corporation in Bhopal and Indore, India from June to August 2012. The project involved surveying transporters and retail outlets about the Xtra Power Fleet loyalty card program. The document includes an introduction to Indian Oil Corporation, a description of the project objectives and methodology, chapters on data collection and analysis, and conclusions and recommendations. It also acknowledges those who provided guidance and support during the internship.
The document is a project report on marketing and promotion of Xtra POWER Fleet Card loyalty program submitted to Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOC). It discusses objectives of studying IOC's loyalty program in Durgapur region of West Bengal and obtaining customer feedback. Primary data was collected through questionnaires distributed at IOC retail outlets in Durgapur and nearby areas. Secondary data was collected from IOC's annual reports, websites, pamphlets, and sales reports. The sample size for retailers was 8 and for customers was 200.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations that was formed from ancient plankton over hundreds of millions of years. It has been used by humans for over 5,000 years as a fuel and for warfare. A petroleum industry emerged in North America in the 19th century and has since become the world's largest industry. The petroleum industry is divided into upstream (exploration and production), midstream (processing, storage, and transportation), and downstream (refining, distribution, and marketing) sectors. Major oil companies in India include Indian Oil Corporation, ONGC, Bharat Petroleum, and Reliance Petroleum Limited.
This document provides a final report on a summer internship project completed at Indian Oil Corporation Limited. It discusses implementing SAP's FICO module for asset and fund management. The report includes an overview of IOCL and its operations, an introduction to ERP systems and the SAP FICO module, demonstrations of creating asset masters and performing asset transactions in SAP, and explanations of fund management processes in SAP and how IOCL utilizes funds. The goal of the report is to showcase functional activities in IOCL's organization and provide guidance on asset and fund management in SAP to partial fulfillment of a postgraduate diploma program.
This document provides a 3-page summary of a vocational training report for a chemical engineering internship at an oil refinery in India. It describes the processes within the Atmospheric Unit (AU) of the refinery, including crude preheating and desalting, distillation in the main fractionating column, product stripping, and chemical injection facilities. It also discusses the unit's feed, products, product end uses, relevant pumps and valves, instrumentation and safety measures.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Mohan Bihari to his coordinator at his university. It provides an overview of his summer training experience at the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. refinery in Barauni, Bihar, India. The report includes sections on various pumps used at the refinery like centrifugal pumps and screw pumps. It also discusses concepts like net positive suction head, cavitation, and different types of valves. The report aims to provide insights gained from his practical training experience at the refinery.
Summer Training Report,Oil India LimitedRijumoni Boro
The document provides details about an industrial training program at Oil India Limited's (OIL) LPG department in Duliajan, Assam, India. It discusses OIL's LPG recovery and filling plant operations, the LPG production process, safety and fire protection systems, and summaries the students' experiences in learning about various sections like operations, maintenance, instrumentation, and quality control. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of LPG production from natural gas and the facilities and safety measures in place at OIL's LPG plant.
This document provides a 3 paragraph summary of a summer training project report submitted by Sachin Sharma for their BBA degree. The report details Sachin's summer internship project with Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited. The report includes sections on the company's mission and vision, history, products and services, refineries, board of directors, and corporate governance practices. The high-level summary is as follows:
The report provides details of Sachin Sharma's summer internship project with Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) submitted for their BBA degree. It outlines HPCL's vision to be a world-class energy company and mission to become a fully integrated company in hydrocarbons.
This presentation provides an overview of the Indian Oil Corporation's Barauni refinery in India. It discusses the company profile of Indian Oil, describing it as India's largest public corporation. It then summarizes details about the Barauni refinery, including that it was built in 1964, has a capacity of 6 MMTPA, and processes crude oil imported from Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The presentation also lists the main products produced at the refinery like LPG, motor spirit, diesel, and kerosene. It includes brief descriptions of the basic refining processes and the mechanical systems like pumps and valves used.
Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) is an Indian state-owned oil and gas company headquartered in New Delhi. It is the largest commercial enterprise in India. IOCL operates in various areas of the hydrocarbon value chain including refining, transportation, marketing, exploration and production. It has subsidiaries in Sri Lanka, Mauritius and the Middle East. IOCL's main business divisions are refineries, pipelines, marketing, research and development, petrochemicals, exploration and production, and explosives/cryogenics. It produces a wide range of petroleum and petrochemical products and has extensive refining and pipeline infrastructure across India.
Customer overview of retail outlets hpcl vs. reliance Supa Buoy
Hi Friends
This is supa bouy
I am a mentor, Friend for all Management Aspirants, Any query related to anything in Management, Do write me @ supabuoy@gmail.com.
I will try to assist the best way I can.
Cheers to lyf…!!!
Supa Bouy
A Project Report on Management Information Systems of Hindustan Petroleum Cor...Chandan Pahelwani
Here are the 5 types of report systems used in HPCL:
1. Daily report: This report is prepared on daily basis by the planning and operational
department regarding the stock position, product receipt and dispatch details.
2. Monthly report: This comprehensive report is prepared by all departments covering
their monthly performance and achievements. It is submitted to head office.
3. Quarterly report: All the financial details like income, expenditure, profit/loss etc. are
covered in this report prepared by finance department every quarter.
4. Half yearly report: This report covers the overall performance of the terminal for 6
months including achievements and challenges faced.
5. Annual report: The annual
HPCL is an Indian state-owned oil and natural gas company headquartered in Mumbai. It operates two major refineries in Mumbai and Vishakhapatnam. The document analyzes HPCL's mission, vision, products, competitors, shareholding pattern, financial performance, ratio analysis, SWOT analysis, and future outlook. It recommends automating Kandla Terminal's manual operations to increase efficiency and support effective decision making.
This document provides an overview of Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), an Indian state-owned oil and gas company. Some key points:
- HPCL has a 16% market share in India and owns and operates two coastal refineries in Mumbai and Vishakhapatnam.
- The company reported revenues of INR 1,294,757.90 million in fiscal year 2009, an increase of 16.53% over 2008. However, net profit decreased 44.48% from 2008.
- Competitors include other state-owned oil companies like IOCL and BPCL as well as private companies like Reliance Industries. Analysis shows RIL is a major competitor and
This project report summarizes the history and operations of Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL). IOCL was established in 1964 by merging Indian Refineries and Indian Oil Company to oversee petroleum operations in India. It is now India's largest commercial enterprise and one of the largest petroleum companies in the world, with a network of refineries, pipelines, and fuel stations across India. IOCL's vision is to become a major, diversified, transnational energy company playing a key role in India's oil security and distribution needs.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd is India's largest commercial enterprise and one of the largest oil refining and marketing companies in the world. It has a diverse portfolio of petroleum products including fuels such as gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Indian Oil also engages in oil and gas exploration and production and petrochemicals. It owns and operates 10 of India's 20 oil refineries and has a vast marketing infrastructure for its products. The company reported higher profits in the third quarter of 2021 driven by increased sales volumes.
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) operates 4 oil refineries that process 12 million metric tons of crude oil per year. BPCL has an end-to-end supply chain for products like automotive fuels, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, industrial fuels, aviation turbine fuel, and natural gas. The document discusses BPCL's supply chain management in six strategic business units and how it uses SAP software and other technologies to gain benefits like improved visibility, efficiency and customer service.
- Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is an Indian state-owned oil and gas company headquartered in Mumbai.
- The presentation discusses HPCL's business operations, products, and the importance of implementing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) at retail fuel stations.
- SOPs standardize processes, increase productivity and sales, and improve customer experience. However, some HPCL retail stations surveyed needed improvements to facilities and SOP compliance.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd is India's largest commercial oil and gas company. It has a history dating back to 1959 and has expanded significantly over the decades through mergers and acquisitions. The company's core business includes refining, marketing, transportation and distribution of petroleum products. It operates numerous refineries and has subsidiaries involved in petrochemicals and other energy sectors. Indian Oil also engages in corporate social responsibility initiatives focused on education, healthcare and community development.
This document provides an overview and summary of an internship project conducted by Vindyanchal Kumar at Indian Oil Corporation in Bhopal and Indore, India from June to August 2012. The project involved surveying transporters and retail outlets about the Xtra Power Fleet loyalty card program. The document includes an introduction to Indian Oil Corporation, a description of the project objectives and methodology, chapters on data collection and analysis, and conclusions and recommendations. It also acknowledges those who provided guidance and support during the internship.
The document is a project report on marketing and promotion of Xtra POWER Fleet Card loyalty program submitted to Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOC). It discusses objectives of studying IOC's loyalty program in Durgapur region of West Bengal and obtaining customer feedback. Primary data was collected through questionnaires distributed at IOC retail outlets in Durgapur and nearby areas. Secondary data was collected from IOC's annual reports, websites, pamphlets, and sales reports. The sample size for retailers was 8 and for customers was 200.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations that was formed from ancient plankton over hundreds of millions of years. It has been used by humans for over 5,000 years as a fuel and for warfare. A petroleum industry emerged in North America in the 19th century and has since become the world's largest industry. The petroleum industry is divided into upstream (exploration and production), midstream (processing, storage, and transportation), and downstream (refining, distribution, and marketing) sectors. Major oil companies in India include Indian Oil Corporation, ONGC, Bharat Petroleum, and Reliance Petroleum Limited.
This document provides a final report on a summer internship project completed at Indian Oil Corporation Limited. It discusses implementing SAP's FICO module for asset and fund management. The report includes an overview of IOCL and its operations, an introduction to ERP systems and the SAP FICO module, demonstrations of creating asset masters and performing asset transactions in SAP, and explanations of fund management processes in SAP and how IOCL utilizes funds. The goal of the report is to showcase functional activities in IOCL's organization and provide guidance on asset and fund management in SAP to partial fulfillment of a postgraduate diploma program.
This document provides a 3-page summary of a vocational training report for a chemical engineering internship at an oil refinery in India. It describes the processes within the Atmospheric Unit (AU) of the refinery, including crude preheating and desalting, distillation in the main fractionating column, product stripping, and chemical injection facilities. It also discusses the unit's feed, products, product end uses, relevant pumps and valves, instrumentation and safety measures.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Mohan Bihari to his coordinator at his university. It provides an overview of his summer training experience at the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. refinery in Barauni, Bihar, India. The report includes sections on various pumps used at the refinery like centrifugal pumps and screw pumps. It also discusses concepts like net positive suction head, cavitation, and different types of valves. The report aims to provide insights gained from his practical training experience at the refinery.
Vocational Training at IOCL, Panipat ( Mechanical Department) Reporttheherovishal8692
This document is a summer training report submitted by Vishal Srivastava during his internship at Indian Oil Corporation Ltd in Panipat from June 24th to July 19th 2013. It provides an overview of the various pumps and valves used at the Panipat refinery, including centrifugal pumps, screw pumps, and discusses concepts like NPSH and cavitation. It also covers vibrations testing and analysis conducted during the training. The report is intended to fulfill the requirements for Vishal's Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering.
This document is a summer internship report submitted by Neeraj Jaiswal to Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL) in Guwahati, Assam, India. It provides an overview of IOCL and the refining process. It describes some of the key units at the Guwahati refinery, including the production unit, demineralization unit, delayed coking unit, and thermal power station. It also discusses mechanical equipment and maintenance at the refinery. The report serves to document Neeraj's internship experience and lessons learned about applying mechanical engineering principles in an oil refinery context.
Summer Training Report On Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.Nitin Kumar Verma
This document is a vocational training report submitted by Nitin Kumar after completing an industrial training program at Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. in Vadodara, India from June 12 to July 22, 2017 to fulfill the requirements of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report provides an overview of the training experience and focuses on basic mechanical components and mechanical maintenance observed in various departments including a motor spirit quality upgradation unit, delayed coker unit, thermal power station, cogeneration plant, and atmospheric unit. Key areas discussed include centrifugal pumps, net positive suction head, cavitation, screw pumps, pump selection and problems, vibration, valves, heat exchangers, and compressors.
The document summarizes an internship report on analyzing the air compressor at an LPG bottling plant in Budge Budge, India. It describes the plant's production of filling 1200 cylinders per day. It also outlines the plant's storage facilities including bullet tanks and cylinders. Safety procedures for loading/unloading tankers are explained. The document also provides details on the pump house, compressor operation, and safety equipment used.
IOCL(Gujarat Refinary) vocatational training report (Mechanical Department)Parth Rana
This document is a winter training report submitted by Parth Umeshchandra Rana for his Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It summarizes his training at the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd refinery in Vadodara from December 7-26, 2015. The report provides an overview of the refinery operations and focuses on basic mechanical components and mechanical maintenance. It describes centrifugal pumps, NPSH, cavitation, screw pumps, pump selection and problems, vibrations, and valves that were observed during visits to various refinery departments including planning, workshops, and plants.
This project is an outcome of 4 weeks of vocational industrial training, which I have to undergo for the partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of technology (Chemical Engineering). I have completed this training at IOCL, Brauni (Bihar), India's second oldest crude oil refinery.
The document provides an overview and introduction to pipeline projects for pipeline project engineers. It discusses various topics related to pipelines including different modes of petroleum product transportation, advantages of pipeline transportation, cross-country pipelines in India, HPCL's pipeline network, and basic pipeline system components. The course aims to help engineers understand their role and provide foundational knowledge of pipelines. It includes modules on pipeline overview, HPCL pipelines, and a knowledge assessment.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Modi Ashish Jayprakash, a 3rd year mechanical engineering student, for his internship at ONGC Ltd in Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. The report provides an introduction to ONGC, an overview of its Ankleshwar asset where the training took place, and acknowledges the people who supported the training. It also includes a certificate from ONGC confirming the completion of the training. The report aims to document the practical knowledge and experience gained by the student during the training.
This document provides an overview of Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) and discusses the objective of selecting pumps for their cross-country pipeline system. IOCL is India's largest oil and gas company, with a large refining capacity and extensive retail network. The document discusses the types of pumps used in oil industries, focusing on centrifugal pumps. It explains that the objective is to understand IOCL's pump selection process by examining key pump characteristics like pressure, velocity and head, and how these are used to create characteristic curves and select pumps to keep costs low and efficiency high.
The presentation is all about the various mechanical machinery at Bharat Oman Refineries Limited, Bina.
Mechanical Machinery like Pumps, Compressors , Heat Exchangers , Valves , CFBC Boiler , storage tanks etc.
The document provides details about the gas terminal unit at the Hazira Gas Processing Complex (HGPC) in India. It discusses the key components of the gas terminal including the pig receiver, slug catcher, and gas filtering units. The slug catcher separates the incoming gas and condensate streams. Filtering units further remove any entrained condensate from the gas. The gas terminal is an important initial processing step that receives sour gas via pipelines and separates it into gas and condensate streams for further downstream processing.
Dissertation Report On BPCL (Bharat Petroleum)AkashNirmal9
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is an Indian government-owned oil and gas company headquartered in Mumbai. It operates two large refineries in Kochi and Mumbai with a total refining capacity of over 28 million metric tons per year. BPCL also owns and operates a network of pipelines that transport crude oil and refined petroleum products across India. It has a significant retail and marketing presence through its network of over 6,500 fuel stations and over 1,000 LPG distributors nationwide. BPCL provides a variety of petroleum products including fuels, lubricants and other petrochemicals to both industrial and retail customers.
The document is a summer internship report by Mirza Ashir Baig at Pakistan State Oil (PSO) from June 11 to July 10. It summarizes Baig's experiences during the 4-week internship. He spent two weeks visiting departments at PSO's Lubricant Manufacturing Terminal in Korangi to learn about the lubricant production process. He was then assigned to PSO House's lubrication department and quality assurance department. The report provides details about PSO and describes the various departments and automated systems at the Lubricant Manufacturing Terminal involved in blending, can manufacturing, filling, warehousing, power generation and other functions to produce lubricants.
This document provides information about a training report on Programmable Logic Controllers completed at GAIL (India) Limited, Nasirabad. It includes an abstract describing the purpose of the training. The training covered various instrumentation topics including pressure transmitters, valves, temperature sensors, piping and instrumentation diagrams, and PLCs. It describes the functions of the Nasirabad facility including receiving, metering, pumping and supplying LPG. Key activities involve pumping LPG into pipelines using variable speed pumps, flow measurement, pipeline monitoring, and pigging stations.
- The document describes a pneumatic machine designed to fill sand into locomotive sand boxes more efficiently than manual labor.
- It works using the Venturi effect, where compressed air carries sand through pipes to fill the boxes. This eliminates human labor and wasted sand.
- The machine is designed to be mobile via wheels so it can be easily transported to different locations. It has a hopper to hold sand and pneumatic components like pipes and a venturi pump to convey the sand using compressed air.
The document provides a historical overview of Burmah Oil Company (later known as BPCL) from 1860 to 1962. Some key points:
- Burma Oil Company was formed in 1871 and began refining crude oil from hand-dug wells in Upper Burma.
- In 1889, Assam Railway and Trading Company struck oil at Digboi, marking the beginning of oil production in India.
- In 1928, Asiatic Petroleum (India) joined with Burmah Oil Company, an active producer, refiner, and distributor in India.
- BPCL fueled important flights like J.R.D. Tata's historic first solo flight across India in 1932.
1. A REPORT
ON
OPERATIONS OF PIPELINES
SUMMER INTERNSHIP
Submitted in partial fulfilment of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (2nd
YEAR)
SUBMITTED
BY
Priya Kumari
SUBMITTED
TO
Sri Arindam Bagchi
SOM, ERPL, IOCL, KOLKATA
DURATION - 1st MAY, 2015 TO 1st JUNE, 2015
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
KIIT UNIVERSITY
2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Serial
number
TOPIC Page number
1 A brief history of the corporation 5
2 General introductionto IOCL 6
3 Introductionto pipelines 7
4 Roles and function of pipelines 8
5 Basic pipelinesoperation 8
6 Pipelines hydraulics
Slack line flow
Surge
10
7 Product line pipeline
Critical parameter of product
Interface
16
3. 3
Serial number TOPIC Page number
8 Crude oil pipeline
SPM
20
9 Pigging 21
10 Valve 26
11 Interface
management
31
4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Lalit Kumar
Pothal Associate dean, Training and Placement, School of Mechanical
Engineering, KIIT University.
I am grateful to our guide Sri A. Bagchi SOM,ERPL,IOCL for the help
provided in the completion of the project, which was assigned to me.
Without their friendly help and guidance it was difficult to complete
the assigned task.
I am also thankful to all the faculty member of school of Mechanical
Engineering, for their true help, inspiration.
Last but not the least, I pay my sincere thanks and gratitude to all
those who were associated with me during the training period
for their support and for making our training valuable and fruitful.
5. 5
TOPIC- OPERATIONS OF PETROLEUM
PIPELINE
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CORPORATION
The story of the petroleum industry in India can be traced to the world's oldest running
refinery, at Digboi, which had a modest refining capacity at 25000 tonnes per annum. prior to
this, kerosene was imported into the country since the 1860s, mainly for purpose of
illumination. In the pre- independence Indian economy, the public sector had a minimal
presence. Thus as the growing demand for petroleum products outmatched the capacity of
Digboi, the shortfall was met through imports by foreign companies operating in India. these
included Burmah oil company, Stanvac, Burmah shell, Caltex and Indo-Burma petroleum
company. On the eve of independence, the oil industry was entirely in the hands of these
multinationals.
The foundations of an indigenous petroleum industry were laid in the 1950s and '60s. Having
formed the oil & naturals gas commission in 1956 for undertaking upstream activities of oil
exploration & production, Keshav Dev Malaviya, widely respected as the father of the oil
industry in India, focussed his attention on the downstream refining and marketing sector.
And from here began the journey of Indian oil.
Indian refineries was established in august 1958 as a wholly government-owned company to
set up and operate petroleum refineries and pipelines.
Indian Oil company Ltd, another wholly government enterprise, was formed on 30 June,
1959, and was entrusted with the task of supplying petroleum products to government
organisation all over the country by establishing adequate storage and distribution facilities,
and undertaking imports, as required. The company was to market product of the two
refineries being set up at Guwahati and Barauni.
On September 1, 1964, Indian refineries Ltd. was dissolved and merged with Indian Oil
company Ltd. to form a vertically integrated entity, Indian Oil corporation Ltd, straddling
both refining and marketing functions. While announcing the historic merger, prof Humayun
Kabir, minister of petroleum and chemicals, hoped that Indian Oil would soon handle at least
half of the trade in petroleum products. His hopes materialised within just five years.
1 September is celebrated as IndianOil day every year.
6. 6
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO IOCL
IndianOil together with its subsidiaries, accounts for approximately 48 percent of India's
petroleum product market, 34 per cent of downstream sector pipelines throughput capacity.
The IndianOil group owns and operates 10 of India's 20 refineries, with a combined capacity
of 60.2 million tonnes per annum, or 1.2 million barrels per day. its 10000- km network of
cross country crude oil and product pipelines is the most extensive in the country. In 2008-
2009, the company sold over 62 million tonnes of petroleum products in the domestic market
and exported 3.6 million tonnes.
IndianOil is investing ₹ 43, 400 crore through 2007-12 towards refining and pipelines
capacity augmentation, marketing infrastructure expansion, product quality up gradation, as
well as in integration and diversification initiatives.
Indian Oil Corporation Limited has four divisions which are:
Refinery
Marketing
R&D
Pipelines
REFINERY DIVISION
Refinery Division of IOCL deals with refining of crude oil to finished petroleum products.
MARKETING DIVISION
Marketing division of IOCL deals with supplying the finished petroleum products to
consumers.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
R&D division of IOCL helps in developing new technologies for faster and better working of
the corporation.
7. 7
PIPELINES DIVISION
INTRODUCTION TO PIPELINES
The term pipeline in broader sense means a facility used to transport commodities from point
of receipt to the point of delivery.
Development of pipelines in India:
Most of the earlier refineries in India were installed at costal locations, thus
depending on the costal movement of crude oil.
The first crude oil pipeline was laid from Digboi fields to Digboi refinery
During 1960-63, Oil India limited laid the first trunk crude oil pipeline, 1156 KM
long from Harkatiya and Moran oil fields to the refineries at Guwahati and
Barauni.
The first cross country product pipeline was laid during 1962-64 to transport
products from Guwahati refinery to Siliguri.
Subsequently, a number of product and crude oil pipelines were laid in the 60’s,
70’s and 80’s.
The pipelines laid during the 60’s were designed, engineered and constructed by
foreign companies. However, the exposure to this technology enabled Indian
engineers to gain confidence, and the pipelines which came up later, were
designed and constructed with indigenous expertise.
The country today has about 8617 km of major crude oil and product pipelines.
WHY PIPELINES ARE USED AS A MEANS TO TRANSPORT OIL
Lower cost of transportation
Lower transit losses
Lower energy intensiveness
Economies of scale
Safety and reliability
Environment friendliness
Multiproduct handling
Decongestion of surface transport system
8. 8
ROLES AND FUNCTION OF PIPELINES DIVISION
1. ROLES
Transportation of crude oil to the refineries
Transportation of finished petroleum products from refineries / port(s) to bulk
terminals of Indian Oil (Marketing), for onward distribution to consumption
centres/points.
Transportation of gas
2. FUNCTION
Conceptualisation of new projects
Preparation of feasibility and detailed feasibility reports
Execution of projects
Operation and maintenance of pipelines and allied systems
Consultancy & construction management
BASIC PIPELINE OPERATION:
Run Time System:
Motors or engines are used as prime movers.
Motors: It requires electrical input. It is more efficient. The speed of the motor can be
changed by varying frequency. It requires less maintenance. It is environment friendly. It
can't be installed everywhere because it needs a constant supply of electricity
Engines: It is a Diesel driven system. It can also be driven by crude oil but it requires a
centrifuge to clean out the contaminants. It requires more maintenance.
Manifold: It is the first component of the run time system. It can have supplies from
Marketing, Refinery or direct coastal input. Inputs to manifold can be single line from each
input point or product wise multiple input.
Boosterpumps: Their main function is to provide adequate suction to the mainline pumps.
This minimum pressure required by the mainline pumps is defined by a term known as Net
Positive Suction Head (NPSH). It is the difference between stagnation head at inlet of pump
and vapour pressure head. Boosters are generally installed in parallel.
9. 9
Separator filter: It removes the water from the crude/product.
Strainer: It acts as a filter. It filters out all the suspended particulate matter or contaminant.
Turbine Meter/Flow meter: It measures the flow rate of the crude/product in the run time
system.
Density meter : It measures the online density of the product or crude oil.
Main line pump: Main line pumps are provided to increase the pressure head to counter the
loss in pressure head in pipeline. These are installed in series.
10. 10
PIPELINE HYDRAULICS:
HYDRAULICS:
Study of liquids at rest and in motion, specially under pressure, and application of that
knowledge in design and control of machines.
PIPELINE SYSTEM :
The system consists of storage facility, hydraulic machines, line pipes, valves, other
accessories. The system is constructed to deliver fluid at higher level or to create a
pressurized system.
TYPES OF FLOW:
Flow in pipes is of two types, laminar, turbulent.
Laminar flow
smooth streamlines
highly ordered motion
short in length
normally appeared in high viscosity flow and small pipe/passage i.e. oil in
small pipe
Turbulent flow
rough streamlines
highly disordered motion
most flow in reality is turbulent
high momentum, thus high friction
We also use Reynolds's number to distinguish between these two types of flow.
Re= Inertial forces/viscous forces
= Vavg x D/µ
where, µ = kinematic viscosity
D = internal diameter of pipe
Vavg = average pipe velocity
11. 11
Re< 2300, laminar flow
2300<= Re<=4000, transient flow
Re> 4000, turbulent flow
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS :
Conservation of mass
For steady, incompressible flow of liquid, mass entering any section of the pipe must
be equal to the mass exiting that section. This is also known as continuity equation.
Work energy principle
For steady, one dimensional flow of a liquid per unit weight, the principle states that
the total energy of the fluid flow at any point should be conserved.
Hydraulic gradient: a hydraulic gradient is the height that a column of flow will rise to
if small tubes are installed along the pipeline.
12. 12
Momentum equation
For steady incompressible, one dimensional flow through a pipe, the momentum
equation along the direction of pipe can be stated as the net change of momentum in
flow direction is always proportional to the net unbalanced flow in the same direction.
Fnet=ρgQ (V2-V1)
TYPES OF LOSSES IN CLOSED FLOW SYSYTEM:
Losses are mainly due to friction and obstruction
There are mainly two types of losses
1. Major loss
2. Minor loss
MAJOR LOSS:
This is also known as t pressure losses or head losses. It solely depends on the pipe. In a
pipeline system the pressure drop is mainly the friction drop
hf = f(l/d)(v2/2g)
f= friction factor, d= diameter, l=length, v=average velocity of flow.
This is Darcy-Weisbach equation.
For laminar flow f= 64/Re
From this equation we can see that the friction factor in laminar flow is independent of
roughness.
The head loss represents the additional height that the fluid needs to be raised by a pump
to overcome the frictional losses in the pipe.
Friction factor for turbulent flow can be given by Colebrook equation.
1/f0.5 = -2log( 0.5))
From this equation we can say that the friction factor for turbulent flow depends on
roughness.
MINOR LOSSES:
Minor losses in flow is due to a presence of various fittings, valves, bends, elbows, tees,
inlets, exits and contractions in pipes.
13. 13
Components with sharp edges also cause minor losses. It has higher loss coefficient
compared to well rounded pipes. Sharp edge introduce recirculation flow as fluid flow will
be unable to make sharp 90 deg turn.
PIPELINE SYSTEM DESIGN:
Major inputs:
Length (distance), elevation
Steps involved:
Selection of probable sizes
Hydraulics, system configuration, capital and operating costs, present value for all
sizes.
Selection - size with least present value
LOCATION FOR PUMP STATIONS:
The intersection of hydraulic gradient with the elevation profile gives the theoretical location
of each pump station. Actual location must be moved upstream from theoretical locations to
provide positive suction head.
Other considerations are MAOP, land restriction etc.
14. 14
FLOW THROUGH PIPELINES:
SDH/MAOP
Q
DISTANCE 0 L
ELEVATION H’ H”
RESIDUAL HEAD - h
ENERGY EQUATION : For Flow as Q cu m/hr (MMTPA)
STATION DISCHARGE HEAD (MCL) = f X L + (H” - H’ ) + h
where, f = FRICTION LOSS : L = DISTANCE
H”-H’ = ELEVATION DIFFERENCE; h = RESIDUAL HEAD
Maximum allowable operating pressure:
MAOP = (Sx2TxS.F)/D
Where, S=yield stress, T=wall thickness, D=outer diameter of the pipe, S.F.=safety factor.
Depending upon the value of SDH/MAOP number of stations are determined .
CASE 1: SDH<=MAOP ;no pump stations required.
CASE 2:SDH>MAOP & <2MAOP;one pump station is required.
CASE 3: SDH>2MAOP & <3MAOP; two pump stations are required.
SLACK LINE FLOW:
It occurs under certain topographic conditions. A drastic elevation changes coupled with
insufficient back pressure in the downstream section of pipeline. This causes the pressure in
the pipeline to fall below the vapor pressure of the liquid resulting in creation of vapor
bubbles in the pipelines.
15. 15
Effects of slack line flow:
More interface generation in pipeline.
Collapse of vapor bubble may cause pressure surge.
Frictional head loss is much greater than tight line regions.
It affects the hydraulics of the pipelines.
Prevention of slack:
Ensure sufficient back pressure at downstream station. so that the positive pressure is
maintained throughout the pipeline.
Pressure in the pipeline should be always more than the vapor pressure of the liquid
under transportation.
A minimum pressure of 1-2 kg/cm2 shall be ensured at peak points always.
SURGE:
Surge pressure takes place whenever there is a sudden change in flow velocity.
In pipeline, surge takes place due to valve closure, pump trip, Emergency Shut Down
(ESD) etc
The surge pressure can exceed the design pressure of pipe, leading to catastrophic
failure
In order to protect the pipeline from high surge pressure, Surge relief system is
adopted.
Ways to prevent surge:
Eliminate sudden change in velocity
Use variable speed to have slow start/stop
Use PCV/FCV to change flow/pressure slowly
Reduced start/stop – at full rpm
Avoid Sudden stop/ESD (emergency shutdown)
PIPELINES IS SUBCATEGORIZED INTO:
Crude oil pipeline
Product pipeline
16. 16
PRODUCT PIPELINES OPERATIONS:
Multi Product Pipelines -
Transport two or more different products in the same pipeline
Sequence is determined in line with compatibility.
No physical separation between the different products.
Product pipeline operation is similar to crude oil pipeline operation
Interface management is an aspect of Multiproduct Pipelines operation that is
different from crude oil pipeline
PRODUCTS PUMPED
HSD
MS
SKO / PCK / LS-SKO / “0” SKO
ATF
MTO
LDO
SRN
MRN
INTERMEDIATE NAPTHA /INDMAX GASOLENE
PRODUCT SEQUENCING:
HSD SKO MS SRM SKO ATF SKO
Products Sequence of Pumping I/F between Base product in
which I/F is taken
SK-MS-SK SK & MS MS
SK-SRN/ MRN-SK SK & SRN/
MRN
SRN / MRN
SK-SRN-MRN-MS-MRN-
SK
MRN & MS MS
SK-SRN-MS-SK SRN & MS MS
SK & ATF SK – ATF – SK SK & ATF SK
HSD & MTO HSD – MTO – HSD HSD & MTO HSD
SK – HSD – SK SK & HSD HSD
HSD – LDO – HSD HSD & LDO LDO
AOX & HSD HSD – AOX – HSD AOX & HSD HSD
SM, MS, SRN
& MRN
SK , HSD &
LDO
17. 17
CRITICAL PARAMETERS OF PRODUCTS
HSD – SULPHUR/CETANE NO./POUR POINT
MS – SULPHUR/RON/FBP
SKO / PCK / LS-SKO / “0” SKO – SULPHUR/FLASH POINT/SMOKE POINT
ATF – FBP/SILVER STRIP CORROSION
MTO – FLASH POINT/FBP
LDO – FLASH POINT/POUR POINT
SRN – FBP/AROMATICS/COLOUR
MRN – FBP/AR
DESCRIPTION OF CRITICAL PARAMETERS :
SULPHUR
In case of SKO,
< or = 50 ppm – PCK
< or = 1000 ppm – Low Sulphur
1000 to 2500 ppm – Normal SKO
< or = 50 ppm – E4 MS/HSD
150 ppm max. – E3MS
350 ppm max. – E3HSD
In case of crude oil,
< or = 0.5% by wt. – Low Sulphur (Sweet) Crude Oil >0.5% by wt. – High Sulphur
(Sour) Crude Oil
CETANE NUMBER
The Cetane Number refers to the combustion quality of diesel fuel. It represents the
time delay between the start of injection process and the point where the fuel ignites.
It denotes the percentage (by volume) of cetane (chemical name Hexadecane) in a
combustible mixture of
diesel fuel being tested.
Cetane number of HSD is 51.
RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER (RON)
It determines petrol's 'anti-knock' quality or resistance to pre-ignition.
18. 18
POUR POINT
The pour point of a liquid is the temperature at which it becomes semi solid and loses
its flow characteristics.
In crude oil a high pour point is generally associated with high paraffin content.
FLASH POINT
The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which it can
vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
SMOKE POINT
The maximum flame height in millimetres (mm) at which the oil burns without
smoking when tested in a standard wick-fed lamp under specified conditions is termed
and smoke point.
COPPER STRIP CORROSION
Is checked to evaluate the degree to which a lubricant will corrode copper-containing
materials.
API Gravity
Density of crude is classified by the American Petroleum
Institute (‘API’). API gravity is defined based on density at temperature of 15.6 0C or
60 0F. The higher the API gravity, the lighter the crude.
BASIC SEDIMENT & WATER (BS&W)
It is a technical specification of certain impurities in crude oil. When extracted from
an oil reservoir, the crude oil will contain some amount of water and suspended
solids from the reservoir formation.
TOTAL ACID NUMBER (TAN)
The total acid number (TAN) is a measurement of acidity that is determined by the
amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in
one gram of oil.
19. 19
INTERFACE:
What is an interface?
Interface is a mixed volume of product created between two different and adjacent
products as they flow through the pipeline system.
Interface is a feature of all multi product pipeline systems.
A critical interface is the mixture generated between two significantly different
products. One of which can seriously affect the properties of others.
Interface generation is dependent on the factors like Pipeline diameter, velocity of the
flow, topography of the land, turbulent flow conditions and the type of products.
CRUDE OIL PIPELINE OPERATION:
TYPES OF CRUDE:
low sulphur crude
high sulphur crude
ACTIVITIES:
1. OFF SHORE OPERATION
As the oil production in India is very low and doesn't meet the demands of Indian population.
Hence corporations such as IOCL hugely depend on the supply of crude from other countries.
This large amount of crude is carried by ULCC and VLCC. Off shore operations include the
transfer of crude oil from VLCC /ULCC to crude oil terminal through SPM.
SPM (SINGLE POINT MOORING SYSTEM):
It is a loading buoy anchored offshore, that serves as a mooring point and interconnects
for tankers loading or offloading gas or liquid products.
They are capable of handling any size ship, even very large crude carriers (VLCC)
where no alternative facility is available.
ADVANTAGES OF SPM:
SPM systems are regarded as instant port since they can be installed in deeper areas
without any need for construction of jetties.
SPM systems facilitate faster turnaround of vessels.
When production facilities are into deep sea, SPM is best way for cargo transfers via
vessel.
20. 20
SALIENT FEATURES OF SPM
All SPMs have a floating buoy anchored to seabed through anchor chains secured on
piles.
This buoy has a floating hose system for cargo transport, comprising of floating hoses
and sub-sea hoses.
The floating hoses connect between the buoy and the tanker whereas the sub-sea hoses
connect between buoy and the sub-sea pipeline.
PARTS OF SPM:
There are 4 parts in the total buoying system of a SPM –
1. The body of the buoy
2. Mooring and anchoring elements
3. Product transfer system
4. Other components
THE BODY OF THE BUOY:
The buoy body usually is supported on static legs attached to the seabed, with a rotating
part above water level connected to the (off) loading tanker.
The two sections are linked by a roller bearing, referred to as the "main bearing".
The moored tanker can freely weathervane around the buoy and find a stable position
due to this arrangement.
MOORING AND ANCHORING PARTS:
Moorings fix the buoy to the seabed.
Buoy design must account for the behaviour of the buoy given applicable wind, wave
and current conditions and tanker sizes.
This determines the optimum mooring arrangement and size of the various mooring leg
components.
Anchoring points are greatly dependent on local soil condition.
A tanker is moored to a buoy by means of a hawser arrangement. The hawser arrangement
usually consists of nylon rope, which is shackled to an integrated mooring uni-joint on the
buoy deck.
PRODUCT TRANSFER SYSTEM:
The heart of each buoy is the product transfer system.
This system transfers products to the off take tanker from a geostatic location e.g.
a pipeline end manifold (PLEM) located on the seabed.
21. 21
OTHER COMPONENTS:
A boat landing, providing access to the buoy deck
Fender to protect the buoy
Lifting and handling equipment to aid materials handling
Navigational aids for maritime visibility, and fog horn to keep moving vessel alert
An electrical subsystem to enable valve operation and to power navigation aids or
other equipment.
PIGGING:
PIG – Pipeline Inspection Gauge
PIGGING - It is the practice of using Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) to perform
various maintenance operations on a pipeline without stopping the flow of product in
the pipeline.
OR
A process of pushing a device (PIG) equipped with metal wire brushes to clean the
deposits on the inner walls of the pipeline.
PURPOSE OF PIGGING:
To clean the new pipe debris.
To know the inside pipe diameter profile.
For inspection and measurement of any corrosion or metal loss.
If the pipeline contains butterfly valves, or reduced port ball valves, the pipeline cannot
be pigged. Full port (or full bore) ball valves cause no problems because the inside
diameter of the ball is the same as that of the pipe.
22. 22
TYPES OF PIG –
1. CLEANING OR SCRAPPER PIG
A utility pig that uses cups, scrapers, or brushes, to remove dirt, rust, mill scale, or
other foreign matter from the pipeline.
Cleaning pigs are run to increase the operating efficiency of a pipeline or to facilitate
inspection of the pipeline.
2. FOAM PIG
Used for cleaning, de-watering and swabbing
Can be coated with urethane for more durability
Can be customized to accommodate an assortment of situations
23. 23
3. BATCHING PIG
A utility pig that forms a moving seal in a pipeline to separate liquid from gas media,
or to separate two different products being transported in the pipeline.
The most-common configurations of batching pigs are cup pigs and sphere pigs.
4. GAUGE PIG
Simplest geometry tool used to detect dents, deformations and tight bends
gauging plates are available in aluminium or steel, manufactured to any thickness or
diameter.
24. 24
5. SEALING OR BI-DI PIG
Follows another pig providing sealing from behind
Normally sized between 103% and 108 % of the pipe internal diameter
6. IN LINE INSPECTION TOOLS (ILI) / SMART PIGS
25. 25
Smart Pigs provides information on the condition of the pipe and/or its contents
The following information are provided –
Diameter / geometry measurements
Curvature monitoring
Pipeline profile
Temperature / pressure recording;
Bend measurement;
Metal-loss / corrosion detection
Photographic inspection;
Crack detection;
Wax deposition measurement;
Leak detection;
Product sampling, and;
Mapping.
26. 26
VALVES
A device that regulates the flow of gases, liquids or loose materials through an
aperture, such as a pipe, by opening, closing or obstructing a port or passageway.
Valves isolate, switch, and control fluid flow in piping systems.
Can be operated manually (using levers or gear operators) or remotely (using electric,
pneumatic, electro-pneumatic, and electro-hydraulic powered actuators).
Manual valves are usually used only if they will be operated infrequently or no power
source is available.
TYPES OF VALVE
BASIC TYPES –
Isolation valves: On/Off valves –
Typically operated in fully open or fully closed condition.
Designed to have a tight reliable seal during shut-off and minimal flow
restriction when open
Switching valves: Converge or divert flow in a piping system
Control valves: Used to modulate flow (i.e., vary flow by opening or closing by a
certain percentage)
27. 27
1. Isolationvalve
a) Ball valve
A ball is provided with a hole that can be rotated to align with the flow or block it
They provide quick, tight shutoff and require only a ¼ turn to operate
Can be actuated with pneumatic and electric actuators
b) Plug valve
Similar to a ball valve except that a cylinder is used instead of a sphere.
More expensive but more rugged than a ball valve.
Requires more torque to turn but still easy to actuate.
28. 28
c) Butterfly valve
Can be used for both general and severe applications
Liners help to provide tight shutoff
The most economical valves per comparable capacity and easily actuated with
pneumatic and electric actuators
d) Gate valve
A sliding disk slides up and down in and out of the fluid
Good for high pressure drop and high temperature applications where operation is not
frequent
Manual operation or else multi-turn electric actuators are most common
29. 29
e) Globe valve
A conical plug moves in and out of the fluid and they can be used for shutoff as well
as throttling. Used in high pressure drop and temperature applications.
Manual operation or else multi-turn electric actuators are most common.
Easier to repair but more pressure drop than a gate or plug valve.
2. Switching valve
Converge and divert flow in a piping system
Usually 3-way valves used because they can take the place of 2 2-way valves
3-way valves are usually ball, plug, or globe design
2 butterfly valves mounted on a pipe tee will also work and is cost-effective for large
pipes
30. 30
3. Control valve
They are used to modulate flow.
Pressure control valves (PCVs) are used to separate high pressure piping from low
pressure station piping.
They are generally globe valves.
31. 31
INTERFACE MANGEMENT:
Interface is a mixed volume of product created between two different and adjacent
products as they flow through the pipeline system.
Interface is a feature of all multi product pipeline systems.
A critical interface is the mixture generated between two significantly different
products. One of which can seriously affect the properties of others.
Interface generation is dependent on the factors like Pipeline diameter, velocity of the
flow, topography of the land, turbulent flow conditions and the type of products .
Allowable Intermix of Interface:
Product-A Product-BMixture volume
Mixed volume of product created in a pipeline between two different
and adjacent product
BASE
PRODUCTS
I/F CONTAMINATION %AGE
MS ATF SKO HSD
MS - 2.0 2.0 NIL
ATF NIL - NIL NIL
SKO NIL NO LIMIT - NIL
HSD NIL 4.00 4.00 -
Allowable intermix of interface in various Base product
32. 32
INTERFACE MONITORING:
It is the responsibility of dispatcher to calculate arrival of interface at a particular
station and intimate the operating personnel well in advance to track the interface.
Both IFD (I/F detector) and Manual tracking should be resorted for tracking of
interface.
IFD as well as the settings are to be checked for its working every fortnight and duly
recorded.
“Batch Reset Counter” wherever installed should be used to indicate the batch length of
each batch in addition to using the counter for tank receipts.
PRECAUTIONS
Maintaining constant line pressure.
Maintaining Constant rate of flow.
Avoid frequent shut downs.
During planned shutdown, pipeline should be pressurized slowly and gradually to the
required level.
Considering hydraulic gradients while optimizing operational parameters.
Application of standard measuring instruments such as thermometer, hydrometer and
sampling jars etc.
Constant vigil during Interface tracking.