1. The document discusses Washi paper, a traditional handmade paper from Japan. It provides details on the history and production process of Washi paper, including the materials used such as Kozo bark and techniques involved like steaming, stripping, and beating the bark fibers. 2. A case study on Sekishu Washi details its specific production methods, highlighting steps like cultivating Kozo bushes, harvesting materials, boiling the bark, and making paper sheets through scooping, spreading, and draining the fiber solution. 3. Traditional Washi production involves natural materials and labor-intensive techniques passed down for generations to produce paper known for its strength, beauty, and cultural significance in Japanese society.

1. WASHI
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 HISTORY
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
NAME : NURUL AQILA AHAMAD KAMAL 1412832
LECTURER : ASST. PROF. DR. SHAMZANI AFFENDY AAD2110 CONSERVATION
4.0 MATERIALS
5.0 METHOD
6.0 TECHNIQUES
7.0 APPLICATIONS
3.0 CASE STUDY
8.0 CONCLUSION
9.0 REFERENCES

2. WASHI
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1. Although paper was originally made in China in the first
century, the art was brought to Japanin 610 AD by Buddhist
monks who produced it for writing sutras.
2. Since its introduction to Japan, papermaking has been at the
center of Japanese life, both the religious and the secular.
3. Paperplays an important role in manyrituals, ceremonies and
festivals during special occasions, as well as, in countless
ordinary everyday activities.
.
1PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

3. Figure 1: Edgeworthia Chrysantha (in the
Thymelaeaceae family), Botanical Garden,
Genova Pegli
Source: eFloras, (2009),Edgeworthia Chrysantha [Photograph]
Vol. 13, Cambridge, MA
WASHI2
1. Washi is a styleof paper
that was first made in
Japan.
2. Commonly made using
fibers fromthe barkof the
gampi tree, the mitsumata
shrub(Edgeworthia
chrysantha), or the paper
mulberry,but also can be
made usingbamboo, hemp,
rice, and wheat.
2.0 HISTORY OF WASHI
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

4. 2.0 HISTORY OF WASHI
2. It was not until the 13th century that knowledge of
papermaking reached Europe - 600 years after the Japanese
had begun to produce it.
3. By the late1800's, there were in Japan more than 100,000
families making paper by hand.
Thenwith the introductionfromEurope of mechanizedpapermaking
technologyand as things "Western" becamesought after includingcurtains
(not shoji)and Frenchprintmakingpapers (not kozo), productiondeclined
until by 1983 only479 papermakingfamilieswere left.
WASHI3PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

5. • The word "washi" comes from wa
'Japanese' and shi 'paper', and the
term is used to describe paper made
by hand in the traditional manner.
Figure 2: Illustrations of Washi Papermaker
Source: (Edu Period), Washi Papermaker [Painting],
City Of Edo (known now as Tokyo)
WASHI4
3.0 CASE STUDY OF WASHI
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

6. 3.0 CASE STUDY OF WASHI
• ‘Washi’ is also a perfect example of the four principles of
Japanese aesthetics: purity, tranquility, harmony, and respect, and
is a perfect manifestation of that culture.
• The making of Washi is one of the most labor intensive processes
in the world and has no parallel.
• The materials it uses produce sheets of incredible resilience which
have gained the wonderand admiration of not onlyartists, by
papermakers around the world.
WASHI5PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

7. 3.0 CASE STUDY
1. Tesuki washi (handmade Japanese paper) was invented in 105
AD by a Chinese official named Cai Lun, and introduced to
Japan in 610 AD by Doncho, a Buddhist monkfrom Korea.
2. The name Sekishu comes from the Sekishu region (present-day
Iwami), where the paper was first produced.
3. The paper is also known as Sekishu-banshi (‚half sheets of
Sekishu‛) because of the cut of the paper.
WASHI6
SEKISHU WASHI
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

8. 3.0 CASE STUDY
4. However, the name Sekishu is probably much older.
5. As Kamisuki Chohoki (A HandyGuide to Papermaking), a
book writtenby Kunisaki Jihei and published in 1798, states
that Kakinomoto No Hitomaro, a leading official in the area,
taught papermaking skills to the local people sometime around
704-715 AD.
6. From then on, for over 1300 years, the art of handmade washi
has been maintained and preserved within the area.
WASHI7
SEKISHU WASHI
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

9. 4.0 MATERIAL OF WASHI
As with all papermaking, some basic
ingredientsare needed.
1. Fiber
2. Water
3. Chemicals
4. Vats
5. Beaters (hand beating is preferred to the
use of a hollander beater, as it does not
shorten the fiber, as with cotton linters for
instance) and dryers (sun, loft or heated
plates).
Figure 3: Hollander beater
Source: Denis Diderot (1968), Hollander Beater [Illustration]
Diderot Encyclopédie, Dutch.
WASHI8PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

10. 4.0 RAW MATERIAL
• The raw materialsfor Sekishuwashi are kozo, mitsumata, and gampi
shrubs.
• Kozo and mitsumata are cultivatedin the regionbut gampi grows wild.
Sekishu-banshimadefrom Sekishukozois well known as the strongest
paper produced in Japan.
• By the Edo period(1603-1867), Sekishu-banshi waspopular among Osaka
merchants for use in account books, and that namebecame widely
known.
*Whenever a fire broke out, the merchantsdid not hesitate to throw their account books into
a well to protect the records; the merchants were not worriedabout the paper being
damaged by water.
WASHI9
SEKISHU WASHI
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

11. • Kozo (paper mulberry)
is said to be the
masculine element, the
protector,thick and
strong.
• It is the most widely
used fibre, and the
strongest.
• It is grown as a farm
crop, and regenerates
annually, so no forests
are depletedin the
process.
Figure4: Kozo (PaperMulberry Strip Bark)
Source: Georgia Tech [2013], Paper Mulberry Strip Bark [Photograph], Atlanta,
Georgia
WASHI10
4.0 RAW MATERIAL
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

12. • Mitsumatais the
‘feminine element’:
graceful, delicate,
soft and modest.
• Mitsumata takes
longer to grow and
is thusa more
expensivepaper.
• It is indigenousto
Japanand is also
grownas a crop.
Figure 5: Mitsumata
Source: Georgia Tech [2013], Mitsumata Strip Bark [Photograph], Atlanta, Georgia
WASHI11
4.0 RAW MATERIAL
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

13. • Gampi was the
earliest and is
consideredto be the
noblest fibre.
• Noted for its richness,
dignity and longevity. It
has an exquisite
natural sheen.
• Oftenmade into very
thin tissues used in
book conservation and
chine-collé
printmaking.
Figure 6: Gampi
Source: Georgia Tech [2013], Gampi Strip Bark [Photograph], Atlanta, Georgia
WASHI12
4.0 RAW MATERIAL
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

14. WASHI13
5.0 METHODS & 6.0 TECHNIQUES
• In light of the uniquetraditional techniquesand methodsemployed to
make Sekishu-banshi by the Sekishu-banshi Craftsmen's Association,
Sekishu-banshiwas designatedas an Important Intangible Cultural
Property in 1969.
• In addition, the techniques and methods used for Sekishu-banshihave
beencompletelypreserved by the crafts people who live in Misumi Town.
To ensureevenfurther improvement of the art, Sekishu Washi
Cooperativewas established,and Sekishuwashi was declareda
‚Traditional Craft‛ by the Ministerof Economy, Trade and Industryin
1989.
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

15. 5.0 METHODS OF WASHI
1. Steaming
2. Stripping
3. Boiling in Alkali
4. Bleaching
5. Neri (adding of vegetable mucilage)
6. Nagashi-Zuki (The papermaker dips
the sugeta (hinged mold) into the vat and
brings it up full of solution.)
7. Stack
8. Pressing
9. Drying
10. Cutting
11. Inspection
WASHI14PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN

16. 1. Cultivating bushes
(kozo) for raw materials.
Kozo and mitsumata are
cultivated in the region but
gampi grows wild. Sekishu-
banshi made from Sekishu’s
kozo is well known as the
strongest washi paper in Japan.
Figure7: Cultivating
bushes (kozo) forraw
materials.
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Cultivated
[Photograph], Iwami Region
WASHI15 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
2. Harvesting raw
materials.
Branches from the shrubs are
usually harvested from
December to January. The
branches are cut off at an angle
with a sickle..
Figure8: Harvesting
raw materials.
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Harvesting
{Photograph], Iwami Region

17. 3. Steaming branches
(kozo mushi).
The branches are steamed in a
process called seiromushi, which
can be easily done by a few
people. Seiromushi makes it
easyto strip the branches of
their bark.
Figure9: Steaming
branches (kozo
mushi).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Steaming
[Photograph], Iwami Region
WASHI16 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
4. Stripping the bark
(kawa hagi).
The branch is heldin one handand
the bark in the other, and then
both are wedgedbetween the feet
so that the bark canbe stripped
fromthe branches in such a way
that the strippedbark makes a
cylindershape.
Figure10: Stripping
the bark (kawa hagi).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Harvesting
{Photograph], Iwami Region

18. 5. Drying black bark.
The stripped black bark is tied
up in bundlesto be dried in the
wind. After drying well, the bark
is stored.
Figure11: Drying
black bark.
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Drying [Photograph],
Iwami Region
WASHI17 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
6. Scraping black bark
(Sozori).
After the black bark is softenedin
water, each bark piece is put on a
stand and its outerlayeris carefully
scraped offwith a knife. When
using kozo, to heighten the quality,
the epidermis is leftbetween the
outer layerand the inner layer.
Figure12: Scraping
black bark (Sozori).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Scrapping
{Photograph], Iwami Region

19. 7. Washing (Suisen).
The scraped whitebark is
washedby clear water to
remove all impurities.
Figure13: Washing
(Suisen).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Washing
[Photograph], Iwami Region
WASHI18 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
8. Boiling (Shajuku).
The bark is unbundled and
boiled in a large caldron
containing a 12% alkali solution.
While boiling, the bark is turned
every 30 minutes for about 2
hours so that they can be boiled
evenly. And then the bark is
steamed..
Figure14: Boiling
(Shajuku).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Boiling [Photograph],
Iwami Region

20. 9. Removing impurities
(Chiri Tori).
The boiledbark strips are inspected
one by one and all impurities are
carefullyremovedby handsin clear
water. When using kozo, the
harshness is first removedbefore
doing the above procedure...
Figure15: Removing
impurities (Chiri Tori).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Removing
[Photograph], Iwami Region
WASHI19 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
10. Beating (Kohkai).
The bark is beaten with an oak
stick to loosen the individual
fibers. In the original Sekishu
method, the bark is beaten 6
timesfrom right to left and back,
turnedover andbeaten again.
It is turned over 6 times in total..
Figure16: Beating
(Kohkai).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Beating
[Photograph], Iwami Region

21. 11. Making the sheets
(Kamisuki).
Water, a paper solution, and
tororo-aoi are combinedin a
sukibune, or paper-making vat, and
evenlymixedwith a bamboo stick.
Three steps are then taken, called
kazushi, choshi, and sutemizu, to
make Sekishu-washi.
Figure17: Making
the sheets (Kamisuki).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Making
[Photograph], Iwami Region
WASHI20 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
12. Scooping (Kazushi).
The paper solutionis quickly
scooped from the vat onto the
mat.
Figure18: Scooping
(Kazushi).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Boiling [Photograph],
Iwami Region

22. 13. Spreading (Choshi).
The mat is shaken back and
forth to spread the solution
evenly over the screen, to
entwinethe fibers andmake
layers. The thickness varies
according to the number of
timesthe mat has been shaken.
Figure18: Spreading
(Choshi)
.Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Chosi [Photograph],
Iwami Region
WASHI21 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
14. (Draining) Sutemizu.
Draining off the water. When
the layershavethe desired
thickness, the excess water and
paper solution are drainedoff
from the mat.
Figure19: (Draining)
Sutemizu.
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Stearyl Water
[Photograph], Iwami Region

23. 15. Moving sheets to
paper beds (Shito Utsushi)
After the water has been
drained off,the washi sheets are
moved to paper beds. Thesheets
arepiled one by one onto paper
beds. Approximately 250 sheets
of paper are madein a day.
Figure20: Moving
sheets to paper beds
(ShitoUtsushi)
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Shito Utsuhi
[Photograph], Iwami Region
WASHI22 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
16. Pressing out water
(Assaku).
After leaving the sheets on
paper beds overnight, weights
are addedto press out the
remaining water.
Figure21: Pressing
out water (Assaku).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Assaku
[Photograph], Iwami Region

24. 17. Stripping (Shito
Hagashi).
When the water has been
pressed out, the sheets are
separatedone by one.
Figure22: Stripping
(ShitoHagashi)
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Shito Hagashi
[Photograph], Iwami Regio
WASHI23 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
18. Brushing (Hoshiita
Hari).
The damp sheets are brushed
onto wide boards.
Figure23: Brushing
(Hoshiita Hari).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Hoshiita Hari
[Photograph], Iwami Region

25. 19. Drying (Kansoh).
The sheets are sun-dried
outdoors. While the washi is
drying, it acquires its proper
stiffness and beautiful
appearance
Figure25: Drying
(Kansoh).
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Kansoh
[Photograph], Iwami Region
WASHI24 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
20. Selection (Senbetsu).
After the sheets have dried,
they are carefully inspected. Any
sheet with tears, holes,
shrinkage, a badsurface, or an
uneven thickness is rejected.
Figure26: Selection
(Senbetsu).
Source: SekishuWashi
[2013], Senbetsu
[Photograph], Iwami Region

26. 21. Cutting
Washi that has beenchosen in
the final selection process is cut
to make various paper
products.
Figure27: Cutting
Source: Sekishu Washi
[2013], Cutting
[Photograph], Iwami Region
WASHI25 4.0 TECHNIQUES
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN
22. Sekishu Washi.
Using washi made from kozo, mitsumata,
and gampi, various types of paper and
products are made, including Sekishu-
banshi, an Important Intangible Cultural
Heritage. Other products include
Japanese painting and calligraphy
paper, certificate paper, paper for
dyed products, envelopes, stationery,
postcards, business cards, colored
paper, notebooks, and traditional
Japanese letter paper.
Figure28: Sekishu
Washi
Source: SekishuWashi
[2013], Sekishu Washi
Product [Photograph],
Iwami Region

27. APLICATIONS OF WASHI
WASHIPAPER MAKING IN JAPAN 26
Until the early20th century, the Japaneseusedwashi in applications
where woodpulppaper or other materialsare currentlyused.This is
partlybecausewashi was cheaper,but also becausethe unique
characteristics of washi madeit a better material. The different usesof
washi are too numerousto mention, but include the following:
CLOTH
FURNITURE
BAGS, HANDFAN
ART

28. APLICATIONS OF WASHI
Cloth: Kimono
WASHIPAPER MAKING IN JAPAN 27
Source: Modern styles of Furisode [2005, Kimono [Photograph], Immanuel Giel

29. APLICATIONS OF WASHI
Furniture: Lantern Lamp
WASHIPAPER MAKING IN JAPAN 28
Source: Japantstic [2013, Lantern Lamp [Photograph] Samurai.jp

30. APLICATIONS OF WASHI
Art: Origami
WASHIPAPER MAKING IN JAPAN 29
Source: Paper Making [2009] Origami [Photograph] Hubpages

31. APLICATIONS OF WASHI
Other Applications: Hand Fan, Bags.
WASHIPAPER MAKING IN JAPAN 30
Source:: [2009] Paper Making [Photograph] Hubpages

32. 6.0 CONCLUSION
• Japanese papers, whethermadeby
hand or by machineare so distinctive
that theycannot be mistakenin origin.
• Machine made papersare beingused
morefrequentlynow because of
market demandsfor large quantities
and speedydeliveries.
• No matter the methodused:the
papers are all incrediblybeautiful.
• The usageis infinite– that is the
attractionof Washi and whatmakes it
so different fromother kindsof papers
in the world.
WASHIPAPER MAKING IN JAPAN 31

33. REFERENCES
Books:
i. Sukey (1978). Washi: The World of Japanese paper. Tokyo: Kodansha International Hughes.
ii. Denis Diderot (1968). Diderot Encyclopédie: Hollander Beater. Dutch
Articles:
i. Hidaka Washi (2013). Japanese Paper for Restoration of Cultural Assets. http://japanese-
paper.hidakawashi.com/paper-TENGU/material.html
ii. Kazuko Hioki, (2013) Special Collections Research Center, University of Kentucky Libraries.
http://exhibits.uky.edu/education/JPN-405-Fall-2014/hioki.papermaking.htm
iii. Geogia Tech. (2010) Teacher‘s Guide, Washi: Japanese Papermaking Workshop
http://www.ipst.gatech.edu/amp/education/TeacherManualJapan.pdf
Magazines:
i. Kazuma Osaki (January 2015) Japanese Textile. Paper, Updated. Transforming Washi To Meet Modern Need,
16-17
WASHIPAPER MAKING IN JAPAN 32

34. REFERENCES
Websites:
i. eFloras Vol. 13 .(2009) , Edgeworthia Chrysantha , Retrieved from The Garden Geeks
http://www.thegardengeeks.com, (10.30 pm. 09 September 2015)
ii. Sekishu Washi (2009), History of Sekishu Washi, Iwami Region Retrieved from Sekishu Washi
http://www.sekishu.jp/en/history/index.html (2.34 pm. 08 September 2015)
iii. UNESCO‘s Intangible Cultural Heritage (2014), Washi Traditional Japanese Handmade Paper ‘Washi‛
Retrieved from UNESCO http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/01001 (10.04 pm. 08 September 2015)
iv. Obon-Festival (2012), 10 Festivals That Will Make You Feel Out Of This World, Retrieved from Chris Quek,
Fotopedia https://peregrinatewithme.wordpress.com(12.04 am. 09 September 2015)
v. The Japanese Paper Place (2013), About Washi. Retrieved from JPP
http://www.japanesepaperplace.com/abt-japanese-paper/about-washi.htm (8.04 am. 10 September 2015)
vi. The Ancient Egyptian Culture Exhibit (2009), Ancient Egyptian Papyrus Retrieved from EthanHolman
http://www.ethanholman.com/history/egypt/dailylife/papyrus.html (12.55 pm. 10 September 2015)
vii. Awagami Factory (2010), Washi Basics Retrieved from Awagami
http://www.awagami.com/basics.html#preface (7.55 pm. 14 September 2015)
WASHIPAPER MAKING IN JAPAN 33

35. WASHI
THE END
ALHAMDULILLAH
THANK YOU
BY: NURUL AQILA AHAMAD KAMAL
PAPER MAKING IN JAPAN