The document discusses ceramic materials, pottery making processes, and preservation techniques in Cambodia. It provides background on Cambodian history and culture. Ceramic traditions in Cambodia date back 5000 years BCE, with pottery primarily used for domestic purposes. Key materials for pottery making include clay from Phnom Dey Meas mountain. Traditional tools include potter's wheels, paddles, and anvils. The pottery making process involves five steps - clay preparation, molding, biscuit firing, glazing, and final firing. A common decorative motif in Cambodian pottery is the lotus flower. Examples of simple, moderate, and complex motifs used are also presented.
This document provides an overview and summary of the key elements of the multiplayer online game World of Tanks, including:
- It is a 15 vs 15 multiplayer tank battle game with over 65 million registered users.
- Players can earn credits and experience through battles to upgrade their tanks, research new tanks, and resupply consumables.
- The game utilizes a freemium model where the premium account and premium tanks can be purchased for real money and provide advantages.
- Various gameplay modes, maps, and tank types like heavies, mediums and tank destroyers provide variety.
This document outlines the typical game development life cycle, which includes phases such as developing the story, script, feasibility study, promotional demo, design, layout, modeling, texturing, animation, high and low level design, coding, testing, debugging, integration, and game testing. It acknowledges references that were used to compile information on standard game development processes and models.
The document discusses the games industry and the major players within it, including console manufacturers Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft, as well as publishers and developers. It covers Nintendo's focus on innovation and accessibility with the Wii, Sony and Microsoft's focus on graphical power and online experiences with the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and the strategies of maintaining existing markets while expanding to new audiences.
A game design document is a highly descriptive document created by game designers, artists, and programmers that provides a guiding vision for a video game's narrative, characters, environments, mechanics, interface, and assets. It must include detailed descriptions in these key areas and can include supporting drawings. The document is created early in development and attached to agreements with publishers to communicate the game's vision throughout production.
Building up the e-gaming ecosystem of India and the influence of smartphonesRedSeer
Survey respondents were asked how “important in life” is leisure time. Results for India based on more than 4,000 respondents. *GDP per capita is expressed in 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars, for the year 2014.
Established in Tri Nagar, (Delhi) India in the year 1992, we Topsun Enterprises, engaged in offering wide range of Math Kit, Low Budget Math Kits, General Education Material (TLA/TLM), General Knowledge Learning Kit, Maths Learning Kit, Physics Laboratory Learning Kit and many more. We provide complete solution of Educational Kits and Science Laboratory Apparatus to several schools and markets throughout the world.
The document provides information about plastic toys manufacturing. It discusses the types of plastic toy molds commonly used like injection molding, hollow molding, and electroforming molding. It also describes the processing characteristics, techniques and technologies used for different plastic toy molds. These include simulation surface processing, contouring processes, precision casting, and EDM processes. The document also discusses effective polishing methods, market outlook and drivers for the Indian toys industry. It analyzes recent moves by the Indian government regarding stricter quality testing and increased import duties on toys.
Best Fiends Design and Monetization AuditTony Gowland
An audit on the design & monetisation methods used in the mobile free to play (f2p) game Best Fiends.
Seriously is a company formed from a bit of a mobile gaming dream team. A couple of months ago when Best Fiends, their first game, had just released I predicted that although it's very polished & fun to play, it would not break in to the top 100 grossing. So I thought I should probably go back and check to see if my fortune telling skills need work or not.
Was I right? Find out!
Did you enjoy this audit? Find my design & monetization audit on Rovio's racing game Angry Birds Go! in the "More From User" links on the right of the browser window or here
http://slideshare.net/FreakyZoid/angry-birdsgo
Would you like your game to benefit from an audit by an experienced designer? Whether it's already on the marketplace, in or approaching soft launch, or even just an initial concept, every title can be improved with a fresh pair of eyes.
I can work to whatever level your game is ready for, from high level product scoping, to deep diving the numbers on a specific feature.
Email tony@ant-workshop.com
This document provides an overview and summary of the key elements of the multiplayer online game World of Tanks, including:
- It is a 15 vs 15 multiplayer tank battle game with over 65 million registered users.
- Players can earn credits and experience through battles to upgrade their tanks, research new tanks, and resupply consumables.
- The game utilizes a freemium model where the premium account and premium tanks can be purchased for real money and provide advantages.
- Various gameplay modes, maps, and tank types like heavies, mediums and tank destroyers provide variety.
This document outlines the typical game development life cycle, which includes phases such as developing the story, script, feasibility study, promotional demo, design, layout, modeling, texturing, animation, high and low level design, coding, testing, debugging, integration, and game testing. It acknowledges references that were used to compile information on standard game development processes and models.
The document discusses the games industry and the major players within it, including console manufacturers Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft, as well as publishers and developers. It covers Nintendo's focus on innovation and accessibility with the Wii, Sony and Microsoft's focus on graphical power and online experiences with the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and the strategies of maintaining existing markets while expanding to new audiences.
A game design document is a highly descriptive document created by game designers, artists, and programmers that provides a guiding vision for a video game's narrative, characters, environments, mechanics, interface, and assets. It must include detailed descriptions in these key areas and can include supporting drawings. The document is created early in development and attached to agreements with publishers to communicate the game's vision throughout production.
Building up the e-gaming ecosystem of India and the influence of smartphonesRedSeer
Survey respondents were asked how “important in life” is leisure time. Results for India based on more than 4,000 respondents. *GDP per capita is expressed in 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars, for the year 2014.
Established in Tri Nagar, (Delhi) India in the year 1992, we Topsun Enterprises, engaged in offering wide range of Math Kit, Low Budget Math Kits, General Education Material (TLA/TLM), General Knowledge Learning Kit, Maths Learning Kit, Physics Laboratory Learning Kit and many more. We provide complete solution of Educational Kits and Science Laboratory Apparatus to several schools and markets throughout the world.
The document provides information about plastic toys manufacturing. It discusses the types of plastic toy molds commonly used like injection molding, hollow molding, and electroforming molding. It also describes the processing characteristics, techniques and technologies used for different plastic toy molds. These include simulation surface processing, contouring processes, precision casting, and EDM processes. The document also discusses effective polishing methods, market outlook and drivers for the Indian toys industry. It analyzes recent moves by the Indian government regarding stricter quality testing and increased import duties on toys.
Best Fiends Design and Monetization AuditTony Gowland
An audit on the design & monetisation methods used in the mobile free to play (f2p) game Best Fiends.
Seriously is a company formed from a bit of a mobile gaming dream team. A couple of months ago when Best Fiends, their first game, had just released I predicted that although it's very polished & fun to play, it would not break in to the top 100 grossing. So I thought I should probably go back and check to see if my fortune telling skills need work or not.
Was I right? Find out!
Did you enjoy this audit? Find my design & monetization audit on Rovio's racing game Angry Birds Go! in the "More From User" links on the right of the browser window or here
http://slideshare.net/FreakyZoid/angry-birdsgo
Would you like your game to benefit from an audit by an experienced designer? Whether it's already on the marketplace, in or approaching soft launch, or even just an initial concept, every title can be improved with a fresh pair of eyes.
I can work to whatever level your game is ready for, from high level product scoping, to deep diving the numbers on a specific feature.
Email tony@ant-workshop.com
This document discusses the production of terracotta roof tiles. Clay is the ceramic material used, which contains aluminium silicates and crystalline silica. The manufacturing process of terracotta roof tiles involves preparing the clay material, screening, extruding, molding, drying, firing, and packaging. Terreal Malaysia is a local company that produces high quality terracotta roof tiles through processes like extrusion and uses ceramic injection molding as an alternative method.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for manufacturing five clay-based technologies: the Zeer water cooler, clay refrigerator, improved clay stove, Mubkhar stove, and Kisra clay stove. It was created by Practical Action Sudan in collaboration with pottery associations in Al Fashir and Gemayer. The document begins by outlining tests for clay quality and methods for preparing clay mixtures. It then details the production process for each technology, thanking the contributing pottery associations. Drawings are included to illustrate sizes. The goal is to support pottery associations in manufacturing these technologies locally.
vernacular architecture and the different materials of construction used in the regions of India. Terracotta, ceramic, and many more.
Also, the Construction Techniques Using Earth Material in this region.
This document summarizes a comparative study of local building materials in Swabi region, including mud, concrete blocks, bricks, stone, and plastic bottles. Mud is a traditional material that is cheap and easily available, but requires maintenance. Concrete blocks are commonly used due to low cost and availability, though production causes pollution. Bricks production also significantly pollutes the air. Stone is clean and sustainable but heavy. Plastic bottles can be reused in building to reduce waste while engaging the community in a cheap, locally sourced construction method.
This document is a student's chemistry assignment on materials produced in industry. It focuses on glass and ceramic materials. It defines glass as a mixture of metal silicates formed when silica is melted with other substances like metal oxides. The main types discussed are fused glass, soda-lime glass, and borosilicate glass. Soda-lime glass, made from silica, limestone, sodium carbonate and recycled glass, is the most common. The document also outlines the chemical reactions and properties of different glasses.
Manufacturing of tiles, Manufacturing of tilesselwynbabu2
The manufacturing of tiles involves 4 key steps: 1) preparation of clay by removing impurities and grinding, 2) moulding the clay into shapes using wood or mechanical molds, 3) drying the molded tiles in the shade for 2 days, and 4) burning the tiles in kilns at increasing temperatures up to 1300°C over 72 hours to complete the process.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks which includes 4 main steps: 1) Preparation of clay or brick earth which involves selecting raw materials, removing impurities from soil, weathering and blending the clay. 2) Moulding of bricks which can be done by hand or machine to give the clay its shape. 3) Drying of bricks which can be done naturally by exposing them to air and sun or artificially in controlled drying chambers. 4) Burning of bricks which hardens them and is done either in open air clamp structures or controlled kilns at high temperatures.
العمارة الطينية في العالم العربي هل هي جيدة.pdfamadhor
Architect magazine last issue middle east snap acapella sad dance on flamboyant style vs Germany ag she ruined his diet Bak so let's invade iraq Abu do you have a picture for a commercial residential tower with a Hadrami style vs Germany ag she ruined
Composition of good brick earth
Harmful ingredients in brick earth
Classification of brick earth
Manufacture of bricks
Comparison between clamp burning & kiln burning
Quality of good bricks
Test for bricks
Classification of bricks
Colours of bricks
Size and weight of bricks
Shape of bricks
Fire-clays
Fire-bricks
Sand-lime or calcium silicate bricks
The document discusses the manufacturing process of bricks which involves several steps: (1) Preparation of clay by removing impurities and weathering, (2) Tempering the clay to make it plastic, (3) Molding bricks by hand or machine, (4) Drying the bricks to remove moisture, (5) Burning the bricks in kilns to harden them, and (6) Setting, packaging, and transporting the finished bricks for distribution. The key ingredients in brick making are silica and alumina found in clay. Proper preparation and processing of the clay is important to produce high quality bricks.
This document provides information about ceramics vases, including their history, materials, manufacturing process, and a local manufacturer in Malaysia called CLAYTAN. It discusses that vases are typically made from ceramic materials through a process involving clay preparation, shaping, drying, bisque firing, glaze application, glaze firing, and possible decoration. CLAYTAN is highlighted as a pioneer ceramic company in Malaysia that produces a variety of ceramic products including sanitaryware, tableware, and artware.
This document discusses fire bricks and sand lime bricks. It covers what they are, their ingredients, manufacturing processes, types/classifications, uses, and masonry/how to use them.
Fire bricks are made primarily to withstand high temperatures and contain silica, alumina, and other oxides. Their manufacturing process involves selection of materials, preparation, molding, drying, and firing. Sand lime bricks contain sand, lime, and water and are made through a similar process.
The document compares the ingredients and properties of fire bricks and sand lime bricks. It also discusses common defects in bricks and classifications based on quality.
The document discusses bricks, including their composition, manufacturing process, types, and testing. It can be summarized as:
1. Bricks are made from clay and are manufactured through processes of preparation, molding, drying, and burning. This gives them strength and durability for construction uses.
2. Good brick composition includes appropriate amounts of clay, silt, and silica without harmful ingredients like lime. The manufacturing process involves shaping the clay and firing the bricks to high temperatures.
3. Bricks are tested for qualities like strength, water absorption, and efflorescence to ensure they meet standards for construction projects. Proper testing verifies the brick quality and suitability for different building applications.
1) The document is a workbook about making lanterns using the art of origami and washi paper. It includes sections on the history of washi paper in Japan, case studies, design development, materials, techniques, and the final product.
2) The case study section looks at cherry blossoms, origami, and wagasa (Japanese umbrellas) as inspirations for the lantern design. Several design ideas are sketched.
3) The techniques section explains the multi-step process of making the washi paper and constructing the lantern using folding methods like accordion folds to create triangular structures.
This document provides information on clays and their use in pottery. It discusses the key types of clays used, including kaolin, ball clay, fire clay, and stoneware clays. It describes the physical and chemical transformations clays undergo during drying and firing, as well as the characteristics and properties of different clay bodies. The document also gives an overview of the history and types of pottery, and explains the stages involved in pottery making from forming greenware to bisque firing and glaze firing.
This document provides information about bricks and brick making processes. It discusses the history and importance of bricks in construction. It describes the traditional process of making bricks, including procuring clay, tempering, moulding, drying, firing, and sorting. It discusses different types of brick kilns used in firing bricks, including intermittent kilns like clamps and downdraft kilns, as well as continuous kilns like bull trench kilns, zig-zag kilns, and vertical shaft brick kilns, which are more efficient through heat recovery. The document provides context about the brick making industry in India.
The act of mass production in kelantan traditional pottery, malaysiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the mass production techniques used in Kelantan traditional pottery in Malaysia. It begins with an introduction to pottery and the history of Malay pottery. It then describes the researcher's visit to four pottery centers in Kelantan where they observed the mass production process. This involves creating plaster prototypes on a turning wheel, using those to make molds, slip casting clay mixtures into the molds, drying, decorating, and firing the pieces. The limitations of this process are that the plaster prototypes can only be used once and turning restricts shapes to rounds. The document concludes that mass production helps Kelantan potters meet consumer demand while reducing costs.
IRJET- Mitigation of Effect of Sulphate in Lime Stabilized Marine ClayIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on mitigating the effect of sulphate in lime stabilized marine clay. Marine clay samples were collected from Cochin, India and treated with varying concentrations of lime and additives like sodium sulphate and barium hydroxide. Tests were conducted to determine the sulphate content, unconfined compression strength, liquid limit, plastic limit, free swell index, and specific gravity of the treated soil samples. The study aims to understand how barium hydroxide can reduce the long-term deleterious effects of sulphate on lime-treated marine clays.
The document describes a final mosaic art project above a vase. It includes the design concept, views of the final product, and details of the design development process. The concept is about the glory of life in Islam and how it is represented through Egyptian motifs. Sketches and motifs explored include lotus blossoms, rivers, and calligraphy. The final design is a mosaic placed above a painted vase depicting these motifs.
This design was inspired by two things: the beautiful ghazel flower popular in Russian ornaments and the eagle, which resembles strength in Russia. The concept is to show the courage of a fighter despite delicate surroundings. Views of the product include the front view where all motifs can be seen.
More Related Content
Similar to Project 2. Exploration on Ceramic in Cambodia (Semester 2, 20162017)
This document discusses the production of terracotta roof tiles. Clay is the ceramic material used, which contains aluminium silicates and crystalline silica. The manufacturing process of terracotta roof tiles involves preparing the clay material, screening, extruding, molding, drying, firing, and packaging. Terreal Malaysia is a local company that produces high quality terracotta roof tiles through processes like extrusion and uses ceramic injection molding as an alternative method.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for manufacturing five clay-based technologies: the Zeer water cooler, clay refrigerator, improved clay stove, Mubkhar stove, and Kisra clay stove. It was created by Practical Action Sudan in collaboration with pottery associations in Al Fashir and Gemayer. The document begins by outlining tests for clay quality and methods for preparing clay mixtures. It then details the production process for each technology, thanking the contributing pottery associations. Drawings are included to illustrate sizes. The goal is to support pottery associations in manufacturing these technologies locally.
vernacular architecture and the different materials of construction used in the regions of India. Terracotta, ceramic, and many more.
Also, the Construction Techniques Using Earth Material in this region.
This document summarizes a comparative study of local building materials in Swabi region, including mud, concrete blocks, bricks, stone, and plastic bottles. Mud is a traditional material that is cheap and easily available, but requires maintenance. Concrete blocks are commonly used due to low cost and availability, though production causes pollution. Bricks production also significantly pollutes the air. Stone is clean and sustainable but heavy. Plastic bottles can be reused in building to reduce waste while engaging the community in a cheap, locally sourced construction method.
This document is a student's chemistry assignment on materials produced in industry. It focuses on glass and ceramic materials. It defines glass as a mixture of metal silicates formed when silica is melted with other substances like metal oxides. The main types discussed are fused glass, soda-lime glass, and borosilicate glass. Soda-lime glass, made from silica, limestone, sodium carbonate and recycled glass, is the most common. The document also outlines the chemical reactions and properties of different glasses.
Manufacturing of tiles, Manufacturing of tilesselwynbabu2
The manufacturing of tiles involves 4 key steps: 1) preparation of clay by removing impurities and grinding, 2) moulding the clay into shapes using wood or mechanical molds, 3) drying the molded tiles in the shade for 2 days, and 4) burning the tiles in kilns at increasing temperatures up to 1300°C over 72 hours to complete the process.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks which includes 4 main steps: 1) Preparation of clay or brick earth which involves selecting raw materials, removing impurities from soil, weathering and blending the clay. 2) Moulding of bricks which can be done by hand or machine to give the clay its shape. 3) Drying of bricks which can be done naturally by exposing them to air and sun or artificially in controlled drying chambers. 4) Burning of bricks which hardens them and is done either in open air clamp structures or controlled kilns at high temperatures.
العمارة الطينية في العالم العربي هل هي جيدة.pdfamadhor
Architect magazine last issue middle east snap acapella sad dance on flamboyant style vs Germany ag she ruined his diet Bak so let's invade iraq Abu do you have a picture for a commercial residential tower with a Hadrami style vs Germany ag she ruined
Composition of good brick earth
Harmful ingredients in brick earth
Classification of brick earth
Manufacture of bricks
Comparison between clamp burning & kiln burning
Quality of good bricks
Test for bricks
Classification of bricks
Colours of bricks
Size and weight of bricks
Shape of bricks
Fire-clays
Fire-bricks
Sand-lime or calcium silicate bricks
The document discusses the manufacturing process of bricks which involves several steps: (1) Preparation of clay by removing impurities and weathering, (2) Tempering the clay to make it plastic, (3) Molding bricks by hand or machine, (4) Drying the bricks to remove moisture, (5) Burning the bricks in kilns to harden them, and (6) Setting, packaging, and transporting the finished bricks for distribution. The key ingredients in brick making are silica and alumina found in clay. Proper preparation and processing of the clay is important to produce high quality bricks.
This document provides information about ceramics vases, including their history, materials, manufacturing process, and a local manufacturer in Malaysia called CLAYTAN. It discusses that vases are typically made from ceramic materials through a process involving clay preparation, shaping, drying, bisque firing, glaze application, glaze firing, and possible decoration. CLAYTAN is highlighted as a pioneer ceramic company in Malaysia that produces a variety of ceramic products including sanitaryware, tableware, and artware.
This document discusses fire bricks and sand lime bricks. It covers what they are, their ingredients, manufacturing processes, types/classifications, uses, and masonry/how to use them.
Fire bricks are made primarily to withstand high temperatures and contain silica, alumina, and other oxides. Their manufacturing process involves selection of materials, preparation, molding, drying, and firing. Sand lime bricks contain sand, lime, and water and are made through a similar process.
The document compares the ingredients and properties of fire bricks and sand lime bricks. It also discusses common defects in bricks and classifications based on quality.
The document discusses bricks, including their composition, manufacturing process, types, and testing. It can be summarized as:
1. Bricks are made from clay and are manufactured through processes of preparation, molding, drying, and burning. This gives them strength and durability for construction uses.
2. Good brick composition includes appropriate amounts of clay, silt, and silica without harmful ingredients like lime. The manufacturing process involves shaping the clay and firing the bricks to high temperatures.
3. Bricks are tested for qualities like strength, water absorption, and efflorescence to ensure they meet standards for construction projects. Proper testing verifies the brick quality and suitability for different building applications.
1) The document is a workbook about making lanterns using the art of origami and washi paper. It includes sections on the history of washi paper in Japan, case studies, design development, materials, techniques, and the final product.
2) The case study section looks at cherry blossoms, origami, and wagasa (Japanese umbrellas) as inspirations for the lantern design. Several design ideas are sketched.
3) The techniques section explains the multi-step process of making the washi paper and constructing the lantern using folding methods like accordion folds to create triangular structures.
This document provides information on clays and their use in pottery. It discusses the key types of clays used, including kaolin, ball clay, fire clay, and stoneware clays. It describes the physical and chemical transformations clays undergo during drying and firing, as well as the characteristics and properties of different clay bodies. The document also gives an overview of the history and types of pottery, and explains the stages involved in pottery making from forming greenware to bisque firing and glaze firing.
This document provides information about bricks and brick making processes. It discusses the history and importance of bricks in construction. It describes the traditional process of making bricks, including procuring clay, tempering, moulding, drying, firing, and sorting. It discusses different types of brick kilns used in firing bricks, including intermittent kilns like clamps and downdraft kilns, as well as continuous kilns like bull trench kilns, zig-zag kilns, and vertical shaft brick kilns, which are more efficient through heat recovery. The document provides context about the brick making industry in India.
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This document summarizes a study on the mass production techniques used in Kelantan traditional pottery in Malaysia. It begins with an introduction to pottery and the history of Malay pottery. It then describes the researcher's visit to four pottery centers in Kelantan where they observed the mass production process. This involves creating plaster prototypes on a turning wheel, using those to make molds, slip casting clay mixtures into the molds, drying, decorating, and firing the pieces. The limitations of this process are that the plaster prototypes can only be used once and turning restricts shapes to rounds. The document concludes that mass production helps Kelantan potters meet consumer demand while reducing costs.
IRJET- Mitigation of Effect of Sulphate in Lime Stabilized Marine ClayIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on mitigating the effect of sulphate in lime stabilized marine clay. Marine clay samples were collected from Cochin, India and treated with varying concentrations of lime and additives like sodium sulphate and barium hydroxide. Tests were conducted to determine the sulphate content, unconfined compression strength, liquid limit, plastic limit, free swell index, and specific gravity of the treated soil samples. The study aims to understand how barium hydroxide can reduce the long-term deleterious effects of sulphate on lime-treated marine clays.
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The document describes a final mosaic art project above a vase. It includes the design concept, views of the final product, and details of the design development process. The concept is about the glory of life in Islam and how it is represented through Egyptian motifs. Sketches and motifs explored include lotus blossoms, rivers, and calligraphy. The final design is a mosaic placed above a painted vase depicting these motifs.
This design was inspired by two things: the beautiful ghazel flower popular in Russian ornaments and the eagle, which resembles strength in Russia. The concept is to show the courage of a fighter despite delicate surroundings. Views of the product include the front view where all motifs can be seen.
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Project 2. Exploration on Ceramic in Cambodia (Semester 2, 20162017)
1. EXPLORATION ON CERAMIC MATERIALS, THE MAKING
CAMBODIA
PROCESS AND PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES
PROJECT 2
AIDO
C B
MA
LECTURER : ASST. PROF. DR. SHAMZANI AFFENDY MOHD DIN
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ART & DESIGN
KULLIYYAH OF ARCHITECTURE & ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
AAD 3200 CONSERVATION, SEMESTER 2, 2015/2016
NURUL AQILA AHAMAD KAMAL 1412832
PRESENTED ON: 3RD APRIL 2017 (WEEK 9: MONDAY)
1
2. Contents
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Ceramic
2.0 Background History: Cambodia
2.1 History of Cambodia
2.2 Culture of Cambodia
2.3 Timeline of Ceramic in Cambodia
3.0 Materials and Tools Pottery Making
3.1 Materials for Pottery Making
3.2 Tools of for Pottery Making
4.0 Methods & Techniques for Pottery Making
5.0 Detail Research: Case Study Pottery Motif in
Cambodia
6.0 Application of Stone Carving in Cambodia
7.0 Case Study on Conservation and Restoration of
Ceramic
8.0 Conclusion
9.0 References
CONTENTS
2
4. • The word “ceramic”
means “land potter”,
“clay”.
• An object made from
clay, suffered
irreversible
physicochemical
transformation during its
high temperature cooking.
INTRODUCTION CERAMIC1.0
Fig 1. Clay making.
Source: Hcalkins (2013) 4
6. INTRODUCTION CERAMIC1.0
THE-ART CERAMICS:
Which neglects the utility
function to focus on the
decorative value.
We can distinguish three categories of
ceramics:
2
Fig 3. Chris Antemann - 'Topiary'.
Source: Kick Style (2012)
6
7. INTRODUCTION CERAMIC1.0
TECHNICAL CERAMICS:
With new properties is
particularly developed in the
twentieth century, they are
found in medical- applications,
sanitary, industrial or
electronics.
We can distinguish three categories of
ceramics:
3
Fig 4. Advanced technical ceramics.
Source: Kick Style (2012)7
9. • Cambodia is a country in Southeast Asia that
borders the Gulf of Thailand.
• Neighbouring countries include Laos, Thailand,
and Vietnam.
CAMBODIAHISTORY2.0
Capital PHNOM PENH
Land Area 181,035 sq.km
Population 13.81 Million (2006 est.)
Language Khmer
Currency Riel (US$1 = 4000 Riels)
Major Export
Products
Garments/Textile Product, Sawn Wood
Furniture and Rubber
Major
Industries
Textiles and Garments, Beverage, Food
Processing, Wood Processing
Head of
State
His Majesty Samdech Preah Baromneath
Norodom Sihamoni
9
11. CAMBODIAHISTORY2.0
• Cambodia, which is physically located in
Southeast Asia, covers an area of 181,035
sq km (69,898 sq mi).
• Cambodia is a member of the
Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN).
• Total population is 13, 81 million. Ninety
percent of residents are Khmer, and the
remnants of these are Chinese, Vietnamese,
Indian, Thai, Phnorng, Kuoy, Stineng, Tamil, etc.
11
14. CAMBODIAHISTORY2.0
• Theravada Buddhism is the official
prevailing religion in Cambodia, and
approximately ninety percent of the
population is Buddhists.
• The most important cultural symbol is the
ancient Khmer temple Angkor Wat, along
with the ancient Khmer Empire and its
monumental antiquities.
• The country also has minority religions such as Islam, Hinduism
and Christianity which Muslims, Hindus and Christians believe in.
14
16. CAMBODIAPOTTERY2.0
• Cambodian pottery traditions date to 5000
BCE.
• Ceramics were mostly used for domestic
purposes such as holding food and water.
• Many pieces are hand-turned and fired on
an open fire without glaze.
• The country's major center for pottery is
Kompong Chhnang Province
16
18. TIMELINECAMBODIA’SPOTTERY2.0
• Some of the earliest Khmer pottery remains found in
the country date back to 5000 BCE. However, the
ceramics of the Khmer empire are believed to have
started being produced in the 9th Century.
• The ceramics are of extremely good quality and
were produced in high volumes during the 11th
and 12th centuries, especially around the kilns at
Mout Kulen near Angkor.
• Unfortunately, because of the destruction of central
government control and increasingly chaotic
conditions, production of Khmer ceramics ceased by
the end of 13th Century.
18
21. MATERIALSMAKINGPOTTERY3.1
• Phnom Dey Meas: Literally translates as gold/golden
earth mountain.
• This is the source of most of the clay used in the area
for making the ancient traditional Khmer cooking
stove fire boxes, Chongkran, and the many designs
of low fired traditional cooking pots.
• Digging the clay: Each pot-making family has its
own “claim” and works/excavates its clay by digging
in to the mountain.
This is dangerous work and because cave-ins occur excavation of clay is
usually only undertaken during the dry season when the ground is more
stable. The dry season is also the most productive pot production time as
the women are not engaged in rice planting/harvesting duties away from
the home.
21
24. 4.0 METHOD & TECHNIQUES
For POTTERY MAKING in CAMBODIA.
24
25. METHODSMAKINGPOTTERY4.1
• Khmer potters used two potting techniques:
1. The pottery wheel on which the clay pot is thrown.
A potter's wheel is a machine used in the shaping of
round ceramic ware (known as throwing) where
pottery was handmade by methods that included
coiling and beating.
Fig 10. Pottery Wheel.
Source: Khmer Potter (2016)25
26. METHODSMAKINGPOTTERY4.1
• Khmer potters used two potting techniques:
2. Paddle and Anvil Technique
Paddle and Anvil technique is where the clay was
shaped by pounding it between two objects, the
anvil held on one hand and a paddle in the other
Fig11. The bowl-shaped base is paddled
against a stone anvil held on the inside
of the vessel. Paddling consolidates the
clay and thins the vessel walls.
Source: Beyond History (2005)
26
27. TECHNIQUESMAKINGPOTTERY4.2
• There are five steps process of pottery
making in Cambodia:
STEP ONE: PREPARATION OF THE CLAY
1. Preparation of
the Clay
2. Moulding the
clay
3. Biscuit
4. Glazing
5. Final Firing
• The clay is transferred into vats or large
traditional pots filled with water. This allows all
the sediment, such as leaves and stones, to sink
and settle at the bottom of the vase.
• The cleansed clay is then wrapped in cloth
bags and hung, to allow the water to drain
naturally. When needed, the clay is then
removed from the bag and further dried under
the sun.
27
28. TECHNIQUESMAKINGPOTTERY4.2
STEP ONE: PREPARATION OF THE CLAY
Fig 13. The cleansed clay is then wrapped in cloth bags.
Source: Nom Living (2016)
Fig 12. Traditional
pots filled with water.
Source: Nom Living
(2016)
28
29. TECHNIQUESMAKINGPOTTERY4.2
• There are five steps process of pottery
making in Cambodia:
STEP TWO: MOULDING THE CLAY
1. Preparation of
the Clay
2. Moulding the
clay
3. Biscuit
4. Glazing
5. Final Firing
• Three different types of clay are kneaded
together to create a mix that has the correct
concentration and consistency for shaping.
• The clay mix is then moulded by hand or
thrown by the artisan on a potters wheel to our
design.
29
31. TECHNIQUESMAKINGPOTTERY4.2
• There are five steps process of pottery
making in Cambodia:
STEP THREE: BISCUIT
1. Preparation of
the Clay
2. Moulding the
clay
3. Biscuit
4. Glazing
5. Final Firing
• The shaped clay is then left to dry, in
preparation for its first firing. Once ready
these are placed into a low temperature
Wood Burning Kiln.
• When the temperature reaches 800 degrees
C, the kiln is sealed with bricks to maintain this
temperature. The moulded clay is then fired for
up to 12 hours, this is called biscuit firing.
31
33. TECHNIQUESMAKINGPOTTERY4.2
• There are five steps process of pottery
making in Cambodia:
STEP FOUR: GLAZING
1. Preparation of
the Clay
2. Moulding the
clay
3. Biscuit
4. Glazing
5. Final Firing
• Our natural glazes are obtained from
mountain stones and charcoal ash. This is
ground into a fine powder, then filtered with
water for 4 weeks, to remove any sediment or
acidity.
• Once ready, the powders are mixed together
along with water in varying amounts, to create
the differing shades. The biscuit fired pottery is
then dipped into the glaze and left to dry for
four hours.
33
35. TECHNIQUESMAKINGPOTTERY4.2
• There are five steps process of pottery
making in Cambodia:
STEP FIVE: FINAL FIRING
1. Preparation of
the Clay
2. Moulding the
clay
3. Biscuit
4. Glazing
5. Final Firing
• The dipped pottery will then be placed into a gas
fired kiln, at extreme high temperatures of up to
1200 ºc, for a further 12 hours. The melted glaze
will have reacted to the clay, to create a unique
effect.
• After the firing, the pottery would be left in the kiln
to cool for a further 12 hours. The twice fired clay
has now reduced in size by almost 25%, requiring
the artisan to maintain a high level of planning and
accuracy during the entire process.
35
36. TECHNIQUESMAKINGPOTTERY4.2
STEP FIVE: FINAL FIRING
Fig 18. The finished pottery
Source: Nom Living (2016)
Fig 17. The dipped pottery will then be
placed into fired kiln.
Source: Nom Living (2016)
36
38. MOTIF5.0 IN CAMBODIA POTTERY
• The leaves of the lotus are completely dirt- and
water-repellent which led to the reputation as a
symbol of purity, fidelity, creativity and
enlightenment.
• Quite common around Cambodia, the Lotus Flower
is usually used to decorate homes and as
offerings.
• Cambodian only used one motif in their pottery
making which is lotus.
• Even in mythology of the Khmer times and the
kingdom of Cambodia the flower is of special
importance. Numerous reliefs in Angkor show
evidence of Apsara dancers on lotuses.
38
39. MOTIF5.0 IN CAMBODIA POTTERY
39
Fig 19. Lotus Flower
Source: Verbosa (2015)
Fig 20. Aksara Dancer.
Source: Verbosa (2015)
40. MOTIF5.0 IN CAMBODIA POTTERY
40
Fig 21. Lotus Flower Shaped Vase
Source: Aksara (2014)
Fig 22. Lotus Motif on Pottery Cup.
Source: Aksara (2014)
42. SIMPLE MOTIF5.1 CAMBODIA POTTERY
• The vase are usually unglazed.
• There is ribbed decoration at the base of
the neck.
• The body usually adorned with simple
floral motif which is lotus motif.
• An elegant form with rounded body,
tapering neck and flared top.
42
43. SIMPLE MOTIF5.1 CAMBODIA POTTERY
Fig 23. Carved Angkor Area Vase
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
Fig 25. Angkor AreaVase.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
Fig 24. This Angkor Area vase was
made in a woodfired kiln.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014) 43
44. MODERATE MOTIFCAMBODIA5.2
• Some unique Khmer features such as the
multi-tier knobs and mouth.
• Usually have 2 pieces put together and
have a supporter under the vase.
• The body usually were carved with floral
motif which is lotus.
44
45. MODERATE MOTIFCAMBODIA5.2
Fig 26. A traditional Cambodian
wedding gift.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
Fig 27. A lit candle placed under the
carved cover.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
45
47. COMPLEX MOTIFCAMBODIA5.3
• Unique Khmer pots in animal form.
• The zoomorphic forms included
elephant, owl, human face, cat,
rabbit, wild boar and etc.
• Both light green and dark brown glaze
types were produced.
47
48. COMPLEX MOTIFCAMBODIA
Fig 30. Khmer pottery of smiling man sitting on a
friendly looking dragon, holding his cupped hands
out in a blessing.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
5.3
Fig 31. Elephant shape vase which has scenario on its body.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
48
49. COMPLEX MOTIFCAMBODIA5.3
Fig 32. Bird-looking shape of vase which has
leaf motif on its body.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
Fig 33. Lime-paste Jar In Form Of A Rabbit, With Lid
Stoneware with iron pigment under wood-ash glaze .
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
49
51. APPLICATIONPOTTERY6.0
OLD APPLICATION - TILES
Fig 34. Ancient Ceramic Tiles.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
Fig 35. Apsara Tiles.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
51
52. APPLICATIONPOTTERY6.0
OLD APPLICATION - VASE
Fig 36. Bottle (neck missing) with unrelated
lid 11th-12th century Angkor period
Stoneware with wood-ash and iron glazes H:
23.6 W: 9.1 D: 16.1 cm Cambodia.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
Fig 37. Jar in the Shape of a Fruit, 1100s
Cambodia, 12th Century.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)52
53. APPLICATIONPOTTERY6.0
OLD APPLICATION - JEWELRY
Fig 38. Woman's Ring.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
Fig 39. Earring & Necklace set.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
53
54. APPLICATIONPOTTERY6.0
OLD APPLICATION – OIL BURNER
Fig 41. Unglazed oil burner.
Source: Angkor Pottery Centre (2014)
Fig 40. This oil
burner was buried
for years before
being fired, giving
the piece the look of
an ancient artifact.
Source: Angkor
Pottery Centre
(2014)
54
55. APPLICATIONPOTTERY6.0
MODERN – VASE & CUP
Fig 42. Elephant Mug
Source: Khmer Ceramics (2016)
Fig 43. Lotus Green Vase.
Source: Khmer Ceramics (2016)
55
58. RESTORATIONCERAMIC7.0
• Over-restoration leads to a false impression of
a pot, so we are careful when reassembling
pottery to make restoration clearly
distinguishable from the original and to use
adhesives which have good aging properties,
are reversible, and will show little color change
as they age.
58
• Sometimes "gap fill" materials are required to
provide structural stability - without these added
materials the reassembled pot cannot be
handled safely.
‘Gap Fill’ : Epoxy
59. RESTORATIONCERAMIC7.0
59
1. A pottery shred should always be held on at
least two edges.
2. Fill materials must be reversible and isolated
from the original pottery fabric.
3. Fills should be appear different from the
original pottery fabric both under visible light
examination and when the pot is x-rayed.
• In this case we adopt 3 basic principles:
‘In general, for low-fired archaeological pottery
use a cellulose-modified gypsum filler such as
Polyfilla, often applied over a support mesh.’
60. RESTORATIONCERAMIC7.0
ANCIENT POTTERY VESSEL RESTORATION
• This antique vessel came to the restoration studio
in a very bad broken state.
• The owner, a collector from Italy, informed that it
was a classical antiquity.
• The vessel needed to be restored and yet retain
it's age and time “scars.”
• All cemented lines needed to be grooved to then
be filled with a hard and porous material.
60
62. RESTORATIONCERAMIC7.0
ANCIENT POTTERY VESSEL RESTORATION
Fig 47. Antique pot top
part cemented.
Fig 48. Antique pot
bottom part cemented.
Source: Lake Side
Pottery (2012)
Fig 50. Reenforcement
coating on the inside.
Fig 51. Attached bottom
and top parts.
Fig 49. Inside wall of
ancient pot parts glued .
Fig 52. Filler and stain tests.
Source: Lake Side Pottery (2012)
1
4
2 3
5 6
62
63. RESTORATIONCERAMIC7.0
ANCIENT POTTERY VESSEL RESTORATION
Fig 53. Mix natural
pigments with filler.
Fig 56. Filler sanded down.
Fig 54. One piece is
missing.
Fig 57. Filler stain
layering coloring tutorial.
Fig 55. Missing piece made
out of fired clay.
Source: Lake Side Pottery (2012)
7 8 9
10 11
63
64. RESTORATIONCERAMIC7.0
ANCIENT POTTERY VESSEL RESTORATION
Fig 58. Very broken
ancient vessel.
Source: Lake Side Pottery
(20162)
Fig 59. Completed restoration.
Source: Lake Side Pottery (20162)
BEFORE
AFTER
64
66. CONCLUSION8.0
• In Cambodia, most of the pottery were made into earthenware,
which mostly were used for domestic purpose such as holding
food and water.
• The motif carved are usually simple and most of the motif are
based on floral design.
• However, between the 11th and 13th centuries, the making of
ceramic on the shapes of animals like birds, elephants, rabbits,
and other animals were popular.
• In rural Cambodia, traditional pottery methods remained. Many
pieces are hand-turned and fired on an open fire without glaze.
• In modern Cambodia, the art of glazed ceramics faded into
oblivion: the technique of stoneware stop to be used around 14th
century, at the end of Angkor era.
• Today this technique begin a slow revival through a Belgian
ceramist who founded the Khmer Ceramics & Fine Arts Center, in
Siem Reap, the organization lead vocational training and
researches regarding this lost skill.66
68. REFERENCES9.0
• Finlay, R. (2010). The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Sarjeant, C. (2014). Contextualising the neolithic occupation of
Southern Vietnam: the role of ceramics and potters at An Son.
Canberra, A.C.T.: ANU Press.
• Stark, M. T., Evans, D., Rachna, C., Piphal, H., & Carter, A. (2015).
Residential patterning at Angkor Wat. Antiquity, 89(348), 1439-1455.
doi:10.15184/aqy.2015.159
• Ancient Pottery Vessel Restoration. (2012). Retrieved April 01, 2017,
from http://www.lakesidepottery.com/Pages/Pottery-tips/ancient-
pottery-repair-and-restoration-studio.html
• Ceramic & Pottery Tools & Supplies. (2014). Retrieved April 01, 2017,
from http://www.bigceramicstore.com/tools-supplies.html
• How It's Made: Journey To The Ceramic Source. (2016). Retrieved April
01, 2017, from https://nomliving.com/blogs/thingswedo/journey-to-
the-ceramic-source
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