I pannelli fotovoltaici sono dispositivi basati sulla fisica che sfruttano l'energia solare per generare elettricità in modo sostenibile. L'uso di pannelli fotovoltaici rappresenta anche un esempio di responsabilità civica ed ecologica, in quanto contribuisce alla riduzione dell'impatto ambientale e alla promozione di fonti di energia rinnovabile.
Come funziona un impianto fotovoltaico? A chi conviene un impianto fotovoltaico? In pochi minuti viene spiegati in modo chiaro e semplice il funzionamento degli impianto fotocoltaici.
This document is a seminar report on a solar mobile charger presented by Akash Manna. It discusses the working principle of photovoltaic cells in generating electricity from sunlight and describes the manufacturing process of solar cells. The report focuses on the design and specifications of a solar mobile charger unit developed that can charge a 6V battery from sunlight and step it down to 5V to charge a mobile phone. It concludes by noting the advantages of solar chargers in powering portable electronics from renewable solar energy.
This presentation talks about solar energy status and development in Saudi Arabia and basics of solar energy (Photovoltaics) and its economics. Developed on 30/4/2016
The document summarizes how photovoltaic (PV) solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process used to make PV cells from silicon wafers. Finally, it covers common applications of solar PV systems and some advantages and disadvantages of the technology.
The document discusses solar photovoltaics (PV) including the physics of PV generation, different PV technologies like silicon and thin film, emerging technologies, environmental and economic aspects, and the current and future scenarios in India and globally. It explains that while PV is one of the cleanest forms of energy, high initial costs have slowed widespread commercialization but prices have declined significantly over time and further reductions could enable grid parity.
The document analyzes various factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses factors experimentally shown to influence PV module performance such as cable thickness, temperature, shadows, dust particles, charge controllers, and solar cell IV characteristics. It also discusses factors theoretically shown to affect performance such as environmental and operating conditions, solar radiation, spectrum effects, degradation, air mass flow, maximum power point tracking, inverter efficiency, and battery efficiency. The document presents experimental results measuring the effects of these factors on voltage, current, and output power of a PV system over time. It concludes that PV module performance depends on environmental conditions like temperature, irradiation, dust, and shadows.
Come funziona un impianto fotovoltaico? A chi conviene un impianto fotovoltaico? In pochi minuti viene spiegati in modo chiaro e semplice il funzionamento degli impianto fotocoltaici.
This document is a seminar report on a solar mobile charger presented by Akash Manna. It discusses the working principle of photovoltaic cells in generating electricity from sunlight and describes the manufacturing process of solar cells. The report focuses on the design and specifications of a solar mobile charger unit developed that can charge a 6V battery from sunlight and step it down to 5V to charge a mobile phone. It concludes by noting the advantages of solar chargers in powering portable electronics from renewable solar energy.
This presentation talks about solar energy status and development in Saudi Arabia and basics of solar energy (Photovoltaics) and its economics. Developed on 30/4/2016
The document summarizes how photovoltaic (PV) solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process used to make PV cells from silicon wafers. Finally, it covers common applications of solar PV systems and some advantages and disadvantages of the technology.
The document discusses solar photovoltaics (PV) including the physics of PV generation, different PV technologies like silicon and thin film, emerging technologies, environmental and economic aspects, and the current and future scenarios in India and globally. It explains that while PV is one of the cleanest forms of energy, high initial costs have slowed widespread commercialization but prices have declined significantly over time and further reductions could enable grid parity.
The document analyzes various factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses factors experimentally shown to influence PV module performance such as cable thickness, temperature, shadows, dust particles, charge controllers, and solar cell IV characteristics. It also discusses factors theoretically shown to affect performance such as environmental and operating conditions, solar radiation, spectrum effects, degradation, air mass flow, maximum power point tracking, inverter efficiency, and battery efficiency. The document presents experimental results measuring the effects of these factors on voltage, current, and output power of a PV system over time. It concludes that PV module performance depends on environmental conditions like temperature, irradiation, dust, and shadows.
Triple junction based high efficiency tandem solar cellsPritam Rath
Triple junction tandem solar cells have very high efficiencies of up to 60% for satellites and 85% in the lab. This is much higher than conventional silicon solar cells that are only around 20% efficient. However, the high cost of $2.48/cm2 currently limits their commercial use to space applications, and research is ongoing to reduce the price. The cells work by using three different semiconductor materials stacked together to convert more of the solar spectrum into electricity compared to single material cells.
This seminar presentation provides an overview of nuclear batteries. It discusses the need for reliable, long-lasting power sources and how nuclear batteries address this need. The presentation covers the historical development of nuclear batteries, including early experiments in the 1950s. It then explains the two main energy production mechanisms - betavoltaics which uses beta particles and direct charging generators which use alpha particles. Key factors in fuel selection like half-life and cost are also outlined. The presentation concludes by discussing applications of nuclear batteries in areas like space, medicine, and remote sensors and their advantages of long lifespan and high energy density.
An opto-electric nuclear battery is a device that converts nuclear energy into light, which it then uses to generate electrical energy. A beta-emitter such as technetium-99 or strontium-90 is suspended in a gas or liquid containing luminescent gas molecules of the excimer type, constituting a "dust plasma." This permits a nearly lossless emission of beta electrons from the emitting dust particles
Nuclear batteries use the incredible amount of energy released naturally by tiny bits of radio active material without any fission or fusion taking place inside the battery. These devices use thin radioactive films that pack in energy at densities thousands of times greater than those of lithium-ion batteries. Because of the high energy density nuclear batteries are extremely small in size. Considering the small size and shape of the battery the scientists who developed that battery fancifully call it as "DAINTIEST DYNAMO". The word 'dainty' means pretty.
Multi-junction solar cells use multiple semiconductor materials with different bandgaps stacked together to absorb a wider range of the solar spectrum and achieve higher efficiencies than single-material solar cells. They are fabricated using techniques like metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy and molecular beam epitaxy to precisely control the growth of each layer for optimal bandgap and lattice matching. Current multi-junction cells can achieve efficiencies over 40% and are used in space applications, though high costs have limited terrestrial use primarily to concentrated photovoltaics. Further efficiency improvements may come from new materials like quantum dots, optimizing existing layer designs, and increasing the number of junctions to finer divide the solar spectrum.
The document discusses organic semiconductors and their operation in organic solar cells. It describes how organic materials can act as conductors when their molecular structure forms alternating single and double bonds. The source of free electrons in these materials is pi bonds between carbon atoms. When light is absorbed in the materials, excitons are formed which are electron-hole pairs. At the interface between an organic donor material and an organic acceptor material in a solar cell, the excitons can dissociate into free charge carriers. However, the charges remain bound as polarons which need to be separated by an external voltage before being transported to the electrodes.
This document discusses grid integration challenges with increasing renewable energy and provides solutions. Grid integration of photovoltaics can cause voltage band and thermal limit violations. Traditional solutions involve increasing cable size but new solutions include demand side management, local energy management systems, low voltage transformer tap changing, and reactive power control from inverters. Proper grid planning is now a multi-criteria optimization problem that considers both traditional grid reinforcements and intelligent control solutions.
Solar energy can be harnessed using technologies like solar heating, photovoltaics, and concentrating solar power. There are two main types - passive solar, which uses sunlight without external mechanical power, and active solar, which uses mechanical or electrical power. Solar energy can be directly converted to electricity via photovoltaic panels or indirectly via solar thermal collectors that capture heat. Large solar power plants use thousands of solar panels or mirrors to generate electricity on a utility scale. Solar energy can be stored using batteries in off-grid homes or by feeding excess electricity to the grid via net metering.
Essentially there are 3 types of Li-ion battery cell (Cylindrical, Prismatic and Prismatic Pouch).
The documents aims to provide a simple comparative between the 3 types.
This document discusses organic solar cells as a more efficient and flexible alternative to traditional silicon solar cells. Organic solar cells are constructed using a hybrid of cadmium selenide nano-rods dispersed in an organic polymer layer sandwiched between electrodes. The nano-rods absorb sunlight and produce electron-hole pairs, which are conducted through the polymer layer to the electrodes to generate electricity. Organic solar cells have advantages over traditional cells in that they are more efficient, compact, lightweight, flexible, inexpensive to produce, and can harness invisible light. However, they currently have shorter lifespans and require more maintenance than conventional cells.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. P-type semiconductors have extra holes which act as positive charge carriers. N-type semiconductors have extra free electrons which act as negative charge carriers.
2. In a solar cell, photons from sunlight knock electrons loose from the semiconductor material (e.g. silicon). This creates an imbalance between the n-type and p-type materials. The p-n junction acts like a diode, allowing the electrons to flow in one direction through an external circuit producing a current.
3. An inverter is important because photovoltaic cells produce direct current (DC) electricity but buildings use alternating current (AC). The inverter changes the DC
Shows brief explanation of Photovoltaic energy, Advantages, disadvantages, probability in the philippines and other solar related invention and farms throughout the world.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.[1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels. In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts
This document outlines plans to install a 15 kW off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) power system in the remote village of Rantau Tipu, Indonesia. The system would provide electricity to 118 homes using solar panels, batteries, a solar charge controller, and inverter. It is estimated the system would generate an average of 61,383 kWh of electricity per year, allowing homes to be illuminated in the evenings. An energy management system would be included to restrict usage and ensure sustainability of the power supply. Off-grid solar is presented as an affordable and reliable solution to electrify remote areas without access to centralized grid infrastructure.
The document discusses processing of advanced two-stage CIGS solar cells. It describes how a two-stage process with copper gallium selenide (CGS) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) layers deposited in multiple thin cycles can increase throughput for commercial manufacturing. The author fabricated solar cells using a multi-source evaporator and tested different selenium flux monitoring, growth recipes, and copper cutoff times to optimize device performance. Key parameters like metal/III ratios, grain structure, and composition gradients were characterized.
Multiple Energy Storage Technologies are being developed & are maturing, Gensol did an analysis of 1635 Energy Storage Projects developed globally to come up with which technology has captured market share.
The presentation also has multiple case studies.
The document summarizes nuclear batteries, which directly convert heat from radioactive isotopes into electrical energy. There are two main types - thermal converters, which use temperature differences, and non-thermal converters, which extract energy as it degrades into heat. Key thermal converters include thermionic converters, radioisotope thermoelectric generators, and thermoelectric cells. Non-thermal converters include direct charging generators, betavoltaics (using beta particles), and optoelectronics. Promising isotopes identified for nuclear batteries include plutonium-238, curium-242, and polonium-210 due to their long lifespans and low shielding needs. Potential applications include uses in space, medical devices,
Triple junction based high efficiency tandem solar cellsPritam Rath
Triple junction tandem solar cells have very high efficiencies of up to 60% for satellites and 85% in the lab. This is much higher than conventional silicon solar cells that are only around 20% efficient. However, the high cost of $2.48/cm2 currently limits their commercial use to space applications, and research is ongoing to reduce the price. The cells work by using three different semiconductor materials stacked together to convert more of the solar spectrum into electricity compared to single material cells.
This seminar presentation provides an overview of nuclear batteries. It discusses the need for reliable, long-lasting power sources and how nuclear batteries address this need. The presentation covers the historical development of nuclear batteries, including early experiments in the 1950s. It then explains the two main energy production mechanisms - betavoltaics which uses beta particles and direct charging generators which use alpha particles. Key factors in fuel selection like half-life and cost are also outlined. The presentation concludes by discussing applications of nuclear batteries in areas like space, medicine, and remote sensors and their advantages of long lifespan and high energy density.
An opto-electric nuclear battery is a device that converts nuclear energy into light, which it then uses to generate electrical energy. A beta-emitter such as technetium-99 or strontium-90 is suspended in a gas or liquid containing luminescent gas molecules of the excimer type, constituting a "dust plasma." This permits a nearly lossless emission of beta electrons from the emitting dust particles
Nuclear batteries use the incredible amount of energy released naturally by tiny bits of radio active material without any fission or fusion taking place inside the battery. These devices use thin radioactive films that pack in energy at densities thousands of times greater than those of lithium-ion batteries. Because of the high energy density nuclear batteries are extremely small in size. Considering the small size and shape of the battery the scientists who developed that battery fancifully call it as "DAINTIEST DYNAMO". The word 'dainty' means pretty.
Multi-junction solar cells use multiple semiconductor materials with different bandgaps stacked together to absorb a wider range of the solar spectrum and achieve higher efficiencies than single-material solar cells. They are fabricated using techniques like metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy and molecular beam epitaxy to precisely control the growth of each layer for optimal bandgap and lattice matching. Current multi-junction cells can achieve efficiencies over 40% and are used in space applications, though high costs have limited terrestrial use primarily to concentrated photovoltaics. Further efficiency improvements may come from new materials like quantum dots, optimizing existing layer designs, and increasing the number of junctions to finer divide the solar spectrum.
The document discusses organic semiconductors and their operation in organic solar cells. It describes how organic materials can act as conductors when their molecular structure forms alternating single and double bonds. The source of free electrons in these materials is pi bonds between carbon atoms. When light is absorbed in the materials, excitons are formed which are electron-hole pairs. At the interface between an organic donor material and an organic acceptor material in a solar cell, the excitons can dissociate into free charge carriers. However, the charges remain bound as polarons which need to be separated by an external voltage before being transported to the electrodes.
This document discusses grid integration challenges with increasing renewable energy and provides solutions. Grid integration of photovoltaics can cause voltage band and thermal limit violations. Traditional solutions involve increasing cable size but new solutions include demand side management, local energy management systems, low voltage transformer tap changing, and reactive power control from inverters. Proper grid planning is now a multi-criteria optimization problem that considers both traditional grid reinforcements and intelligent control solutions.
Solar energy can be harnessed using technologies like solar heating, photovoltaics, and concentrating solar power. There are two main types - passive solar, which uses sunlight without external mechanical power, and active solar, which uses mechanical or electrical power. Solar energy can be directly converted to electricity via photovoltaic panels or indirectly via solar thermal collectors that capture heat. Large solar power plants use thousands of solar panels or mirrors to generate electricity on a utility scale. Solar energy can be stored using batteries in off-grid homes or by feeding excess electricity to the grid via net metering.
Essentially there are 3 types of Li-ion battery cell (Cylindrical, Prismatic and Prismatic Pouch).
The documents aims to provide a simple comparative between the 3 types.
This document discusses organic solar cells as a more efficient and flexible alternative to traditional silicon solar cells. Organic solar cells are constructed using a hybrid of cadmium selenide nano-rods dispersed in an organic polymer layer sandwiched between electrodes. The nano-rods absorb sunlight and produce electron-hole pairs, which are conducted through the polymer layer to the electrodes to generate electricity. Organic solar cells have advantages over traditional cells in that they are more efficient, compact, lightweight, flexible, inexpensive to produce, and can harness invisible light. However, they currently have shorter lifespans and require more maintenance than conventional cells.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. P-type semiconductors have extra holes which act as positive charge carriers. N-type semiconductors have extra free electrons which act as negative charge carriers.
2. In a solar cell, photons from sunlight knock electrons loose from the semiconductor material (e.g. silicon). This creates an imbalance between the n-type and p-type materials. The p-n junction acts like a diode, allowing the electrons to flow in one direction through an external circuit producing a current.
3. An inverter is important because photovoltaic cells produce direct current (DC) electricity but buildings use alternating current (AC). The inverter changes the DC
Shows brief explanation of Photovoltaic energy, Advantages, disadvantages, probability in the philippines and other solar related invention and farms throughout the world.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.[1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels. In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts
This document outlines plans to install a 15 kW off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) power system in the remote village of Rantau Tipu, Indonesia. The system would provide electricity to 118 homes using solar panels, batteries, a solar charge controller, and inverter. It is estimated the system would generate an average of 61,383 kWh of electricity per year, allowing homes to be illuminated in the evenings. An energy management system would be included to restrict usage and ensure sustainability of the power supply. Off-grid solar is presented as an affordable and reliable solution to electrify remote areas without access to centralized grid infrastructure.
The document discusses processing of advanced two-stage CIGS solar cells. It describes how a two-stage process with copper gallium selenide (CGS) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) layers deposited in multiple thin cycles can increase throughput for commercial manufacturing. The author fabricated solar cells using a multi-source evaporator and tested different selenium flux monitoring, growth recipes, and copper cutoff times to optimize device performance. Key parameters like metal/III ratios, grain structure, and composition gradients were characterized.
Multiple Energy Storage Technologies are being developed & are maturing, Gensol did an analysis of 1635 Energy Storage Projects developed globally to come up with which technology has captured market share.
The presentation also has multiple case studies.
The document summarizes nuclear batteries, which directly convert heat from radioactive isotopes into electrical energy. There are two main types - thermal converters, which use temperature differences, and non-thermal converters, which extract energy as it degrades into heat. Key thermal converters include thermionic converters, radioisotope thermoelectric generators, and thermoelectric cells. Non-thermal converters include direct charging generators, betavoltaics (using beta particles), and optoelectronics. Promising isotopes identified for nuclear batteries include plutonium-238, curium-242, and polonium-210 due to their long lifespans and low shielding needs. Potential applications include uses in space, medical devices,
OBIETTIVO CASA ATTIVA: LA TERZA FASE
Creare la propria autonomia energetica (seconda parte)
ENERGIA ELETTRICO A COSTO ZERO: L’impianto fotovoltaico
L’impianto fotovoltaico, ormai ampiamente diffuso, consente di trasformare in energia
elettrica la luce del sole.
Il suo funzionamento è semplice: i pannelli fotovoltaici producono energia (a corrente
continua) dai raggi solari e la inviano ad un apparato elettronico chiamato “inverter”, che
serve a trasformare questa energia in corrente alternata, cioè a renderla utilizzabile per i
normali usi domestici.
Può essere installato su qualsiasi pertinenza di un immobile (tetto, facciata, terrazzo) o sul
terreno e la sua potenza si misura in Kilowatt di picco (kWp).
Un impianto da 1 kWp di potenza nominale produce circa 1.100 Kilowattora (kWh) all’anno
(nelle zone geografiche del Nord Ovest d’Italia) ma questo dato può variare in base
all’orientamento e all’inclinazione dell’impianto stesso.
A titolo esemplificativo, per installare sul proprio tetto a falde un impianto domestico di 3
kWp, generalmente in grado di soddisfare i consumi annuali di una famiglia-tipo, sono
necessari circa 19,5 mq. di spazio disponibile, ovvero 6,5 mq. per ciascun kWp installato.
http://www.geminiproject.it
Condivido con voi un documento divulgativo riguardo al'uso delle energie rinnovabili in ambito domestico. Fatemi sapere cosa ne pensate ed eventualmente cosa correggere o integrare.
Tesla Club Italy Revolution 2018 - Come ricaricare l’auto elettrica con l’inn...Tesla Club Italy
Da sempre attenta al risparmio energetico e sensibile ai problemi dell’inquinamento del nostro pianeta, la Soave Energia Project srl si è affermata sul territorio italiano progettando e realizzando impianti di produzione di energia da fonti rinnovabili: eolico, fotovoltaico, idroelettrico ed operando nel campo dell’efficienza e del risparmio energetico.
La continua ricerca di soluzioni innovative, coniugate con la sostenibilità ambientale hanno portato la Soave ad investire nella mobilità elettrica e nelle infrastrutture di ricarica. E’ stata così ideata una innovativa pensilina fotovoltaica che costituisce al tempo stesso una copertura per auto ed un sistema di produzione di energia elettrica, totalmente ecocompatibile, per l’alimentazione delle colonnine di ricarica di mezzi elettrici.
Relatore: Armando Pasquarelli, Amministratore Unico della Soave Energia
Tesla Club Italy Revolution 2018 - Come ricaricare l’auto elettrica con l’inn...
Pannelli fotovoltaici - fisica
1. Sfruttare il potere del sole, l'energia pulita e rinnovabile al tuo servizio con i pannelli
fotovoltaici
Pannelli Fotovoltaici
GABRIELE LUCIANI, FRANCESCO SAVINI, FABIO CRUDELI, LORENZO CACCIATORE
2. Sfruttare il potere del sole
I pannelli fotovoltaici sono dispositivi che convertono
l'energia luminosa del sole in energia elettrica utilizzabile.
Sono composti principalmente da celle solari, realizzate con
materiali semiconduttori.
Quella fondamentale è la cella al silicio, la quale è costituita
da due strati sottili di silicio: uno strato "p" (positivo) e uno
strato "n" (negativo). Questi strati sono trattati in modo da
creare una giunzione p-n, che è la base del funzionamento
della cella solare. Quando la luce solare colpisce la
super
fi
cie della cella solare, i fotoni contenuti nella luce
possono eccitare gli elettroni presenti nel materiale
semiconduttore. Gli elettroni eccitati si liberano e possono
fl
uire attraverso un circuito esterno per generare una
corrente continua (DC), ma spesso viene convertita in
corrente alternata (AC) attraverso l'uso di un inverter, per
renderla compatibile con l'energia elettrica utilizzata nelle
case e nelle industrie.
3. Caratteristiche principali
Le caratteristiche di un impianto fotovoltaico per uso privato o pubblico dipendono da
vari fattori, tra cui la dimensione dell'edi
fi
cio, il consumo energetico e le esigenze
speci
fi
che.
Le caratteristiche principali sono:
• Super
fi
cie dei pannelli;
• Produzione energetica;
• Costo dell'impianto con installazione.
4. Super
fi
cie dei
pannelli
La dimensione dell'impianto fotovoltaico
dipende dal consumo energetico dell'edi
fi
cio.
Solitamente, per un'abitazione privata, si
considera un impianto con una potenza installata
compresa tra 3 kW e 10 kW. La super
fi
cie dei
pannelli può variare in base all'e
ffi
cienza dei
pannelli stessi, ma in generale un impianto di
dimensioni medie può richiedere da 20 a 60
metri quadrati di spazio sul tetto o sul terreno.
5. Produzione
energetica
L
'energia prodotta da un impianto fotovoltaico
dipende da diversi fattori, tra cui l'orientamento
e l'inclinazione dei pannelli, l'irraggiamento
solare nella zona geogra
fi
ca e l'e
ffi
cienza dei
pannelli stessi. In media, un impianto
fotovoltaico può produrre da 900 a 1.600 kWh
all'anno per ogni kW di potenza installata.
Quindi, ad esempio, un impianto da 5 kW
potrebbe produrre da 4.500 a 8.000 kWh
all'anno.
6. Costo
dell'impianto
Il costo di un impianto fotovoltaico dipende da molti
fattori, tra cui la dimensione dell'impianto, la qualità
dei pannelli e degli inverter utilizzati, i costi di
installazione e le eventuali spese accessorie come il
monitoraggio del sistema. I prezzi possono variare
notevolmente da regione a regione. In generale, per
un impianto fotovoltaico residenziale di dimensioni
medie, il costo totale (impianto e installazione) può
variare tra i 6.000 e i 15.000 euro per kW di potenza
installata. Quindi, ad esempio, un impianto da 5 kW
potrebbe costare da 30.000 a 75.000 euro.
È importante notare che questi numeri sono solo una stima approssimativa e i costi effettivi
possono variare in base a molte variabili
7. E
ffi
cienza in relazione alla zona
L
’e
ffi
cienza di una cella è la quantità di energia solare
che essa riesce a convertire in energia elettrica. Un
parametro molto semplice per misurarla è di leggere
sulle schede tecniche il rendimento per metro
quadrato di super
fi
cie captante.
L
’e
ffi
cienza è quindi il rapporto tra la potenza elettrica
in uscita (prodotta) e l’intensità della radiazione solare
incidente sulla super
fi
cie di un modulo.
8. E
ffi
cienza di un’unità fotovoltaica
Esempio
Il valore standard di riferimento per l’irraggiamento solare è di 1.000 W/mq. Se 1.000W di energia
solare irraggiano ogni metro quadro di pannello quanta energia è trasformata e
ff
ettivamente in
elettricità?
Solo una decina di anni fa i moduli commerciali in silicio vantavano un 7-15% circa di e
ffi
cienza di
conversione. Oggi i più di
ff
usi arrivano al 20%, mentre i più performanti hanno raggiunto, ma solo in
laboratorio in condizioni perfette, il 26%, a fronte del limite teorico del 33%. (I pannelli dalle
prestazioni migliori arrivano oggi al 23% di e
ffi
cienza massima).
9. Posizionamento dei pannelli
Oltre a parlare di e
ffi
cienza di conversione dei pannelli
fotovoltaici, bisogna tenere anche in considerazione la
loro posizione, essa va pensata con molta attenzione anche
con una progettazione estremamente scrupolosa.
Bisogna tenere conto di un corretto orientamento
cardinale (azimuth) e di una giusta inclinazione (tilt).
Quest’ultima, a volte, è in
fl
uenzata dall’inclinazione della
falda su cui andremo ad installare la nostra pannellatura.
Inoltre, è altrettanto fondamentale tenere in
considerazione gli elementi di interferenza e disturbo
quali ostacoli (edi
fi
ci, muri, vegetazione, preesistenze,
orogra
fi
a, etc.)e gli ombreggiamenti di elementi
architettonici. Citiamo ad esempio, i comignoli, gli
abbaini e gli aggetti di altre falde che potrebbero
proiettare ombre in grado di vani
fi
care la captazione
solare diretta.
10. Fabbisogno energetico medio di
un’abitazione
Per valutare il fabbisogno energetico giornaliero medio di un'abitazione o di una scuola, è necessario
considerare diversi fattori, tra cui la dimensione dell'edi
fi
cio, il numero di persone che lo occupano, gli
elettrodomestici e le attrezzature utilizzate, nonché le abitudini di consumo energetico.
Per ottenere una stima più accurata del fabbisogno energetico, è possibile prendere in considerazione
le bollette energetiche passate che mostrano solitamente il consumo energetico mensile o trimestrale
in kilowattora (kWh).
Andando a dividere il consumo totale per il numero di giorni nel periodo considerato avremo una stima
approssimativa del fabbisogno energetico giornaliero medio dell'abitazione o della scuola. Stando ai
dati pubblicati dall’Arera relativi al 2019, oggi in Italia si paga una media di 24,21 centesimi per kWh
nel mercato libero e 21,50 nel servizio di maggior tutela, con le dovute di
ff
erenze in base alla fascia di
consumo annua, che si pone generalmente tra i 2.500 e i 5.000 kWh.
Il fabbisogno energetico giornaliero medio di un’abitazione è di circa 7 Kwh al giorno.
11. Consideriamo ora l’abitazione: una
casa a Cappelle sul Tavo (PE)
Prendiamo ora in considerazione un edi
fi
cio di
cui si
fi
ssano la destinazione d’uso, le
dimensioni, le aree utilizzabili per i pannelli
(tetti, giardini, terrazzi, pensiline...) e la
localizzazione.
Dimensione: 150 m2;
Destinazione d’uso: intera casa;
Localizzazione: zona collinare, altitudine 150m.
Le aree utilizzabili per i pannelli
15. Risparmio energetico tramite
l’impianto fotovoltaico
Un indicatore utile per de
fi
nire il risparmio di combustibile derivante dall'utilizzo di fonti
energetiche rinnovabili e il fattore di conversione dell'energia elettrica in energia primaria
(T.E.P/MHw). Questo coe
ffi
ciente individua le T.E.P (tonnellate equivalenti di petrolio)
necessarie per la realizzazione di un MWh di energia, ovvero le T.E.P risparmiate con l'adozione
di tecnologie fotovoltaiche per la produzione di energia elettrica. Il primo anno si risparmiano
circa 0,62 T.E.P, in 25 anni se arrivo a risparmiare circa 14,05 T.E.P
17. Considerando dati speci
fi
ci..
Dunque è possibile concludere che l'installazione di un impianto fotovoltaico offre un duplice vantaggio, consentendo di risparmiare sia in termini energetici che economici.