Licensing for Access: Compulsory and
Humanitarian Licenses
Cristina de A. Possas
Conference FDUSP UAEM
The Right to Health: the Role of Universities
in the access to medicines
São Paulo, August 17, 2010
The Medicines Patent Pool Presentation during the session "Market Interventions for Innovation and Access", UN High Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS
New York, 9 June 2011
Richard Korn, Senior Manager of Localization and Packaging Development at St. Jude Medical, and Clio Schils, Account Director of Life Sciences for Lionbridge, explain the requirements of the life sciences industry in the different Latin American countries and prove that the region has a great potential for both medical device manufacturers and, consequently, translation and localization providers.
The Medicines Patent Pool Presentation during the session "Market Interventions for Innovation and Access", UN High Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS
New York, 9 June 2011
Richard Korn, Senior Manager of Localization and Packaging Development at St. Jude Medical, and Clio Schils, Account Director of Life Sciences for Lionbridge, explain the requirements of the life sciences industry in the different Latin American countries and prove that the region has a great potential for both medical device manufacturers and, consequently, translation and localization providers.
Access to Medicines: A Role for Our Universities
MedicinesAugust 17, 2010Universities Allied for Essential MedicinesPresentation for Universidade de SÃO PAULO -USP
A project to increase access to HIV treatment in middle income countries. The project funded by UNITAID is led by International Treatment Preparedness Coaliton (ITPC). The presentation is prepared by Solange Baptiste from ITPC.
The presentation explains why the project focuses on middle-income countries, explains the intervention, describing objectives and outcomes.
Presentation on the Access and Delivery Partnership by Tenu Avafia, 3 April 2014.
The presentation covered:
-Impact of NTDs, TB and Malaria on development outcomes;
-Dual challenges of Innovation and Access;
-Government of Japan and UNDP Partnership: Addressing innovation & Access
-Access and Delivery Partnership: strengthening capacity across the health system
Access to Medicines: A Role for Our Universities
MedicinesAugust 17, 2010Universities Allied for Essential MedicinesPresentation for Universidade de SÃO PAULO -USP
A project to increase access to HIV treatment in middle income countries. The project funded by UNITAID is led by International Treatment Preparedness Coaliton (ITPC). The presentation is prepared by Solange Baptiste from ITPC.
The presentation explains why the project focuses on middle-income countries, explains the intervention, describing objectives and outcomes.
Presentation on the Access and Delivery Partnership by Tenu Avafia, 3 April 2014.
The presentation covered:
-Impact of NTDs, TB and Malaria on development outcomes;
-Dual challenges of Innovation and Access;
-Government of Japan and UNDP Partnership: Addressing innovation & Access
-Access and Delivery Partnership: strengthening capacity across the health system
Merck: Global Health and Access to MedicinesTony Sebastian
This is a HBR case study analysis of Merck, the pharmaceutical company. Detailed analysis of the issues are given in the case like CAGR framework, PESTAL, SWOT etc
Patent Pooling and the Experience of the MPP – A model for sharing the value of innovation to ensure access
MPP's ED Greg Perry's presentation at IFPMA event on January 29, 2014.
Opioid Epidemic - Causes, Impact and FutureCitiusTech
In 2017, everyday, more than 130 people died in the US after overdosing on opioids. This document talks about America's worst drug crisis ever and shares how technology can play a role to cope up with this epidemic.
"Black Swans" are unknown unknowns- but the majority of things that affect your study are known risks. Let's look at some cases over my career and some current situations around the world to see what was predictable and what you can predict could affect your study and your career in the future.
In this presentation, OHE's Mestre-Ferrandiz summarizes what is known about innovation, both challenges and incentives, and applies this to efforts to encourage the development of new antibiotics.
Direitos autorais: Todos x Alguns Direitos ReservadosREA Brasil
Aula parte do curso Recursos Educacionais Abertos: educação e tecnologias: http://www.rea.net.br/site/curso-recursos-educacionais-abertos-educacao-e-tecnologias/
Oficina sobre Recursos Educacionais Abertos na Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Distrito Federal (SEEDF). O evento é uma iniciativa do Grupo de Trabalho Escola na Cultura Digital e da Subsecretaria de Modernização e Tecnologia da SEEDF (SUMTEC).
A convite da Comunidade Curitiba Livre e a Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Curitiba participamos do Education Freedom Day em 08/03/2014 no Campus central da Universidade Tecnológica Federal de Curitiba (UTFPR).
Gestão de Propriedade Intelectual para o Acesso Aberto e ao Conhecimento Científico.
4ª Conferência Luso-Brasileira sobre Acesso Aberto
Universidade de São Paulo - 09/10/2013
Bianca Santana - Recursos Educacionais Abertos e Licenças LivresREA Brasil
Apresentação feita durante o Seminário Conhecimento Aberto, promovido Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos da Universidade Federal do Pará.
Link original: http://www.slideshare.net/biancasantana/rea-naea
Virtual Educa 2013: Recursos Educativos AbiertosREA Brasil
Oficina Recursos Educativos Abiertos: material didáctico, producción colaborativa y autoria en la era de la información.
Priscila Gonsales no Virtual Educa Colômbia em 06/2013.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Panel 3-cristina possas
1. Conference FDUSP UAEM
The Right to Health: the Role of Universities
in the access to medicines
São Paulo, August 17, 2010
Licensing for Access: Compulsory and
Humanitarian Licenses
Cristina de A. Possas
Research and Technological Development Unit
National STD, AIDS and VH Program
MOH - Brazil
Ministério
da Saúde
2. I. The dramatic global scenario
• Data (WHO/UNAIDS, 2007) indicate there are 33
million HIV infected people in the world (70% are
in Africa). Every year 2.5 million people get
infected and 2 million die of AIDS.
• Prospects for the future – The situation tends to
aggravate with the economic crisis. It is estimated
that with the aggravation of this scenario, by 2025
around 67 million people will have died with
AIDS in Africa since the beginning of the
epidemics (UNAIDS AIDS Africa Project, 2004)
Ministério
da Saúde
3. • Challenge:
access to
ARV therapy
A human rights
issue
Ministério
da Saúde
4. III. Access: progress in drug development but
reduced impact on public health
• Contrasting with rapid innovation in ARV
development, 75% of HIV/AIDS patients in the
world still without access to continued treatment.
• Despite several international initiatives to
improve access, this situation tends to aggravate
with the recent economic crisis.
Ministério
da Saúde
5. IV. Price Trends
• TRIPS post-2005 scenario – compliance to
TRIPS with increased patent protection,
higher prices of ARV drugs and obstacles to
access
• Bilateral FTA agreements reducing TRIPS
flexibities
• Spiraling prices of second and third
generations of new patented ARV drugs
Ministério
da Saúde
6. Compulsory and humanitarian
licenses
• Increased patent protection limits the export
of active principles and production of
generics by India and China, the main
exporters to Brazil.
• Developing countries are becoming
increasingly dependant on humanitarian and
compulsory licenseseto reduce the prices of
ARV drugs.
Ministério
da Saúde
7. Another global constraint impacting
on prices: scarcity of API
• API producers remain basically the same,
but international demand is increasing very
fast
• Developing countries: Urgent need for a
strategic supply and for building national
production capacity for API
Ministério
da Saúde
8. Brazil: success of universal access
• 70% decline in mortality and 80% in
hospitalizations from 1996 to 2002
• Prevalence of 0,6% (2006)
• Low levels of resistance to ARV drugs when
compared to other countries (Brindeiro et al.)
• 80% of patients in treatment with undetectable
viral load (SISCEL 2009).
• The role of ARV in prevention
Ministério
da Saúde
9. Brazilian expenditure with ARV
• The annual expenditure by the government with
ARV is US$ 400 million for 195.000 patients in
treatment– 62% of total government expenditure
with the epidemics (2009).
• Increased expenditure with 3rd line drugs – from
2005 to 2008 increased 352% - from US$ 20,4
million to US$ 71,6 million. Participation in total
expenditure increased from 4,1% to 15,7%.
Protected by patents and no generic competition.
Ministério
da Saúde
10. Brazil 2005: attempt for compulsory licenses
4 of the 17 ARV drugs distributed by the Ministry of Health:70% of
expenditure
• Efavirenz (Merck, Sharp & Dome) –US$ 1,575/capsule – average cost
of treatament/patient/year: US$ 574.80
• Nelfinavir (Roche) –US$ 0.468/capsule – average cost of
treatament/patient/year : :US$ 1,537.00
• Lopinavir/ritonavir (Abbott) –US$ 1.30/ capsule – average cost of
treatament/patient/year: US$ 2,847.00
• Tenofovir (Gilead Sci.) -US$ 7.68/ capsule – average cost of
treatament/patient/year: US$ 2,803.00
Ministério
da Saúde
11. Economy of public ressources
• Economy of US$ 154,8 mi after
compulsory license of Efavirenz in 2007
(drastic reduction of the price of the capsule
from US$ 1,59 to US$ 0,45).
• After the oppostion to Tenofovir´s patent in
2009 the economy was US$ 23,7 mi
• Price negotiations from 2003 to 2010:
economy was 154,8 mi
Ministério
da Saúde
12. Political impasse: compulsory
licensing is complex
• It is a flexility of TRIPS, but an exception
instrument (public interest, emergency), cannot be
a routine for all ARV drugs.
• In many developing countries, local governments
are often paralised by economic and political
pressures, legal uncertainties , in the compulsory
licensing process
• Brazil: several attempts of compulsory licensing
of ARV drugs before Efavirenz
Ministério
da Saúde
13. The issue of sustainability of
universal access to ARV in Brazil
• Concern: in spite of significant economy of public ressources
with compulsory license of Efavirenz in 2007 and more recently
the refusal of Tenefovir´s patent, the issue of sustainability
remains.
• Government expenditure with third line ARV drugs protected by
patents, consummed by only 3% of patients, is increasing
exponentially and is now equivalent to expenditure with first line
drugs consummed by 50% of patients.
Ministério
da Saúde
14. 1.The need to conceive and implement
alternative incentives to innovation
• The main argument of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises is that more
flexible IPR and compulsory licenses will undermine their long term
investments in R & D and innovation
• R & D Funds: divided between direct payment to patent owner and
investiment in R & D Fund (Love, 2005). From a royalty of 3.5 per cent
– 2 per cent for patent owner
– 1.5 per cent for R & D Fund
– Patent owner would have participation in the Fund
• Patent pools for licensing – collaborative strategy for collective assessment of
property rights – needs the involvement of industry
• A new system to pay for innovation – market for products separated from
market for innovations: health products would be available to the consumer at
generic prices, while innovators would benefit from a separated system
(Medical Innovation Prize Fund)
Ministério
da Saúde
15. 4. R & D Networks: South to
South Cooperations
• Friends of Development - WIPO
• Network for Technological Cooperation set by Brazil with several
developing countries in XV AIDS Conference in Bangkok 2004
• Network for IPR Research - Portuguese Speaking Countries
• IBSA – India, Brazil and South Africa – HIV Vaccine and other
areas of health research
Ministério
da Saúde
16. International trends
• On one hand, pressures from developing countries
for a more flexible IPR regime
• On the other hand, international movements led
by developed nations towards more strict IPR
regimes: bilateral commercial agreements signed
by U.S. with developing countries (TRIPS Plus)
such as Singapore, Morocco, Jordan
• Question: Which of these trends will prevail?
Ministério
da Saúde
17. The main issues
• How to conceive national legal systems tailored to
local needs: IPR and evolving industrial structure
• Maximum use of permitted flexibilities such as
compulsory and humanitarian licenses, freedom to
operate and research exemptions
• Innovation and enhanced technical capacity within
research institutions and universities.
Ministério
da Saúde
18. The impact of IP regimes
• The detrimental impact of dysfunctional IP
regimes is both economic and social, as
they ultimately affect both the pace of
innovation and the public benefits of
research.
• Free circulation of knowledge is crucial to
confront pandemics such as HIV/AIDS.
Ministério
da Saúde
19. The role of the university: topics for a
research agenda
• Alternative incentives to innovation: new
regulatory strategies and new business models
• Clinical Trials: constraints from data exclusivity
related to IP
• HIV Vaccines and IP – how to prevent future
problems of prices and access (HPV and other)
• Harmonization and national specificities
• R & D Networks linking developing countries
• IP, Ethics and Human Rights: the role of civil
society organizations
Ministério
da Saúde
20. Final considerations
• Urgent need to review international IP legislation
and policies and to conceive more flexible IPR
regime and alternative incentives to innovation.
• Need for stronger political pressures and new
networking initiatives connecting developing
countries
• Research Agenda in Universities and Institutes is
key to support local decision making
Ministério
da Saúde