1. Panama & Los Angeles: The Waterworks that Made the American West By: Angie Martinez

3. Began in the 1880’s

4. Panama is one of the most dangerous sailing areas

5. Boarding begins at the great Gatun locks at the Carrabin entrance to the canal

6. Engineering of canal is great, for not having many tools that we have nowadays

7. Locomotives guide the ships to the duct

8. Locks are like elevators that raise the ships about 85 feet

10. Ferdinand de Lesseps is not an engineer he is an entrepreneur of confidence

11. French would provide the money and labor

12. 2 weathers is Panama- dry and rain; but when it rained it was heavy (40ft of weather in 24 hrs)

13. French cut the forest by hand and then began digging

15. From the first group of French nurses; 2 survived of 24

17. Work was a little harder then what they expected, and the cost was also high, once workers thought they were improving in the labor something else would come up, (ex. mood slides), engineers were not well trained for that job, and did not know how to improvise

18. In the 10 yr. span that the French were in Panama 20,000 people died

19. Money ran out, the task was to much … if maybe Ferdinand de Lesseps didn’t insist on building the canal at sea level it could have worked

20. 1889 Ferdinand de Lesseps canal company collapsed, biggest financial failure in history at the time, government fall.. Ferdinand de Lesseps ended his days in disgrace

21. The construction was left there un-talked of because is was just a big national disgraced and many wasted lives

24. Senate approved Roosevelt to continue the construction of the canal in Panama

25. Colombia didn’t want to accept the terms

26. Panamas revolution 1903 which ended quick! The gun boat made Panamanians take the US side not Colombia

28. 6. John Frank Stevens then became the chef of engineer, he had a great reputation, he focus on living conditions

29. Discovered that malaria and yellow fever was because of the insects

30. Sanitation was being enforced 3. 4. 5. 6.

32. John Stevens quit- reason is unclear

33. Roosevelt put army officer, 2. colonel George Washington Goethals in charge

34. 3.Colonel David Gaillard & 4. Colonel William Sibert were assigned important tasks each

35. Hardest part of the job was done by Barbados

36. $.10/hr for 6 days a week & no other accommodations

37. Temp. reached up to 120 degrees with all the machineries operating

38. Many people died either by rocks flying, or getting stuck under wheels, or by dynamite exploding

39. Life in construction became stratified, Compensations for engineers officers at the top level

40. Bottom level ordinary day labors all foreign-1920, 50,000 workers less than 10% where Americans, most were English speaking west Indians, foreign workers blacks got paid silver, whites were paid in gold 3. 4.

42. All locks were constructed in 36 foot sections and on tracks they would be moved to the next position over all length was 1,000 feet weigh 110 feet

43. Each lock was probably bigger than titanic, each lock was actually tallest than the Eiffel tower

44. Panama became an attraction once the canal was built

45. Aug. 15 1914 was finished , cost less then they predicted 352 million/ 5,609 of which 4,500 were black workers

46. With time came the ships from all the world

47. The 50 mile crossing take about 9 hrs

48. Most expensive was Queen Elizabeth 2 fee was $99,000

52. Mulholland didn’t like the idea of joining the venture

54. Roosevelt granted LA rights for the Owens River LA Aqueduct construction began in 1908

55. Construction lasted for several years, high paying jobs

58. After WW II, LA began the Mono Basin Project to provide larger and a more dependable flow in for the Aqueduct

59. The demand for water kept growing, LA could not take the full entitlement from Mono Basin

60. The California State Water Rights Board wanted LA to take the full entitlement because the water could be granted to others

61. Since the demand increased a second aqueduct was built from Haiwee Reservoir in Southern Inyo Country to LA

63. Inyo wanted LA to submit an Environmental Impact Report for the new aqueduct

64. 1984 after yrs of disagreements/ court hearings Inyo & LA came to an agreement that they would produce a EIR together

65. water quality improved as demand went up… 1986 LA built a filtration plant

66. While Mulholland was supervising the aqueducts inLos Angeles, they began a meter program that could help water conservation in los Angeles water usage. The usage dropped water per capita 178 gallon, and compared to unmetered cities LA used less than half of water

67. LA became leaders in water conservation

68. LA became the 2nd largest city because of the reliable water supply